Keywords: profesionalizam; psihoterapijski pristup; empatija; transferno-kontratransferne zamke
U prikazu profesionalizma u medicini i psihijatriji, značajno mjesto zauzima psihoterapijski pristup na koji je obavezan svaki liječnik, odnosno da doživljava svoga bolesnika kao ličnost koja ima tjelesne, emocionalne i društvene probleme, bez obzira na to koje poteškoće donosi u susretu s liječnikom. Psihoterapijski pristupiti bolesniku znači - s razumijevanjem i povoljnim emocijama prihvatiti njegove emocije. Bolesnik nudi sebe kao ličnost, a osim boli i patnji, donosi i svoje strahove, brige, nezadovoljstva i nemire. Svako bolesno stanje dovodi do poremećaja emocionalne ravnoteže u ličnosti, do brojnih neugodnih emocija, a vodeći je osjećaj strah. Bolesnik se boji dezintegracije, nesposobnosti, teške bolesti i smrti. Bolest dovodi bolesnika u regresivno stanje, što potiče stvaranje transfernih reakcija, prema liječniku sa očekivanjima zaštite, fantazijama o svemoći liječnika, ambivalencijama, otporima, što potiče kod liječnika stvaranje kontratransfernih reakcija. Obrisi transferno-kontratransfernih reakcija se stvaraju u svakoj interakciji bolesnik-liječnik. Uspješan profesionalac mora imati sposobnost razumijevanja i rukovanja sa ovim fenomenima, koji su snažni pokretač terapije, ali i otpor terapiji. Terapijski proces predstavlja stalni rad na transferu i otporu. Osim toga liječnik mora razviti sposobnost za empatiju, identifikaciju sa situacijom bolesnika, ali i njeno razumijevanje kako kognitivno, tako i emocionalno. Svakako da liječnik u taj komplicirani odnos od komunikacije do interakcije i transferno-kontratransfernih zamki ulazi sa svojom ličnošću, svojim konfliktima, obranama i otporima, što postavlja zahtjev pred liječnika da se educira i radi na sebi cijeli život da bi bio uspješan profesionalac.
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Profesionalizam je u posljednje vrijeme postao vruća i intrigantna tema, kako u medicinskoj edukaciji, tako i u kliničkoj praksi. Profesionalizam odražava odnos između društva i medicine kroz oblikovanje odnosa između liječnika i bolesnika kao i njihovih međusobnih očekivanja. T o je složeni multidimenzionalni koncept koji se različito definirao kroz povijest, a i u različitim kulturama, društvenim i političkim zajednicama. Društvene promjene i duh vremena značajno se odražavaju na naše shvaćanje profesionalizma u medicini koji doživljava ozbiljnu metamorfozu - kako u akademskoj, tako i kliničkoj medicini u susretu s brojnim novim izazovima i dilemama. U radu se daje pregled temeljnih načela medicinskog profesionalizma i profesionalnih odgovornosti i kompetencija u medicini.
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In the Germanic languages, unaccented pronominal subjects have been in use for quite some time, whenever other types of subject are excluded. Utilising Gothic, Northumbrian and above all Old High German data, the author explains certain aspects of that phenomenon in the framework of the syntactic theory operating with strong and weak syntactic variants. (The theory is outlined at the beginning of the paper.) In the old Germanic languages of the pre-historic and partly of the historic period, emphatic pronominal subjects were used, only sporadically also non-emphatic but accented ones. The latter were the most common in non-third verbal persons. This circumstance is explained by the author under the presupposition that strong variants (ego dico [ego non-emphatic] was a strong variant, as opposed to the bare dico) assert themselves in less "natural" surroundings first, here in the non-third verbal persons. Later on, the non-emphatic pronominal subjects of the Germanic languages lost their ccentedness, under the influence of oblique cases (of pronominal pronouns), which as early as Indo-European times had clitic forms beside emphatic ones. The old non-emphatic but accented pronominal subjects enjoyed the status of strong variants, whereas the new unaccented pronominal subjects were allotted the status of weak variants. Because of this, the latter spread into simple syntactic constructions first, and only later into less simple ones: first into dependent clauses, then into main clauses displaying normal word order, and eventually into main clauses characterised by inversion.
More...Genetic linguistics deals with family relations between idioms, i. e., between languages and dialects, while typological linguistics deals with inner structural relations within a particular idiom and compares them with each other. The facts in each of these linguistics do not have value of arguments in another; not to mention sociolinguistics which deals with the nature of particular idioms in connection with their respective speach communities. Of course, sociolinguistic facts are of no value for other two kinds of linguistics. All these relations are exemplified by the role of sound [e] in Croatian and other (South)Slavonic languages.
More...On the occasion of the centenary of Ivar Aasens death, an outline of his ideas and work is given against the background of the linguistic situation after the dissolution of the Danish and Norwegian union. The standard language, now known as nynorsk, which was created by Aasen from elements of various Norwegian dialects is briefly described. It is also compared to the standard, now called bokmål, which grew out of a process of Norwegization of the former Danish standard used in Norway as well. Finally, the present spread of the usage of nynorsk is accounted for.
More...The knowledge about real needs of particular dictionary users should be established on factual evidence based on empirical research taking into account the user perspective. Since no such study of users' needs and expectations, as well as the ways in which they use dictionaries, which can efficiently pinpoint the potential weaknesses of the national lexicographic production, has been undertaken in the context of Croatian lexicography, a limited questionnaire survey has been carried out by the author among one hundred dictionary users: university and high school teachers and university students of various languages. The article puts forward and discusses the results of this survey which is hoped to be the first step towards a more objective and valid assessment of users' needs in Croatia.
More...The authors analyze possible approaches to metaphorization. They analyze different types of metaphors in English and Croatian terminology (especially the terminology of computer science). They try to explain the role of metaphorization as a means of term–formation in English and in Croatian.
More...Following a brief discussion of the relationship between loan words and their models with respect to translation, as well as of the concept of "false friends", an existing false friend typology is presented. The described types, along with some new ones, are then discussed and illustrated with pairs of false friends, each composed of a Croatian anglicism and its wrongly supposed English "correspondent". It is reconfirmed that anglicisms, since they are similar but not equal to their English models, require special attention in translation.
More...Pridružujući se s najboljim željama za osamdesetu obljetnicu života našega Svečara, htio bih golemom nizu ilustracija o dodirima izme|u jezika, kojima je on posvetio najveći dio svoje bogate znanstveničke aktivnosti, dodati skroman prilog o jednom dosada nespomenutom slučaju jezičnog dodira: o leksičkim vezama izme|u jednog istočnog iberoromanskog jezika, u ovom slučaju katalanskoga, i hrvatske čakavštine na našoj obali Jadrana. Kao dva najutemeljenija primjera toga dodira uzeo sam dva leksička elementa, i to brandaj i lumblija za koje ni fonetski ni semantički razlozi ne dopuštaju pomisao na povezivanje s jezicima s apeninske strane koji su za čakavske tuđice najčešći posrednici u preuzimanju.
More...This paper offers a comparison of the pragmatic functions of intonational morphemes of English and Croatian within the theoretical framework of the bitonal generative compositional model Pierrehumbert-Hirschberg. It is shown that it is more common for Croatian than for English to use unmarked intonational means as equivalents of their marked correlates.
More...On the basis of linguistic data the author proves the existence of the former eastern frontier of the Čakavian dialect in the regions of Lika and Krbava. After the Turkish conquest in the 15th century, the Čakavians from these regions migrated in two directions: one towards Gradišće (Burgenland) in Austria and Hungary, the other towards Istria.
More...Generative syntacticians are interested in whether, and to what extent, a given language can move interrogative and relative elements (Wh-elements) from a subordinate clause to a position in a main clause. Languages differ greatly in the Wh-extractions they allow. This article tests examples of this sort on Croatian material, but at the same time points out some difficulties which arise in testing them, because Croatian (as well as Bosnian and Serbian) offers two other means for formulating equivalent content. The paper concludes with a tribute to Professor Leonardo Spalatin, late of the Department of English of Zagreb University, in the context of some speculations about ease of processing of complex syntactic structures.
More...Possessive dative is a notion which recurs in the description of many languages that have overt case marking distinctions between nominatives (typical subjects), accusatives (typical direct objects) and datives (typical indirect objects). The basic ideas lurking behind the term possessive dative are that it is semantically equivalent to possesive determiners or genitives and that it can be used only with a limited set of nouns, which is usually restricted to nouns denoting inalienable possession (e. g. kinship terms and body parts). This paper argues that possessive datives are not derived from the same source as possessive determiners or genitives and that they are therefore not semantically and pragmatically equivalent with them. The evidence in support of this claim is mainly adduced from Croatian, German and Polish, but a comparison is also made with some equivalent constructions in Dutch. More specifically, it is argued that the so-called dative of possession is a pragmatic device which enables the speaker to empathize with the referent of the dative, that is, to present the state of affairs expressed by the predication from the point of view of the referent of the dative.
More...The article presents a study of everyday operational communications in the maritime business in Croatian, and aims at determining, classifying and describing the process of linguistic borrowing and adaptation of English loan-words in Croatian. The corpus encompases a collection of texts transmitted exclusively by way of fax and telex. In addition to a brief analysis of this specific kind of discourse, the article highlights the specific features of borrowing technically-marked vocabulary from English. The adaptation of English loan-words is studied, in particular, on the phonological, morphological, and semantic level.
More...After the nucleus is defined as an intonational (prosodic) sign, and after the claim that the nucleus is also a linguistic sign, an outline of the Croatian language nucleus system is proposed. The proposed description is then compared to two earlier descriptions of Croatian nuclei, and with the nuclei of the English language. More is said about the falling-rising nucleus, which is frequent in public speaking in Croatian, but has been considered as one of the differences between Croatian and English - in Croatian allegedly nonexistent, but typical for English. Conclusions: the falling-rising nucleus in Croatian is imported from West-European languages, mainly from English and Italian. This is the source of its (mainly stylistic-rhetorical) meanings, which are different from the meanings the form has in languages it comes from. The differences in meanings point to the presence of typically linguistic feature of convention, which the author considers to be an argument for the claim that nuclei are linguistic signs and that thay should find their place in the description of a language.
More...Tekst, artikuliran na tri osnovne cjeline, posvećen je ispitivanju u kolikoj je mjeri moguće i dopušteno danas govoriti o antičkoj lingvistici i ima li taj pojam bilo kakav realni referent na koji se odnosi. Naime, budući da u antici sasvim očito lingvistika kao znanost nije postojala, na prvi se pogled čini da termin služi jedino za označavanje fikcije. No moguće je zamisliti da antička lingvistika stekne svoju zbilju iz interpretacije ex post, tako da suvremena znanost o jeziku u njoj, vlastitim iščitavanjem, otkrije koherentnu cjelinu koja zaslužuje da se razmatra kao domena znanstvenog izučavanja. Da bi se konstituirala takva interpretacija, potrebno je najprije razmotriti u kojim se sve područjima antičke znanosti pojavljuju promišljanja jezika, a zatim vidjeti da li su te domene, iz današnje perspektive, samo membra disiecta ili su povezane nekim sebi inherentnim faktorom kohezije. Zato se u središnjem dijelu teksta ukratko ispituju osnovne teorijske karakteristike antičke filozofije jezika, logike, retorike, poetike, gramatike i filologije i pokazuje se kako su sve ove discipline, svaka sa svojeg aspekta, usmjerene prema cjelini jezične djelatnosti ili, preciznije, prema jeziku i govoru u njihovoj upotrebi. Ova funkcionalna usmjerenost antičkih teorija jezika, koja je ujedno njihov faktor objedinjavanja - bilo da se radi o objašnjavanju jezika javne komunikacije (znanstvenog iskaza u logici, političkog diskursa u retorici, umjetničkog teksta u poetici), bilo da je riječ o metafizičkom (u filozofiji) ili metajezičnom (u gramatici) pristupu, bilo, napokon, da se uočavaju specifičnosti komunikacijskog konteksta (u filologiji) - s jedne strane zbunjuje suvremenu lingvistiku, orijentiranu prije svega na jezik kao sistem, u saussureovskom poimanju, a s druge se strane, antička lingvistika, u zbiljnosti svojeg interesa za jezični fenomen, ukazuje kao izuzetno zanimljiv virtualan teorijski sugovornik recentnim sociolingvističkim, psiholingvističkim i - posebno - pragmalingvističkim promišljanjima jezika.
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