Series:Radio, Telewizja, Film, Internet

Evaluation in Internet comments on press articles concerning German-Polish relations. An attempt at pragma-linguistic analysis

Wartościowanie w internetowych komentarzach do artykułów prasowych dotyczących stosunków niemiecko-polskich. Próba analizy pragmalingwistycznej

Author(s): Mariusz Jakosz / Language(s): Polish

Keywords: evaluative statement; stereotype; insult; depreciation

The subject of the following monograph is strategies for expression of ethnic evaluative statements in Internet comments on press articles concerning German-Polish relations. The comments appeared in Internet forums of German daily and weekly newspapers, including: “Die Welt”, “Die Zeit”, “Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung”, “Süddeutsche Zeitung” and “Bild-Zeitung”. The research period comprised the years from 2009 to 2013, which were dominated by political events and media coverage prompting Internet users to be extremely active. In their comments often emerged acts of speech negatively evaluating Polish characteristics and ways of behaving. The analysis of German comments is based on a critical discourse analysis. On that basis, an attempt will be made at answering the following questions: 1. What linguistic resources are used to call the Polish people? 2. What characteristics are ascribed to Poles? 3. What arguments serve to justify discrimination against Poles? 4. From what perspective are the pejorative terms relating to Poles and Poland formed? 5. Are evaluative statements about Poland and Poles expressed directly or obliquely? Are they amplified or rather toned down? The analysis of the collected material allows us to distinguish the following evaluation strategies in Internet comments: simplification and/or generalization of views, categorization of ethnic features, emotionalization based on the opposition „we – they”, and positive auto-presentation of one’s own group and depreciation of a foreign group.

Persuasion in television public service advertisements. A sociological study

Perswazja w telewizyjnej reklamie społecznej. Studium socjologiczne

Author(s): Ewa Kurzeja / Language(s): Polish

Keywords: Persuasion; advertisement; television; sociology; marketing

The book is devoted to the phenomenon of persuasiveness in television public service advertisements. The said type of advertisements is aimed at prompting particular socially desirable attitudes or persuading members of the audience to cease their socially undesirable behaviour. Therefore, such campaigns serve to transform currently existing reality and disseminate knowledge related to social phenomena and to engage audience in social matters.The monograph is composed of seven chapters, complemented with introduction and summarising section, along with an extensive bibliography, and the lists of tables and figures appearing therein. First four chapters, written on the basis of rich literature on the subject in question, are of theoretical character. In a form of an outline, they present the history of advertising and its defining features, fundamental issues involving contemporary advertisements and their role in shaping public opinion; but also important questions falling into the scope of public service marketing, its origin, devices, and functions performed by it. Another discussed issue are the methods of exerting influence by mean of a message contained in an advertisement, which are synonymous with persuasion and targeted at changing the members of the audience’s attitudes. The chapter concluding this part of the publication deals with persuasion in public service advertisements directly. Polish public service advertisements, characterised according to their problematic, are presented in the said chapter, along with the discussion of the means of persuasion used in them, particularly: the formal concept, auditory, verbal and visual layers, and a type of protagonists featured.Part two of the book, which is empirically oriented, presents the author’s own research relating to the public service advertisements broadcasted in Poland in the years 2005–2010. The proper research sample (n = 99) was obtained on the basis of the probabilistic random sampling method. The formulated research problem is the role of public service advertisements in the process of shaping social awareness as well as the members of the audience’s attitudes. What was set as the research aim, was the analysis of particular advertisements’ contents and the comparative analysis thereof. Chapter five discusses the research method used (content analysis), the technique devised by the author (categorization key), and the implemented methods of analysis and interpretation of the obtained data. Chapter six, in turn, presents a model analysis of the phenomenon of persuasion in television public service advertising. Additionally, it gives a demonstration of research material collected in the course of the study, subsequently ordered in accordance with suitable criteria and complemented with commentaries constituting an attempt at comprehensive overview regarding the collected data. The final chapter contains both the analysis and the interpretation of the conducted research. By means of categorization keys, the chapter provides a description of distinctive themes present in the analysed advertisements, as well as the issues addressed in them. The advertising spots were classified with reference to their length, the period in which the campaigns containing them were conducted, and the territorial scope of their broadcasting (all-Poland, regional, local). What is more, the analysis of the advertising spots’ contents wasperformed, taking into account: the addressee thereof, the means of expression used, and a type of protagonist featured. Crucial part of the chapter is a detailed discussion of particularmeans of persuasion devised in the advertising spots under analysis. The presented researchresults were supplemented with relevant commentaries, indicating the weighty aspects of agiven question along with the presentation of selected examples and the author’s own interpretation of the observed interrelations. In concluding remarks, the research results and the their analysis were summarised and confronted with the initially forwarded hypotheses.

In the Network and a Social Trap

W sieci i w matni społecznej

Author(s): / Language(s): Polish

Keywords: network; postmodernism; culture; civic activity; urbanity; seniors; networking; terrorism

The presented book is a collection of eight articles covering a variety of subjects, yet all focused around the phenomenon of network. The growing popularity of the notion of network in journalism and social studies is connected not only with the common computerisation and the Internet network becoming more and more dense, but also with a sort of trap that entangles us, constrains us, and deprives of our life forces. The “network” itself is not a new term however, and for that reason, it is one of the basic sociological terms. Being fully aware of the fact that it is impossible to present complete analyses of the theoretical problems connected with the question of ”network”, the authors decided to choose the most crucial issues being the field of interest of the scholars in the Department of Sociology of Development. The research they conduct – though seemingly diverse – finds its common ground precisely in the issue of network of interpersonal relations that occur in various areas. The whole work includes: the problem of network as a cultural phenomenon, the network of the city, of economy and the network of violence.

Social media. Dialogue in cyberspace. Vol. 2

Media społecznościowe. Dialog w cyberprzestrzeni. T. 2

Author(s): / Language(s): Polish

Keywords: social media; cyberspace; dialogue; contemporary participatory culture

The volume is the second part of a collection of articles devoted to the issues of social media – a phenomenon of the contemporary participatory culture. The texts comprising this volume examine the social media issues from a social, cultural, and public relations perspectives, which provides a continuation of the first volume. The authors have made an attempt to study social media both in macro and micro scale, with attention paid to the use of social media in communication in contemporary society. The opening article by Ewa Gębicka deals with the role of social media in the process of film and TV series promotion. The author focuses on the potential of viral marketing, whose benefits accrue from social networking services. It is the Internet that creates tremendous opportunities to enhance entirely new quality and room for communication with viewers. Hence interactive forms of film and TV series promotion are becoming more and more popular these days. The author also points to the way social media are pertinent to advertising campaigns, that is, a phenomenon of crowdfunding.The subsequent article concerns Facebook and its role in the contemporary world of social communication. Katarzyna Forst explains the principles governing this social service as well as opportunities and dangers that its users may face. The Internet, which has already permeated nearly all spheres of contemporary life, is an essential communication tool, especially among young people. The Internet is the source of recent news and social media are becoming its more and more important source. The following article by Janusz Musiał takes us through culture and media, indicating the functions they perform, from cave paintings to the Internet. The author illustrates that the advent of new media has influencedthe process of transformation of contemporary national cultures.Barbara Bogacka in her article “Gender Issues in Social Media – A Case Study” takes up different problems. The author has studied a story of an American girl who used social media to reveal her new gender identity. The last article “New Media – A Social Change” written by Piotr Dziki discusses the influence of new technology on society, which in consequence leads to cultural changes. The author emphasizes new divisions into public and private spheres that are becoming more conspicuous these days, and provides an analysis of the so-called cultural recalibration.

Cinematic Landscapes of Europe

Filmowe Pejzaże Europy

Author(s): / Language(s): Polish

Keywords: cinematic landscape; landscape in cinema; cinematic space; European cinema; contemporary cinema; the cinema of authors

The book entitled Cinematic Landscapes of Europe is a review of contemporary European cinema from the point of view of a characteristic shot of a landscape. How do European film-makers employ a landscape? Is it significant for them and does it determine the choice of particular means and ways of filming? These questions are being answered by the authors of the ten essays. Each article takes into consideration a set of films in which a landscape plays an important role. Sometimes it is understood in a metaphoric way, as an element of authorial narration (the articles by Ilona Copik on post-industrial landscape generating social issues and the article by Wojciech Sitek on the films of “broken Britannia”). Another area of investigation is urban landscape, understood in a symbolic way (the article by Andrzej Gwóźdź demonstrating how the Berlin wall has [not] existed in the cinema and the essay by Przemysław Pieniążek which offers the interpretation of the infernal landscape of the films of Dario Argento). A comprehensive conceptualization of cinematic landscape can be found in the interpretation of Spanish cinema, in which Joanna Aleksandrowicz juxtaposes Basque and Andalusian landscapes. The article by Karolina Kostyra conforms to the peregrination of landscapes of nature, which are an inherent element of the coming-of-age films. A completely different function is ascribed to rural landscapes in the works of Jan Jakub Kolski, which are a subject of study by Jakub Zajdel, who identifies a cinematic affection to them in the biography of the director. Finally, Magdalena Kempna-Pieniążek and Natalia Gruenpeter take into consideration the authoral interpretations of landscape in the films by Bruno Dumont and Lucile Hadžihalilović.

Topographies and landscapes. The cinematographical Silesia

Topografie i krajobrazy. Filmowy Śląsk

Author(s): Ilona Copik / Language(s): Polish

Keywords: landscape; cinematographical topography; Polish cinema; regional cinema; Upper Silesia

The book is devoted to the cultural phenomenon which is known as “filmowy Śląsk” [“the cinematographical Silesia”]. The author analyses and interprets films whose common theme is the landscape of region presented on the screen, in the process of its transformation: from an industrial to a post-industrial one. She treats cinematographical works as “geographical and cultural events” i.e. forms of creative activity (images/texts and artistic practices), which constitute representations/constructions of a place. The fundamental theses of the work are focused on the statements that, on the one hand, in the place which is represented on the screen, there are intersecting senses and discourses of a given culture, which one may decode in the course of an analysis, and, on the other hand, cinema participates in cultural processes, it participates in the mediatised production of culture and identity. Further chapters constitute a development of these theses in the perspective of the relations which obtain between Silesia, cinema, the landscape, identity and memory – individual and collective memory (national, regional). In this work, the keyword is landscape – a concept which links the themes of the relation between the thing which is real/mediated, aesthetic and cultural, demonstrative/experiential, etc. A cinematographical landscape here constitutes an image of a country (of a place), an object of a particular “visibility” which is accessible to the faculty of vision, and at the same time a pretext for anthropological considerations oriented toward the forms of some kind of participation in the screen-related space, of its co-experiencing and deliberation.

Mobile Application as a Cultural Phenomenon

Aplikacja mobilna jako zjawisko kulturowe

Author(s): Barbara Orzeł / Language(s): Polish

Keywords: mobile application; apps; culture

The main aim of this book is to determine the influence of mobile application on the area of new media reality and culture. The dissertation consists of eight chapters. The first chapter begins with a recall of the most important concepts of computer program and the presentation of its history, based on the following criteria: „linguistic“ – presenting different programming languages, and „technical“ – discussing further innovations, milestones in the field of computer hardware. Afterwards the author considers the evolution of computer program, the history of mobile phone and the presentation of mobile operating systems. The important part of dissertation concentrates on the cultural aspects of programming – the concept of algorithm and the reception of programming languages in the light of the Sapir‑Whorf hypothesis. The following subject focuses on finding common ground for concepts, phenomena and mechanisms that combines the digital and cultural order, provides the foundation for reflection on the interface issues, the idea of cross‑platform, the „three screens strategy“ and the consequences of mobile media consumption. The next part of dissertation concentrates on the analysis of mechanisms related to the selection of applications in the light of Henrik Vejlgaard‘s trend sociology and their use as a marketing tool. The conversion of media reality mediated by the mobile apps is the main problem of subsequent chapters: the transformations of computer games (the transition from console to mobile channel), the phenomenon of most popular mobile games, the personalization and customization of the user experience. Thereafter the author goes back to the sources ofmobile applications – the innovation and start‑ups. The main reference are the most importantbusiness models and the area of „creation – foundation – distribution“. The last part of dissertation concentrates on the new communication behaviors that have been created in the different areas of life (for example: self‑expression, e‑reading, „smart homes“). The foregoing discussion has attempted to present the cultural perception of mobile applications, the transformation of concepts and the possible directions of their influence.

Self-promotion, self-presentation and one’s image presented in mass media. Vol. 3

Autopromocja, autoprezentacja, wizerunek w mediach masowych. T. 3

Author(s): / Language(s): Polish

Keywords: Self-promotion; self-presentation; image; mass media

Another – third – volume in the self-promotion-related series entitled Self-promotion, self-presentation and one’s image presented in mass media constitutes a collection of articles which this time seek the strategy of creating one’s image in mass media. In this exceptionally receptive space one may perceive realisations of various self-promotion-related strategies which are embraced by those who attempt to make an impact on the mind of the reader, listener or spectator.Therefore the strategies which were mentioned not only furnish inspiration for reflection about various individuals or social groups who use the public space in order to promote their image but also a splendid starting point for an analysis of the media space which was embraced and in which a presentation of specific attitudes is preformed by means of word and image.We hope that the text which we present to the reader will be engaging, and will inspire reflection and discovery in the field of self-promotion-related discourse.

Social Exhibitionism in the Internet. Motives and Potential Health and Security Hazards to the Youth

Ekshibicjonizm społeczny w Internecie. Motywy i potencjalne zagrożenia dla zdrowia i bezpieczeństwa młodzieży

Author(s): Katarzyna Borzucka-Sitkiewicz,Karina Leksy / Language(s): Polish

Currently, the Internet space is becoming an increasingly relevant environment for individuals. Intense use of new technologies, especially the social media, transforms them into a socializing environment which is almost on a par with that of school or family. On this account, it is essential that an extensive educational program be implemented in the media, aiming not to restrict contact with the new technologies, but to educate man in the use of these technologies so that they serve the good of man. This stance was the staring point for writing the following monograph, the purpose of which was to provide a theoretical and empirical foundation for developing various educational initiatives. The book is divided into six complementary chapters. The first three chapters comprise a meta-analysis of the theoretical issues which are the framework for the author’s research. Chapter four describes the methodology of research, chapter five and six contain an analysis of the studies with a diagnostic-verifying character, which were aimed at establishing the typology of the behavior of middle school students in the media space and determining its potential social and health consequences. It is a publication not only for the theoreticians of pedagogy and its related sciences, but also for the practitioners dealing with the broadly understood prophylaxis and media education.

Local and regional communication in the age of media society. Vol 1: Theoretical and practical problems

Komunikowanie lokalno-regionalne w dobie społeczeństwa medialnego. Tom 1: Problemy teoretyczno-praktyczne

Author(s): / Language(s): Polish

Keywords: local communication; regional communication; local media; regional media; local-regional journalism

The subject of the studies presented in this publication are theoretical and practical aspects of local and regional communication. The sketches and studies opening this volume include theoretical findings in the area of local communication. Subsequent articles presenting the results of empirical research concern many elements of the process of local-regional communication, i.e. the content of the media coverage, the audience of local-regional media, local-regional journalism. An integral part of the collective work are the texts on foreign conditionings of local and regional communication presented on the example of Russia, Germany, Spain, Ukraine, Australia and Latvia. The book is clearly devoted to media studies. The publication is addressed to readers interested in local and regional communication in the theoretical and empirical dimension, i.e. the scientific community, students of journalism, but also practitioners, i.e. people professionally connected with the local and regional media market.

Polish movie shelf. Short films and cartoons in teaching Polish as a foreign language

Polska półka filmowa. Krótkometrażowe filmy aktorskie i animowane w nauczaniu języka polskiego jako obcego

Author(s): Justyna Hanna Budzik,Agnieszka Tambor / Language(s): Polish

Keywords: film; animation; Polish as a foreign language; glossodidactics; didactics; culture studies

The films that have been discussed in the present textbook contain a variety of linguistic and cultural values. We have offered short films, because due to their small volume they are suitable for use in their entirety in any kind of classroom activity. However, making a lesson more attractive is not the only function of the compilation of films that we have proposed – another one is to fill the gap existing in contemporary textbooks devoted to teaching Polish as a foreign language. The films covered in the book form a kind of a catalogue of pretexts for conversation on difficult topics, which are omitted by most textbooks. Cultural problems related to individual films are just one part of lesson units suggested. Apart from them, we also propose a set of various exercises developing all language skills which thematically match a specific movie. The basic aim of the textbook is the development of students’ communicative competence. The language levels have not been specified either in the lesson outlines or in the exercises. This has been done consciously and deliberately, in order to give the teacher or instructor the opportunity to adapt individual elements to the needs and interests of their group.

Art of media. About species awareness of press journalists

Sztuka mediów. O świadomości gatunkowej dziennikarzy prasowych

Author(s): Magdalena Ślawska / Language(s): Polish

Keywords: genre awareness; genre competence; journalist; journalistic genres; interview; column; reportage; metatext

The interactive model of the genre awareness proposed in the monograph includes two crossing research perspectives. The first one is the interactive perspective, which takes into account the approaches of language awareness and the communicative or discursive competences well established in linguistics. The second perspective is the communicological one, which allows for description of the views and opinions of journalists on the genres. The study assumes that journalistic texts are the source of elements allowing for mapping skills related to the selection of the genre by its sender. It should be emphasized that my analyses concern a study of authors’ self-awareness, reconstructed from their own utterances. The attempts of theoretical conceptualization have been combined with wide-ranging studies of journalistic texts. The proposed analysis of the genre awareness does not concern the competence level of the whole professional group. It is a study relating to a certain part of a journalistic community.The media linguistic instruments selected for the studies introduce a broader communicative context into the analyses. I would like to include the category of genre awareness in the conceptual framework of genology. It is understood not only as knowledge incorporating the knowledge of the genre pattern and its determinants, but also as the ability to discursively implement them. Therefore, the genre competence has been recognized as an abstract structure that can be explored through specific implementations and communicative practices. At the same time, competence indicates intention, subjectivity and self-awareness. The genre recognized in relation to competence is understood not only as a standard, but also as material allowing for building social interactions. The considerations of genre awareness have adopted several perspectives which elucidate and complement one another. These are the following perspectives: normative, communicative-discursive, strategic, interpretive, and individual.The research material in the work includes utterances of journalists in the form of interviews, the author’s workshop texts, texts commenting on own journalistic writings. At the same time the purpose is to emphasize that a special type of journalists has been selected – professionals, masters of journalism.This monograph consists of seven chapters. The first three chapters constitute its theoretical basis. The first chapter outlines the communicative situation in interactive terms. It has been determined by the comparison of two theories: the theatrical metaphor of Erving Goffman and the discursive perspective of the genre from the scenographic point of view of Dominique Maingueneau. Referring to the concepts of Goffman and Maingueneau, the stage framework of communication has been adopted for the purpose of deliberations. Chapter Two describes a model of genre awareness. It is presented in the light of linguistic awareness, communication competence, pragmatic competence, textual competence and discursive competence. The individual competences are merely a context to describe the ability to construct utterances in the genre. They form a background, because in the concepts presented locations common with the findings of genology have been sought – the genre has been described in relation to such categories as the norm, communication, text and discourse. Chapter Three is a description of the journalist category in the context of its professional identity and an attempt to define it. It is emphasized that modern journalism is a conglomerate of various professions. At this point the work refers to research results and the studies of media scholars, but at the same time it refers to the understanding of the profession by the journalists themselves. Also, a closer view on ethics, professionalism and workshop competences in journalism have been studied. The work focuses primarily on the subjective – author’s perspective.The following chapters, from chapter four to chapter six, are an analysis of journalistic statements in the area of creating an interview, a causerie and reportage. The genre awareness has been considered as the art of creating texts. Art is understood here as the ability that requires knowledge, qualification and talent. In the case of media texts, it is the ability of choosing the right language means, selection of the theme, the appropriate composition of utterance and the selection of the medium itself. All this covers the choice of the suitable genre. The author’s workshop approach to individual genres has been included in the triad of interview, the art of interaction, causerie – the art of form, and reportage – the art of fact. The final, seventh chapter of the study presents journalists’ utterances in the context of the research on metatexts. The analyses have been conducted on two levels: intratextual and intertextual. The analysis of the genre awareness has been completed with the description of the meta-genre category . It includes such implementations as a causerie about the causerie, an interview about the interview or a reportage about the reportage. Concurrently, these have been considered as genre-related metamorphoses. Another research trail to describe such exceptional forms is the definition of a genre-based picture of the world modelled on the linguistic picture of the world.The presented studies have been illustrated as the art of media. The analysis of journalistic texts has showed, above all, the high genre competences of their creators. It has also allowed to depict rules of the genre from the perspective of journalists themselves who have revealed the secrets of their skills and the inner details of their work. Thus, the proposed perspective of the description can be treated, in imitation of the formulated poetics, as formulated genology, i.e. not described by genologists, but by journalists themselves. The book may provide researchers with tools to describe and interpret the competence in terms of genre, while at the same time it may serve as a teaching tool, since it can be used by choosing a genre or a favourite journalist.It should be noted that studies of the modern journalism stigmatized by crisis are a very difficult issue. A small sample of this social group analysed in the study helps to restore faith in high and professional journalism, even if it forms just a minor part of the whole genre. At the same time, the adopted communicological and scenographic perspective for the discursive practices presents the media in which the participation pact is a picture of creation of a communicative community, although in many cases this community is apparent. The behind-the-scenes stories about the creation of texts show how fluid are today’s media categories of the stage, the scene and the audience. The picture of those journalistic textual practices reflects the contemporary media and culture. I hold a belief that genological studies, which take into account the achievements of literature, media and cultural sciences, present a picture of contemporary media texts. The present monograph also indicates that the medialinguistics instruments allow the researcher to analyse a media text, extend beyond that text, and allow for a deeper reflection on the contemporary culture.

The theory of mass communication A textbook for students of journalism and social communication

Teoria komunikowania masowego. Skrypt dla studentów dziennikarstwa i komunikacji społecznej

Author(s): Stanisław Michalczyk / Language(s): Polish

Keywords: the script; manual; journalism; Social Communication; mass communication

The purpose of this textbook is to present the students of journalism and social communication with the foundations of the modern theory of mass communication. The work is intended also for students who pursue other fields of study, which offer specialisation in journalism and communication (communicological specialisation), e.g. the students of political science, Polish philology, sociology or economics. The book may also be of interest to journalists, people employed in the sector of Public Relations, advertising, and promotion, as well as departments of various public institutions. It will certainly be of interest to specialists in the field of media studies, mainly the theoreticians of mass communication.The relatively complex subject of the theory of mass communication is explored by the author in two dimensions – he examines it from three perspectives:• the scholarly and historical perspective;• the scholarly and the current perspective;• the scholarly and personal perspective.Another purpose of the textbook is to introduce scholarly and didactic order and to categorise the problems of the theory of mass communication so that it may constitute a didactic basis for people who hold classes or lectures in this subject at Polish universities or in other institutions of higher education.The textbook consists of 10 chapters:• Chapter 1: The transdisciplinary nature of the science of the media and communication is an introduction to the whole array of the problems of the theory of mass communication. It discusses the essence and the structure of the discipline, which examines and describes the processes of communication and the role of the media in the said processes.• Chapter 2: The historical development of communication and the media furnishes historical data about the development of the media and (mass) communication during the course of a few centuries, with special reference to the last few decades, when a gradual “densification” of the phenomena and processes which led to the emergence of a media society occurred. The media-related and technological advancements were an important factor in the social development in all periods of history, but their particular intensification occurred after the Second World War.• Chapter 3: Communication – mass communication – the media defines the basic concepts, explains the relevant terms (mass communication, the media and their functions), describes the models of mass communication and constitutes an attempt at representing in a general manner the essence of the processes of communication with an indication of the differences between mass (mediated) and interpersonal (non-mediated) communication.• Chapter 4: Base theories – discusses 10 theories which are crucial for the theory of mass communication. Their presentation is preceded by an explanation of the concept theory (in the context of mass communication) and an indication of the criteria of the classification of theories.• Chapter 5: The middle range theories discusses the theories – ones which are popular in thescience of the media and communication – which are constrained in terms of area and semantics and which are empirically verifiable at the same time. The creator of the paradigm was Robert K. Merton, who reduced the gap between the world of great (general) social theories and the world of microscopic (particular) observation of communication-related phenomena. Each of the theories is briefly discussed in a certain logical order: the history, the theoretical premises, the research methods, empirics. There is also an indication of the similarities to other cognate theories and the relations between them.• Chapter 6: The forms of public communication. The actors and the processes introduces order to the area of mass communication due to the forms which occur in it, forms such as journalism, Public Relations and advertising.• Chapter 7: The structures and the contexts of the media analyses the subdisciplines and the constituent disciplines of the science of the media and communication which are particularly important from the point of view of the theory and practice: the media-related policy, the sociology of the media, the economics of the media, the media-related pedagogy and the media law. The chapter focuses on the explanation of the essence of each of the subdisciplines and their structures.• Chapter 8: The content of the media explains the basic problems associated with the fourth question of Lasswell’s formula (“what is said”). The content (the substance) determines the potential conditions of the social and cultural impact of mass media in a shorter and in a longer period of time. This content holds the foundations of manipulation and demagogy.• Chapter 9: The use and the reception of the media is devoted to the social and the individual reception of the media. It analyses above all the nature and the features of the recipients of the modern media (recipients as a “mass”, recipients as a target group, recipients as a commodity, recipients as a victim, recipients as an active, thinking user).• Chapter 10: The results of the impact of the media, which in a sense constitutes a conclusion of the whole work, explains the processes of the impact of the media upon the individual and the society. Each chapter is followed by test questions, which enable verification of the extent of the knowledge which was acquired in a given field. The textbook provides basic knowledge. In order to gain in-depth and extensive knowledge, one must consult the supplementary works which are listed at the end of each chapter. A complete listing is provided in the bibliography, which also contains additional items.

Social media. Dialogue in cyberspace. Vol. 1

Media społecznościowe. Dialog w cyberprzestrzeni. Tom 1

Author(s): / Language(s): English,Polish

Keywords: social media; cyberspace; dialogue;contemporary participatory culture;

The present volume constitutes the first part of the collection of texts devoted to the problem of social media – the phenomenon of contemporary participatory culture. Social media, which have become the indicator of successive stage in the development of the Internet called Web 2.0, organize the social life of their users in more and more extensive range. The effects of the development of social media and their influence on future social relations is hard to anticipate in view of tech acceleration and rapid social changes. Nevertheless, the increase in the number of users and their internet activity forces the researchers to undertake the problem of social media in the context of numerous academic disciplines. [fragment of preface]

Splendor in the Grass. Nature Images in Coming-of-Age Films

Wiosenna bujność traw. Obrazy przyrody w filmach o dorastaniu

Author(s): Karolina Kostyra / Language(s): Polish

Keywords: coming of age; film about growing up; initiation; transition ritual; nature; film and culture studies

This book analyzes the manifestation of nature in coming of age mov-ies. The constitutive feature of the coming of age film is the presence of the rites of passage into maturity. These rituals follow the initiation schemes described in anthropological works. Usually it comes to them in nature: in forests, in deserts, away from home. Drawing from Jungian psychoanalysis, religious studies and theories concerning myths, tales, symbols, this work draws attention to the symbiotic dependence that connects the film heroes with the life cycle present in nature. Nature at the threshold of adulthood usually appears as a dense, fertile, self-living (though often coincident with the experience of the "human" hero) life. Nature in this approach allows teenagers to distance themselves from familiar areas and embrace new, exciting sensations. Summer holidays allow to experience adventure of adolescence – the background of most coming of age movies.The first part of the book entitled Szałasy concerns stories in which the main motive is a journey towards adulthood, sometimes forced, sometimes funded at own request. The school of survival, which is located in the wilderness, teaches independence and courage. Films revolving around the survival growing up type force the protagonist to kindle bonfires, hunt animals – to create metaphorical or literal huts. In Stand By Me (1986, directed by R. Reiner), boys from an American town from the late 1950s are going on a trek along the railway tracks to see the corpse of their peer hidden in the forest. In The Kings of Summer (2013, directed by J. Vogt-Roberts), modern high school students decide to escape from home comfort to the surrounding forest, where they build their hut styl-ized for Thoreau. In Walkabout (1971, directed by N. Roeg) a teenage heroine and her younger brother orphaned by her father wander through the Australian outback, while in the Polish short documentary Płyną tratwy (1962, directed by W. Ślesicki) Mietek from the Augustów village is goes for the first time to work by the timber rafting. The stories quoted are bond by the rite of passage with risky initiation attempts and nature, which is great, lofty and dangerous. Letniska – the second part of the book – focuses on summer holidays, love and nature, which more than a dense jungle resemble an overgrown park or an en-chanted garden. Nature harnessed by the experience of a vacationer no longer encourages crazy trips, but to walk and not to sleep all night long. In such circum-stances, teenagers from the pioneer camp in One Hundred Days After Childhood(1974, directed by S. Sołowjow) experience a painful love initiation. In A Day in the Country (1936) by Jean Renoir, on Sunday spent in nature, a young girl leaves her parents for a moment to experience the true feeling in love for the first and last time. Dancing w kwaterze Hitlera (1968, directed by J. Batory) and Crazed Fruit (1956, directed by Kô Nakahira) tell about summer love in a more bitter and angry tone. The film crowning the second chapter, and in a sense the whole work, is By the River Nowhere (1991, directed by A. Barański), which in perverse way uses the motives of the coming of age cinema, but does not differ from the genre.The book's focal point is the attempt to determine the essence of youth, which is subject to the story of puberty, as well as to define what is left behind by the time of adolescence. Youth is defined not as a state but as a process exist-ing as much as it still exceeds itself. The story revolving around the initiation scenario operates with a certain tonality, offering the viewer not only a specific mood (nostalgia or joyful expectation), but also a vision of great and short youth. Its volatility is emphasized by the clearly marked "here and now" in which the main part of the story takes place. The moment is struck by impressionism in the loud croaking of frogs, the sound of wind in the leaves of the trees or the shots of the sun looking out from behind the branches.

Television discourse in the light of media linguistics

Dyskurs telewizyjny w świetle lingwistyki mediów

Author(s): Iwona Loewe / Language(s): Polish

Keywords: media text; polylogue; logo visuality; multimodal text; visual linguistics

The author assumes that television discourse belongs to culture and therefore it is semiotic, transmissible, and it preserves discourse community practices. To begin with, Loewe presents the state of research into television and next into television discourse in Polish philological studies. She indicates five dates which are crucial for the current state of knowledge. The model of discourse in this publication is based on three theories proposed by: Ewa Miczka (discourse linguistics), Piotr Sztompka (sociology), and Bożena Witosz (discourse stylistics). Its framework is formed by six parameters: ideational, normative, interactive, subjective, spatial, and chronemic. The ideational parameter: norms applied in the discourse and its governing rules are a media representation of a segment of reality. The reality is depicted to a recipient always from the perspective of a sender, whose goals are allocated in their vision of the world. The normative parameter: it is defined by the two phenomena: sociocultural table and media agreement. The sociocultural table describes the area of social, cultural, and political relations, which allows to create meanings in media discourses. Included in the media agreement is a contract about the synergy of audiovisual codes. The interactive parameter: a distinguishing feature of television discourse is transmissibility and topicality. The situational context orients the discourse transmission in one direction. The subjective parameter: the user of any discourse is a community. Its members are frequently called actors since they perform social roles. The discourse has a mass and dispersed audience. The spatial parameter: discursive practices are held in a space accessible to other participants of social life. This space is public, official, and knowable. The chronemic parameter: continuity, repetitiveness, and the cyclicality of multiple communicative acts ensure participation in the discourse and make this discourse. Based on these parameters, the author positions the center of discursive space and its other areas. The center includes: programmed television and profiled television. Further away from the center there is streaming television in the form of streaming audiovisuality (e. g. Player, Ipla, and VOD TVP), hybrid visuality (e. g. HbbTV), produced visuality (You Tube), portal audiovisuality (e. g. Onet, Wirtualna Polska), and on demand (e.g. Showmax, Netflix). In another part of her book, the author considers research problems concerning the central category of television discourse – multimodal text. She presents the result of research into media text, polylogue, logo visuality, and the discourse actors: the sender and the audience. An important place in this publication is the chapter on color in visual linguistics. Color is gaining relevance in TV programs recorded in a studio, in the layout of network identification and program identification, and in broadcast display format. Color can undergo a semiotic analysis. Television’s expectations to attract audiences by utilizing a system of auto-identification and auto-promotion have currently increased. Iconosphere plays a crucial role in these. Loewe states that the color blue used in television station logos, logotypes, the backdrop of news programs, and the newscaster’s attire objectifies contents and has a dominant interactive function. Colors used in the network identification primarily have an ideational function. Their appearance in the form of a television station logo, an auto-promotional banner, and a logotype for a network or a program informs about the network or the program. Color in the scheduled programming may answer a viewer’s question – what is it like? And color in the auto-promotional programming answers the question – what is it? The author’s interest in the topic was motivated by a well-known paradox. It is believed by some that the technological form of television sterilizes reality, which means dismissing pain or joy and creating intimate detachment. A different vision contains a conviction about the community’s need to celebrate. Confronting this paradox with television discourse and its parameters has become a research aim in this book. The author assumes that television discourse belongs to culture and therefore it is semiotic, transmissible, and it preserves discourse community practices. The book presents the state of research into television and next into television discourse in Polish philological studies. Loewe offers her own parametrization of television discourse and delineates its research area. A part of the book concerns multimodal text. The results of research into media text, polylogue, logo visuality, and the discourse actors: the sender and the audience have been presented. The book also addresses the significance of color in the content of television discourse.

BBC World Service, Radio France Internationale, and Voice of America in the Context of International Communication From Propaganda to Public Diplomacy

Rozgłośnie BBC World Service, Radio France Internationale i Voice of America w komunikowaniu międzynarodowym. Od propagandy do dyplomacji publicznej

Author(s): Mirosława Wielopolska-Szymura / Language(s): Polish

Keywords: BBC World Service; Radio France; Internationale; Voice of America

The chief purpose of BBC World Service, Radio France Internationale, and Voice of America in the Context of International Communication: From Propaganda to Public Diplomacy is to analyse the role radio stations fulfil for international communication nowadays in the light of the roles they served in the past (that is, the times when radio dominated).During the interwar period and right before World War II, new radio stations came to being that aimed at broadcasting content targeted at the listeners abroad. Initially, these radio stations were transmitting mostly official messages or functioning as private point-to-point communication; in both cases, they functioned similarly to telegraphs (assuming one addresser and one addressee). Along with not only the development of the transmitting and receiving devices but also the widening of our knowledge on radio waves, radio turned into a mass medium, thanks to various “freaks,” including investors and other radio lovers. Having access to the network of correspondents and a powerful radio signal, radio stations back then were able to provide live coverage of the events that interested listeners all around the globe.The capacities of radio were significant during World War II as well; precisely, it ceased to serve communication purposes exclusively, and was included into military arsenal (used not only in operations and diversion actions, but also for jamming and scouting). This military conflict showed that the possibility of reaching listeners abroad – that is, the citizens of adversary, allied, and neutral states – had been of enormous importance, whereas the ability of shaping the opinions of foreign citizens had become a crucial part of contemporary warfare.The relevance of radio for international communication was indisputable also during the Cold War. Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty, Voice of America, BBC World Service, Radio France Internationale, Deutsche Welle, Radio Madrid, Radio Moskwa, and Radio China International were fundamentally engaged in both ideological war and public diplomacy.Simultaneously, various international processes changed the position radio occupied among other media; the “Golden Age of Radio” reached a significant decline in the 1950s, when the dominance of radio gave way to the advent of television, whereas from late 1990s on the situation of all media was revolutionised by the birth of the Internet. As a result, digitalisation, convergence, shifts in reception and use of media – not to mention other broader phenomena, including the dominance of audiovisual culture – affected not only listeners and their preferences (inclining to fragmented radio programmes), but also ratings and marketability of radio stations. Finally, since political communication has privileged the audiovisual paradigm, and domestic policy has gradually become a media issue, radio has withdrawn in this area as well, giving primacy to television and new media.Because of the aforementioned factors and shifts, it becomes vital to carefully reconsider the contemporary and international status of radio. After all, one might be tempted to think that radio is no longer in its heyday, whereas both governments and individual listeners do not deem it as a genuine informative medium or a means capable of reaching the foreign public opinion. This book, therefore, explores how Radio France Internationale, Voice of America, and BBC World Service changed diachronically in reference to other radio stations alike, points to rules they follow and formats their programmes take, and analyses their recent activity in international communication between 2014 and 2018. Chapter 1 introduces theoretical vocabulary international communication relies on, and juxtaposes its various definitions with related cultural phenomena, including transcultural communication, political communication, propaganda, public diplomacy, cultural diplomacy, media diplomacy, and soft power. Aside from analysing these concepts, this chapter also proposes an innovative definition of international communication and its graphic model.Chapter 2 is diachronic, and it focuses on the discovery of radio waves and the invention of radio read from the technical perspective, which determines the position of radio for international communication. Moreover, the early forms of radio are recalled with regard to their significance for foreign communication. Finally, the development of radio and broadcasting in France, United Kingdom, and the USA is presented with an emphasis put on the differences between their broadcasting models.Chapter 3 is devoted to the development of international broadcasting, dividing it into three stages: 1) the early 20th century (until the 1930s), when radio waves were being tested, the first experimental stations came to being, and first international radio stations were founded, including those in Nauen and Zessen (Germany), Sainte-Assise and Le Post Colonial (France), Eindhoven and Heuzen (Netherlands), Chelmsford (UnitedKingdom); 2) the World War II period, in which the uses of radio for international military communication are analysed in reference to propaganda radio stations (Radio Berlin, Radio Hamburg, Radio Stuttgart, Radio Tokio) and its prominent figures (William Joyce (“Lord Haw-Haw”), Paul Ferdonnet (“the Stuttgart Traitor”), Mildred Gillars (“Axis Sally”), Ive Togure (“Tokyo Rose”)), British pirate radio stations functioning in response to the Axis propaganda (for instance, Gustav Siegfried Eins), the radio stations of French Resistance with a special emphasis put on Radio Brazzaville, that is, Charles de Gaulle’s chief means of international communication, and, finally, Voice of America serving for public diplomacy purposes; 3) the Cold War period, in which the objectives, assumptions, and strategies of international broadcasting posed by France, United Kingdom, the United States of America between 1945 and late 1980s are examined. The last chapter is entirely dedicated to BBC World Service, Radio France Internationale and Voice of America nowadays, paying attention to their regulations, structures, and broadcasting services. These radio stations are understood as means used for public diplomacy of their countries, and their institutional and formal connections to government institutions are discussed. Consequently, this comparative chapter refers to the legal contexts, supported by acts and regulations of a given country, presents the principles and levels of funding, reconstructs the institutional positions of radio among other media, and characterises broadcasting in terms of services, directions, and programmes.The analysis of contemporary strategies and activities of the discussed radio stations makes it ossible to claim that the use of radio for international communication has not lost its relevance, and currently is supported with television and the Internet, that is, the media that were invented later in the course of historical progress. Radio stations, therefore, are not held in media bubbles; rather, they are still significant means of foreign communication because of their specificities. Furthermore, radio communication complies with strategic foreign policies, which affects various parts of the world where levels of technological development diverge whilst the access to television or the Internet connection is not available. In the countries stricken with military conflicts or poverty, radio is still the predominant means of communication that serves numerous purposes; not only is it a source of information on military operations, epidemiological situations, climate and natural disasters, but also it educates its listeners on civil and human rights, especially women’s rights. Finally, Voice of America, BBC World Service, and Radio France Internationale support policies against extremism and propaganda (for instance, fake news).The services of the discussed radio stations are related to the policies the United States of America, United Kingdom, and France put forward against ISIL and international terrorism, but also to those actions that support democratic changes in the countries affected by war and political unrest.

What's New in New Media? Transformations, Perspectives, Expectations

Co nowego w nowych mediach? Transformacje, perspektywy, oczekiwania

Author(s): / Language(s): Polish

Keywords: new media

Public broadcasters in the autonomic regions of Spain. Between mission and politics

Publiczni nadawcy w regionach autonomicznych Hiszpanii. Między misją a polityką

Author(s): Dagmara Głuszek-Szafraniec / Language(s): Polish

Keywords: public broadcasters; autonomic regions of Spain

The volume has been divided into two parts. The first, theoretical part concerns the issues connected with the worldwide models of media systems, as well as the role of the public media, the methods of defining their mission, and the aims and tools of media politics. Further inquiry concerns the media landscape of Spain, in addition to the main legal determinants which regulate the media in the country. Moreover, the author conducts a review of the most important legislation included in the autonomous constitutions that concerns the possibility of establishing means of mass communication by autonomous communities. The second part constitutes an attempt at systematizing the strategies undertaken by autonomous governments to encourage growth of local public broadcasters with a regional reach. The author distinguishes four different attitudes towards the role of the public media as well as towards defining the public mission and the level of engagement in the process of broadcaster management by the political powers in the region, delineated on the basis of legal and institutional analysis of media legislation. It is possible, therefore, to distinguish four vectors of regional government activities which correspond to the various types of public media present in the autonomous regions of Spain: a basic type with the function of regional media, a mixed type with the inclusion of the private sector, a transitional type aimed at reforming the model of public radio and television management, and an advanced type, in which the regulations and institutions involved allow for a larger media autonomy.

Local media of Cieszyn Silesia. History and the present time

Media lokalne Śląska Cieszyńskiego. Historia i współczesność

Author(s): Monika Kornacka‑Grzonka / Language(s): Polish

Keywords: Cieszyn Silesia

The monograph is a compendium of the knowledge about the local media of Cieszyn Silesia, which, being part of the historical and cultural regions of modern Poland, has preserved a strong regional identity. Not only does the paper organise the state of the knowledge about how the local media in this interesting region have been developing and functioning, but it also broadens the knowledge. […]The monograph has a problem-oriented structure and consists of three chapters that are substantively related to the dominant theme, which is the local media of Cieszyn Silesia. The content of the first chapter comprises reflections on the theory of local media and research practice. It defines the concept of local media, presents their typology and development after 1989, as well as limitations in their functioning. The issue of the local community is dealt with in the second chapter, where first the theory of the local community (including the so-called virtual community) is discussed and the concept of local and regional identity defined, and subsequently the characteristics of the community of Cieszyn Silesia and its territory is brought into focus, while the reference is made both to the complex history of this area and to the present day situation. The presentation of the local media in Cieszyn Silesia is the subject of deliberations in the third chapter. Firstly, the historical development of the local media – mainly the press, in this area until 1989, i.e. until the political and socio-political breakthrough beginning the systemic transformation of our country, has been characterised. Then, the transformations taking place on the local media market of this area after 1989 have been examined. The development of the local press segment [...] and the electronic media market of Cieszyn Silesia, including local radio, local television (mainly online) and local Internet portals […] have been separately presented. The paper ends with a summary of the studied issue through the presentation of the outline of the transformations of the contemporary local media in Cieszyn Silesia against the background of the nationwide processes in Poland. […]The reviewed paper constitutes a valuable publishing position, which apart from systematizing the studied issues, also enriches the general knowledge about the formation and functioning of the contemporary local media system in Cieszyn Silesia. It is also of specific practical utility primarily for activists and officials of the local government and regionalists, as well as for students of journalism and social communication as well as political science and sociology.