Ко бира судије уставног суда?, Фондација Центар за јавно право, Сарајево, 2012, стр. 286.
Review of: Đorđe Marković "Who Elects the Constitutional Court Judges ?", Center for Public Law Foundation, Sarajevo, 2012, p. 286.
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Review of: Đorđe Marković "Who Elects the Constitutional Court Judges ?", Center for Public Law Foundation, Sarajevo, 2012, p. 286.
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Economic analysis can be considered in various approaches, as a scientific discipline, a method and an instrument or function of management. All these approaches occur in the central bank, which is of particular importance and plays a key role in the system of functioning of the economy. The knowledge and authority of central banks results, among other things, from the quality of economic analysis carried out. Economic analysis of enterprises is one element of the system of assessment of economic and inflationary processes. The aim of the study is to identify the situation regarding the central bank’s approach to assessing the condition and economic results of enterprises based on economic indicators, in particular those relating to profitability and financial liquidity. The study is not so much about recognizing the situation in terms of profitability and financial liquidity in the corporate sector in the period under review, but rather about demonstrating that the economic analysis of enterprises is an important area of analysis and research carried out in central banks. To a limited extent, detailed instrumental and methodological aspects of the economic analysis of enterprises have been addressed, which deserve to be highlighted in separate publications.
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The purpose of this chapter is to identify the effects of the selected macroeconomic variables on the profitability of enterprises. A neural network, specifically a multilayer perceptron, was used to analyse the data. The input layer included three macroeconomic variables (unemployment rate, real disposable income and wages), and the output layer included the target variable, i.e. net return on assets (ROA). Sensitivity analysis was also performed. The study used data for almost 6,300 enterprises representing 21 sections specified in the Polish Classification of Activities. The analysis indicated that the most important variable in the context of shaping ROA is the dynamics of the average monthly gross real wage in the national economy. The second most important factor is the unemployment rate, and the least important is the dynamics of gross real disposable income. The paper attempts to fill the research gap concerning the effects of macroeconomic variables on company profitability.
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The chapter is methodological in nature. It fits into the discourse on the usefulness of economic analysis tools for enterprises, such as various financial ratios. The aim of the chapter is to assess profitability ratios and cash efficiency ratios as synthetic efficiency measures, particularly in terms of their resilience to common practices of creative accounting. The main method used in the chapter is deduction, and the discussed issues are illustrated with numerical examples. The chapter demonstrates that cash efficiency ratios possess characteristics that make them synthetic measures of efficiency, bordering on profitability and financial liquidity. They are more resilient to the practices of creative accounting compared to profitability ratios and, as such, should be used more frequently as primary synthetic efficiency measures, which currently seem to be dominated by profitability ratios. It is advisable to consider a broader reliance on cash efficiency or, at least, parallel reporting of profitability and cash efficiency. In cases where there are different indications in these two areas, greater importance should be attached to cash efficiency than profitability in financial analysis, which can be successfully done, e.g., in the analysis of publicly traded companies.
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Corporate bankruptcy prediction has been addressed in countless studies, while the bankruptcy process is scarcely recognized in the literature. The aim of this study is to develop a holistic concept of the corporate bankruptcy process. The primary method used in the study was a review of the literature, and in the absence of publications simultaneously addressing all the issues included in the aim, a syllogistic inference scheme was adopted. The concept developed assumes that bankruptcy is a process whose shape depends on short-term symptoms of bankruptcy (i.e. profitability and liquidity), long-term symptoms of bankruptcy (i.e. growth and development), possibly acquired cash to counteract these symptoms, as well as the agility and resilience of the company.
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The aim of the article was to analyse overdue invoice payments that generate payment backlogs and their economic consequences. Based on the data taken from the European Payment Index Reports, the analysed period was divided into two sub-periods: 2016–2019 and 2020–May 2023. The level of payment backlogs in the first period was mainly affected by internal factors—instruments of the trade credit policy, such as dates and forms of invoice payment and precautions undertaken against the risk of loss of receivables. From 2020, the increase in payment backlogs was caused by macro factors such as the economic situation, the level of inflation and interest rates or exchange rate policy. The negative effects of payment backlogs, such as additional costs of penalty interest, debt collection costs, deterioration of financial liquidity, loss of income, problems with staying on the market, limited implementation of innovations and development, redundancies and the lack of new hires after 2020 have clearly intensified. On a macro scale, they will be one of the causes of the economic slowdown.
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The uncertainty of the social and economic situation require a reliable measurement of innovation, because data on this subject can help enterprises better assess the contribution of innovation to their development and the achievement of intended goals, and then help decision-makers to monitor the effectiveness and efficiency of pro-innovation activities. However, it should be noted that the measure of innovation performance should not be based on one indicator alone. The complexity of the innovation process requires taking into account its individual stages, during which the investment outlays are transformed into innovative products or processes. In addition, research conducted among Polish enterprises showed that they are not interested in monitoring macroeconomic indicators related to innovative activity, often analysed in various types of scientific papers. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the indicators of measuring companies’ innovation performance. Based on the bibliometric analysis, a two-stage innovation process was adopted consisting of the research and development stage and the comercialisation stage. In turn, the development of an original definition of the innovative process allowed to group the described indicators consistently into two groups: indicators of research and development activity and indicators of commercialisation.
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The article attempts an analytical look at the trends in labour market and unemployment research developed by Małgorzata Szylko-Skoczny and her research team from the perspective of three decades of development of labour market and employment policy in Poland. Unemployment on local labour markets, the social and economic effects of unemployment, the role of the state and local labour market policy in balancing the Polish labour market and counteracting unemployment are the basic trends in research pursued at the Institute of Social Policy, Faculty of Political Science and International Studies of the University of Warsaw, which have had a huge impact not only on scientific development but above all on the socio-economic reality in Poland. Many of the research and scientific activities have been a source of inspiration for reforms and changes undertaken by decision-makers. However, the specific value of the research was in joining the European discussion on key problems of the labour market – from the social effects of unemployment, specific problems of young people entering the labour market despite many barriers, to the ideas of flexicurity and changes in the world of work, increasingly apparent in the globalising economy. The advantage of the scientific practice promoted by Szylko-Skoczny, has been its completeness and multidimensionality – moving forward research on the labour market and unemployment, the training of specialists in this field, a huge body of new publications and textbooks, internationalization of research, and finally the beginning of new trends in the University of Warsaw’s research and analysis of the labour market and employment in terms of migrations, social labour system, social dialogue, flexible forms of employment. This potential of achievements, in the scientific dimension as well as in terms of professional position and prestige and the potential for the development of scientific capital, deserves to be consolidated, catalogued and analysed separately.
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The vocational training system in Germany consists of three tiers: dual apprenticeship training for adolescents, vocational schools and the transitional sector. The dual apprenticeship training is a highly regulated and well-regarded system whereby young people learn through a mix of on-the-job training and education in the classroom. The current situation of young people on the labour market in Germany is very good. The reasons for that are manifold but the most important factor appears to be the dual apprenticeship training for adolescents. Although during the COVID-19 pandemic the number of apprenticeships decreased, the dual vocational training has proven to be an effective system facilitating the entry of young people into the labour market.
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The chapter discusses the main features of populist-type social policy, which is gaining popularity in contemporary world, including Poland. It appears that in the long run this policy is not as friendly to the people as is usually promised. The author argues that the chances for overcoming the populist temptations lie in a new progressive fusion of socially-oriented liberalism and social democracy in the formula of a “welfare state of law”. This might be a specific combination of the fundamental principles of the classical European welfare state and the German Rechtsstaat concepts. The idea, which is quite different from both neo-liberal and populist-national narratives, is inspired mainly by Scandinavian experiences and solutions developed for the last decades.
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The article presents social activation policy as exemplified by labour market services in Poland. Labour market services are an important element of activation policy as a delivery paradigm for social policy in Europe, being developed for over 25 years. The aim of the article is to offer a synthetic analysis of the achievements and challenges related to the development of labour market services in Poland against the backdrop that is the concept of active social policy. The author recommends reforms of labour market institutions, developing labour market services, increasing individualized social services, counseling and job placement, and integration of labour administration services with social assistance and the social economy. He also emphasizes the need to invest in professional career counseling and career orientation services and support for the development of dual vocational education. The article concludes with recommendations for science and decision makers.
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There are a number of instruments and institutions that support economic development and operate at national, regional and local levels. Many of them are related and cooperate with one another. It would seem that public employment services do not create jobs, and their main task is to reduce the effects of long-term unemployment through various programmes and to support the process of professional reintegration. However, labour offices carry out activities supporting entrepreneurs in creating new jobs, combining them with the implementation of statutory activities addressed to the unemployed. What is also worth emphasising, labour offices passed the test that was the COVID-19 pandemic, being an integral part of the system supporting the protection of existing jobs. The aim of the article is to analyse the policy of public employment services in terms of creating and protecting jobs.
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Significant gender differences and disproportions often emerge in various areas of society. Women on the labour market receive, on average, lower wages, have greater difficulties in finding and keeping a job, and may encounter greater restrictions on professional advancement. The consequence of women’s situation on the labour market is that they are entitled to lower old-age pension benefits due to shorter insurance periods and lower level of contributions. This, in turn, causes, among other things, that the majority of seniors at risk of poverty are women. In the social reality, phenomena such as the ‘gender pay gap’ and the ‘gender pension gap’, as well as barriers to professional development and upwards mobility (such as ‘glass ceiling’ and ‘sticky floor’) still exist and are highly resistant to change. The study discusses these phenomena.
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This article presents the major empirical findings on the scope, structure, economic weight, finances and role of the social economy sector in Poland in the field of labour market integration, employment creation and social services. The term ‘social economy’ as used in the chapter refers to the broad array of organisations that include: voluntary organisations, disabled persons cooperatives, work cooperatives and social cooperatives. This article highlights these entities’ specific, often innovative role in work integration of disadvantaged social groups, their importance as providers of services ranging from rehabilitation to education to social services, and finally, their role in advocacy.
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One of the criteria of labour market segmentation, i.e. its division according to accessibility criteria, is ethnicity. The aim of this article is to indicate the conditions, causes and consequences of this phenomenon. The author attempts to explain the reasons for the ethnic division of labour on the basis of its historically established connection with the way of satisfying the needs of specific ethnic communities depending on geographical, natural and climate conditions and the development of colonialism and capitalism, which was accompanied by a growing demand for work, impossible to meet with the available resources. In addition, he points to several other reasons for ethnic division of labour.
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The resettlement of people of Polish descent from the Soviet Union, which began at the turn of 1989 and 1990, was spontaneous and unorganised. This caused numerous problems. It was only with the adoption of the Act of 1997 on Foreigners that administrative management of this process began, and in 2000 the Act on Repatriation came to regulate all issues related to resettlement. However, this did not protect the repatriates from marginalisation, poverty or unemployment. For years, they remained settled far from relatives and friends, working below their qualifications. The Polish labour market turned out to be limited for them by barriers that they were unable to overcome. The factors that made it difficult to find a job were: age, health condition, lack of knowledge of the language, unrecognised diplomas and, finally, too great a distance from cities with a developing absorptive labour market. Despite the profound changes in the repatriation programme after 2016, resettlers still have to face these obstacles.
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The objective of this paper is to analyse and assess the phenomenon of employment discrimination (with its different forms) and the judicial enforcement of claims in case of discrimination. It is a fruit of the author’s particular interest in the subject of employment discrimination and its legal consequences. Its essence is to illustrate the complexity of this occurrence. The author has tried to pay special attention to the notions related to judicial enforcement of claims, such as compensation, infringement of moral rights and criminal proceedings following an allegation.
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The aim of the article is to present solutions in the field of employee management that were to ensure business continuity and maintain employment at an unchanged level during the COVID-19 pandemic. Particular attention was paid to the use of remote work. Its peculiarity was that it protected the health of employees and at the same time enabled the functioning of enterprises. Other activities (organisational, training) aimed at stabilizing the situation on the labour market were listed, and illustrated with the statistical data of the Central Statistical Office. A lot of the information presented in the paper was obtained thanks to empirical research carried out as part of the EU project the results of which were used to prepare this study.
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The Polish labour market went through many different perturbations after 1989. The period of economic transition resulted in high unemployment. Many of the challenges were related to the process of joining the EU. The difficult labour market situation resulted in decisions by many Poles to emigrate. After the EU accession, the labour market began to improve rapidly. These and many other related issues are the subject of an interview with Prof. Małgorzata Szylko-Skoczny, who had the opportunity to observe these changes not only as a researcher, but also as a participant in many decision-making processes. The chapter is thus a record of the history of changes in the Polish labour market after 1989.
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