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Obrazki z miasteczka w świetle problemu (z) mimesis O Pelargoniach Zofii Mitosek

Author(s): Katarzyna Szkaradnik / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The subject of analysis in the present study constitutes an autobiographical bookPelargonie by Zofia Mitosek, a literary theorist dealing with, inter alia, the problem of mimesis. In this novel, memories of childhood in a small town were portrayed by presenting the events in the present tense from the point of view of a young child. Yet the relationship between the author and the narrator turns out to be complex, while the simplicity of verbal expressions only feigns the transparency of language in which the reality is to reflect. The understanding of the functions of the narrative strategies employed in Pelargonie is rendered by their investigation in the context of research conceptions of Mitosek. The aim of the article is to demonstrate what constitutes the gist of the book as concerns the subject of the identity of an individual, the specificity of the home town of the author, the post‑warsocio‑political situation, as well as the (re)construction potentiality of literature. The latter may represent the past exclusively by means of fragments, traces, or the configuration of“pictures”, being as much the shards of the mirror of reality as the signs of culturaland narrational codes and the innumerable earlier stories.

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„Aż tu dostałem się w potrzask na równej drodze”. Ateologia polityczna Witolda Gombrowicza

Author(s): Piotr Sadzik / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The present article undertakes the reading of the works by Witold Gombrowicz,primarily of Ślub (The Marriage) in the context of the attempts at the critical evaluation of “political theology”, considered as a hidden structure of modernity. Attributing to the notion of “state of emergency” the role of the basic axis around which the writing of the author of Kosmos (Cosmos) continually evolves, the author of the present article thereby attempts to demonstrate that the most important feature of Gombrowicz’s world is the radical obliteration of the clear‑cut boundaries between law and lawlessness, norm and exception, etc. The work by Gombrowicz, making use, among others, of the Baroque drama matrix, in a perfect, although unconscious way, fictionalizes the theoretical remarks of Walter Benjamin fromhis The Origin of German Tragic Drama, and other polemics with the work by Carl Schmitt. Considered from this point of view, the work of the author of Ślub (The Marriage) turns out to be an endeavour to develop different modernity, i.e. such that neither seeks transcendent legitimizations, nor trusts immanent, radical disenchantment.On this basis one could also discern the trace of “postsecular” ethical moment, which seems to constantly haunt the writings of Gombrowicz. Taking into account the fact that the task of disarming the political‑theological doctrine constitutes one of the most important elements of philosophical projects of such thinkers as Giorgio Agamben, Jacques Derrida, or Roberto Esposito, the writing of Gombrowicz appears to be still a remarkably valid, fascinating, and insufficiently recognized philosophical project.

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Cyberprzestrzeń i atomizacja. Teoretycznoliterackie glosy na tle nowoczesnej science fiction

Author(s): Piotr Kruszewski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of the present article is to familiarize the reader with the rich history ofmodern science‑fiction literature written since the 1980s, and to demonstrate how the development and the perception of this kind of writing are intrinsically linked with the literary‑theory work carried out “on the side” by the authors of fantasy fiction. The starting point is the analysis and interpretation of Czarne Oceany (Black Oceans) by Jacek Dukaj, and discussing this work in order to proceed to a wider description of a cultural phenomenon which is cyberpunk. The broadening of research perspective also leads to a conclusion that the work of a science‑fiction writer and the work of a literary theorist (or, as in the case of William Gibson, pop‑culture) are two overlapping areas, still dependent upon each other. Further on, there are considerations concerning the association between the work “on theside” and the strictly literary one based on Polish speculative fiction, accompanied with demonstrating the specificity of Polish science‑fiction writings. The article concludes with an attempt at answering the question about the source of artistic value of cyberpunk and its timelessness, about this which makes this genre so rich and valuable – both a few decades ago and today.

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Henryk Sienkiewicz jako teoretyk powieści historycznej

Author(s): Michał Nikodem / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In my article, in accordance with the idea of looking at metaliterary work of authors done “on the side”, I consider the paper O powieści historycznej (On historical novel) by Henryk Sienkiewicz. I begin my considerations with referring to earlier studies on the problem (Żabski, Bujnicki) and treating them as a point of reference for my own analysis. Reading “seriously” the theoretical assumptions postulated by Sienkiewicz, which can be identified also in his literary practice, I have discovered unobvious connections and ideas of the Polish Noble‑prize winner that are convergent with the findings put forward by contemporary literary theorists, such as Hayden White or Roland Barthes. I also look on the scientistic language used by the Polish writer (references to Cuvier), as well as on the traces of romantic heritage that are visible in his paper (the countries of North and South, quotingShakespeare). Another important aspect for me is creating the ideal reader as projectedby Sienkiewicz and pointing to a diary as an important source for the writers of a historical novel. The reconstruction of Sienkiewicz’s views on human nature that I undertake on the basis of various remarks scattered about the text might also be interesting for the readers of the present article. I also point out to the functions that the Noble‑prize winner attributes to literature and to historical novels. My article, therefore, in a short and concise form, gathers and discusses the postulates of Henryk Sienkiewicz concerning the historical novel, and become a point of departure for further studies on the work of this Polish writer.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Author(s): Antti Sillanpää / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This study describes the current information environment of Moldova. The main focus is on how societal vulnerabilities are exploited by political actors who are following policies promoted by the Kremlin. The mechanisms linking societal vulnerabilities and people’s behaviour are described here in order to better understand the Moldovan information environment, especially the Russian influence on Moldovan politics. Compared to a traditional target audience analysis, this study highlights the importance of the structure of media environment, which promotes hostile Kremlin narratives in Moldova (see picture page 5). This study assumes that societal problems are not discussed in a vacuum. Moldovans’ perception of what is going on around them and the actions they take in response are shaped by the structure of and key actors in the media environment. As a result, only some topics are selected for public consumption.

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VULNERABILITIES AND MEDIA COVERAGE

Author(s): Ion Bunduchi / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Moldova is facing a profound crisis. Although media institutions have, to some extent, been fulfilling their watchdog role, the country is vulnerable and freedom of the press is uncertain at best. The most influential media outlets, especially the television stations, are politically affiliated and often the personal property of politicians and influential businessmen. These media institutions exert significant influence on the public agenda, often determining which subjects are put forward according to their private interests, with no connection to the real needs of Moldovan citizens and society. The representation of issues that concern the public interest has narrowed considerably, while the representation of private, political, and/or economic interests takes centre stage. This makes it possible for politically, ideologically, or economically powerhungry stakeholders to manipulate public opinion. However, the media are not the only actors revealing social problems. The adversaries of democratic development are also ready to exploit existing vulnerabilities. This chapter focuses on the issues of corruption, weak state structures, national politics, and the regions of Transnistria and Gagauzia. Poverty and a lack of security also largely stem from these issues.

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INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

Author(s): Antti Sillanpää,Ion Bunduchi,Igor Munteanu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This study on the Moldovan information environment focuses on how societal vulnerabilities are exploited by Moldovan and other actors who are following the Kremlin’s lead. The chapters that follow discuss vulnerability, hostile Kremlin narratives, media ownership and control, and public opinion leaders. The study ends with a conclusion and recommendations. The NATO Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence initiated and oversaw the study, while the research was carried out by the Institute for Development and Social Initiatives (IDIS Viitorul) and the Independent Journalism Center (IJC).

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HOSTILE NARRATIVES AND PROPAGANDA

Author(s): Igor Munteanu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This chapter describes four Kremlin narratives that are hostile to Moldovan sovereignty, namely ’Russkii Mir and Soviet Nostalgia’, ‘Federalization Will Ensure Equality’, ‘The European Union is Bad, Russia’s Customs Union is What You Need’, and ‘Romania and NATO are a Threat to Peace’. These narratives overlap and are often contradictory and contain lies. Still, they share some basic principles—they leverage Moldovan vulnerabilities, touch the emotions of different local audiences, and attempt to develop mistrust toward modern Western countries and Trans-Atlantic values and relationships.

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WHO CONTROLS THE MEDIA AND PEOPLE’S MEDIA CONSUMPTION?

Author(s): Nadine Gogu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This chapter describes who or what controls the media and media consumption. The analysis emphasizes the importance of the power to control what Moldovans read, see, hear, and experience. Russian media is seen as more trustworthy then Moldovan media. The fact that much of the media is linked to the local political and business elite, most often to Vladimir Plahotniuc, but also to Chiril Luchinschi, Vlad Filat, Vadim Ciubara, Victor Țopa, Dan Lozovan, Dumitru Țîra, and Ilan Shor among others, does not help the situation. Television is still seen as relatively reliable, as it is the third most trusted source of socio-political information.

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LANDSCAPING THE MEDIA MARKET AND IDEOLOGICAL POSITIONING

Author(s): Igor Munteanu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

News-making is a powerful instrument for shaping public sentiment. We have attempted to map the Moldovan media in order to highlight its variety. Three factors were considered in positioning the various media outlets on the chart: (1) Are the media outlets state owned or privately owned? (2) Do they broadcast in Russian or in Romanian? (3) Do they use cultural/ geopolitical framing? Ownership data is publicly available, but the rest of the information was gleaned by surveying the editorial line of each media outlet.

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THE MAIN INFLUENCERS OF PUBLIC OPINION

Author(s): Marian Cepoi / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This chapter attempts to identify and characterize the main Moldovan opinion leaders, and link them to the political currents promoted by the main mass media channels. We classify the opinion leaders according to their political preferences, affiliations, and external orientation, supplemented by other personal history. A subjective look is taken at their lives and work experience, ideas they have promoted in the past, links with important people and organization, their interests, and other elements that can help to explain their actions in the public sphere. The chapter focuses separately on four groups: pro-government media and opinion leaders, non-Plahotniuc media and opinion leaders, promoters of Kremlin narratives, and emerging opinion leaders. According to our study, some of the most influential opinionmakers were Corneliu Ciurea, Serghei Ostaf, Veaceslav Ionita, Victor Gurau, and Alexandru Cauia, all of whom are linked to pro-Plahotniuc media and platforms.

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ANNEXES

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

1. GLOSSARY AND KEY POLITICAL PLAYERS 2. MOLDOVAN OPINION LEADERS

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Diachronic research on community interpreting: Between interpreting, linguistics and social sciences

Author(s): Marta Estévez Grossi / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This chapter aims to present the interdisciplinary character of (diachronic) research on community interpreting by presenting an ongoing project on the communicative situation of the migrant workers from Galicia (Spain) in Hanover (Germany) in the 1960s and 70s and their need for community interpreting.In order to be able to thoroughly describe the language mediation among this migrant group,it was imperative to provide a detailed linguistic description of the Galician community in Hanover.The theoretical foundations of the project lie therefore on two different and relatively new disciplines: community interpreting within the field of interpreting studies and migration linguistics within the applied linguistics. The diachronic nature of the object of study posed some additional methodological challenges. Being one of the main research problems on interpreting the creation of the corpus, oral history, within social sciences, supplied the guidelines and strategies for conducting narrative interviews, which form the empirical basis of the study. As for the analysis methodology, qualitative content analysis provided a flexible though systematic model to qualitatively analyse a corpus based on linguistic material, such as semi-structured interviews.

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Evolution, trends and gaps in public service interpreting training in the 21st century

Author(s): Carmen Valero-Garcés / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Since the first Critical Link Conference in Geneva Park, Canada in 1995, Public Service Interpreting (PSI) has experienced a dramatic change in both theory and practice. National and international conferences, seminars, courses, and workshops all around the world, as well as an ever-growing flow of publications have made it possible for practitioners, trainers, and researchers to get together and discuss their views and exchange ideas. During this journey, new tendencies, disciplines, and tools have been applied in research and training. This article will focus on training. Research on training shows a certain evolution in teaching that goes from a prescriptive approach based on the insistence of the “interpreting is interpreting” trope – while usually disregarding translation – to a much more interdisciplinary, realistic, and fuller understanding of the complexities of this matter based on a specific sociocultural moment. It is my intention to demonstrate these evolutions, trends, and gaps in PSI training, followed by some suggestions for the future.

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Stress, interpersonal communication and assertiveness training in public service interpreting

Author(s): Carmen Toledano Buendía,Laura Aguilera Ávila / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The learning/training required to become a professional interpreter must involve raising awareness and understanding of a set of specific competencies that go beyond just cognitive skills, that is, technical skills or knowledge of the subject. The acquisition and development of behavioural competencies are also needed to manage the different factors that induce stress, as and when they arise.In this chapter we focus on interpersonal communication as a fundamental competency withinthe profession of public service interpreting (PSI). More specifically, we focus on the assertiveness training as a basic tool to improve the interpersonal communication skills of interpreters and to assist them in overcoming the various stress factors that can and do appear in the professional practice of PSI. Firstly, we begin by analysing the factors that may trigger stress for interpreters during interpersonal interactions in PSI. Secondly, we describe an introductory pilot course for public service interpreters aimed at delivering assertiveness training.

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Three perspectives on interpreters and stress: The experts, the novices, and the trainees

Author(s): Heather Adams,Ligia Rosales-Domínguez / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

That interpreting causes stress is hardly a new idea. Our intention in the present chapter, in the context of literature that looks at stress in foreign language learners and interpreting students, is to look at factors that induce stress in interpreters at different stages of their professional careers and/or training. Hence, we carried out a small-scale study in which we posed a number of questions in this field to expert conference interpreters (with eight or more years’ professional experience as such), “novice” interpreters (with less experience in simultaneous or consecutive interpreting but with a certain level of experience in liaison interpreting), and final-year students of a translation and interpreting degree, who had successfully completed at least one year of interpreting studies. The results obtained give an idea of the main stress-inducers in each group, and can be particularly useful for curricular design and teaching practice at different stages of competence development.

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Self-confidence in simultaneous interpreting

Author(s): Amalia Bosch Benítez / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Even after many years of teaching interpreting, one still experiences unpredictable situations when trying to teach conference interpreting to our students. Both as a teacher and as a student, I have encountered a number of students who, unfortunately, were not successful in acquiring the adequate strategies for interpreting.It is this realisation that drove me to try new teaching methods. One of these has been tied to the selection of speeches that would prove (emotionally) engaging enough for students. I wasintent on trying to find out if empathy could help restore self-confidence in students, especially those with difficulties and help them improve their skills in interpreting (see also Furmanek 2006; Kurz 2003; Korpal 2016). In this paper, I will present findings of a survey conducted on my regular students.

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PEACE in interpreter-mediated investigative interviews – working together to achieve best evidence

Author(s): Katarzyna Holewik / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

It is widely known that investigative interviews are fundamental and most prevalent law-enforcement activities and are considered to be “the major fact-finding method police officers have at their disposal when investigating crime” (Schollum 2005: 3). What is more, it is often stated that quality interviews can ensure quality investigations and that is why many police officers undergo training in investigative interviewing. There is no doubt that the interview needs to be as accurate, reliable and effective as possible and in the case of monolingual interviews this success largely depends on factors such as interviewing techniques and strategies, strength of evidence, access to legal advice or an interviewer’s attitude to name but a few (St-Yves and Deslauriers-Varin 2009).However, in bilingual interviews, there is one more critical factor which may have an impact on the confession process of a suspect or obtaining a credible statement from a witness, namely, the presence of an interpreter.Drawing on the PEACE model for investigative interviewing and the seven principles ofinvestigative interviewing in England and Wales, the chapter aims at mapping the PEACE model into interpreter-mediated interviews and examining factors and concepts necessary for effective interpreter-mediated interviews. The intention of this chapter, which reviews literature on investigative interviewing as well as public service interpreting, is to identify and illustrate shared principles and behaviour between both participants of the communicative event (i.e., interviewers and interpreters) suggesting that both of them work towards the same goal – obtaining best evidence, and also to argue that it is through professionalism, awareness and understanding, cooperation, and trust (PACT) that they can achieve it.

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“Community Interpreting – Professionalisation for Lay Interpreters”: A new initiative for the training of community interpreters in Austria

Author(s): Elvira Iannone / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In 2013, my colleague Katharina Redl and I developed a new course for the professionalisation of community interpreters (“Community Interpreting –Professionalisierung für LaiendolmetscherInnen im sozialen, medizinischen, psychotherapeutischen und kommunalen Bereich”). The course was first held in 2014 at the University of Innsbruck, Tyrol, and was repeated in the same year due to high demand. We were later asked to hold the course with some modifications for a group of interpreters working for the City of Wels Department for Women, Non-Discrimination and Integration in Upper Austria.This training was held from October 2014 to January 2015, and a second group of interpretersis now being trained. All training courses were open to all interested interpreters regardless oftheir background and language combination. In my chapter, I would like to highlight the factors that influence the success of training initiatives for community interpreters, taking into account problems such as the lack of regulation in many European countries, the different backgrounds of untrained interpreters and the question of what level of expertise to aim for. I will also explain how these considerations influenced the design of our course. In this I will focus on two of our main problems: first, how to plan a training course for a group of interpreters without any information about who might potentially be interested in such a course and what their level of experience might be. Second, how to convey the necessary content in a realistic timeframe but without becoming unaffordable for our target group.The objective of my chapter is to lay out the course design, taking into account the abovementioned questions, and to show how such a training programme might be implemented on a long-term basis in Austria. I will draw some conclusions regarding course content and organizational aspects, providing an outlook on complementary training programmes that Katharina Redl and I are now in the process of realising.

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Elaboration of specialised glossaries as a work placement for interpreting students: Opportunities and pitfalls

Author(s): Heather Adams,Agustín Darias-Marrero / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper describes a supervised work placement for final-year and recent graduates in interpreting comprising the drawing up of glossaries for use in a multi-cultural and multi-lingual project that used professional interpreting services on a regular basis. Thus, the students were given access to a considerable amount of documentation used in the meetings of a UN-led project for gender equality and the empowerment of women in Spain and Africa (the African-Spanish Women’s Network for a Better World), from which to compile glossaries on a number of specific topics, including health, education and sexual and reproductive rights. A brief description of the project will be followed by details of the work placement and examples of the glossary itself. Special attention will be paid to the delimitation of what should be included and excluded, the students’ and supervisors’ perspectives in this regard, and examples of some cases in which cultural differences affected language use in speakers/users of the same language.

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