Explicitation in sight-translating into Hungarian texts

Author(s): Mária Bakti / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Explicitation is the process of making explicit in the target text information that is implicit in the source text (Vinay and Darbelnet 1958, qtd. in Klaudy 2007). It is considered as a translation universal (Klaudy 1998), however, it has received limited research attention in interpreting studies to date. It can be stated that in simultaneous interpreting explicitation is closely linked to cohesion and the use of cohesive devices (Gumul 2015).This paper examines explicitation shifts in sight-translated target language texts and comparesthe results with those on explicitation shifts in simultaneously interpreted target language texts.In contrast to simultaneously interpreted target language texts, in sight-translated target language texts explicitation shifts were characterized by adding extra information or explanation, rather than creating or strengthening cohesive ties.

Where have the connectors gone? The case of Polish-English simultaneous interpreting

Author(s): Andrzej Łyda / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the stage of the Source Language (SL) text comprehension interpreters are particularly vulnerable to conditions in which they are working. As is often the case, such factors as a dense speech, fast delivery and background noise can weaken the monitoring capacity and result in the interpreter’s failure to hear and/or comprehend some elements of the original speech including connectives used to strengthen the coherence of the text. The problem of “missing” connectives in the SL was addressed in Łyda (2006, 2008). This article revisits the question of interpreters’ strategies used for recognizing and reconstructing such missing elements and extends the study to Polish-English simultaneous interpreting.

Discourse prosody and real-time text interpreting: Making live speech visible

Author(s): Ursula Stachl-Peier,Ulf Norberg / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In real time speech-to-text interpreting a trained transcriber using a standard or specially designed keyboard translates spoken contributions into written text which is displayed on a (computer or TV) screen to be read by Deaf/deaf and hard-of-hearing people. Since typing rates are slower than speaking rates, transcribers must develop strategies that allow them to include as much of the spoken content as is possible while at the same time attaining maximum synchronicity between speech and the text on the screen. In spoken discourse, prosodic features are used by speakers to demarcate grammatical units, give particular prominence to words or phrases and indicate emotions.Auditory qualities can also be represented in written text through a range of typographicaldevices; however, their insertion requires additional time and effort. This explorative study looks at transcribers’ use of punctuation to reflect speakers’ employment of the prosodic features of pauses and pitch to demarcate the segmentation of utterances. It also investigates whether stressed words are represented in the written text. The analysis uses extracts from a videorecorded speech-to-text interpreted university seminar and a TV interview with live subtitles.

La difficile campagna d’Italia e il rapporto con il Secondo Corpo polacco. Da Salerno a Cassino, settembre 1943—maggio 1944

Author(s): Giovanni Cerchia / Language(s): Italian Publication Year: 0

The 1943 is for Italy a year of change. In July fascism fell, while on the 8th of September the new government signed an unconditional armistice with the Allies. At the same time, the peninsula lost its political unity and came to be, as it had been before the Risorgimento, a battleground for foreign armies. The Polish II Corps arrived in Italy in the late fall of 1943, showing great solidarity with the civilian population, assuming more and more demanding military duties, often in collaboration with Italian soldiers and partisans.

L’avanzata alleata lungo la Winterline (novembre 1943—febbraio 1944), prodromo dell’attacco a Cassino

Author(s): Luciano Bucci / Language(s): Italian Publication Year: 0

The Battle of Monte Cassino is regarded as the cruelest and the most importantduring the Second World War, in particular for the history of Southern and Central Italy. TheBattle of Monte Cassino is wrongly considered as an isolated event in time and space. Beforearriving at Cassino, the Allies had to face sacrifices and losses, in some cases even very serious, when they were advancing from the South towards Rome. One of the biggest obstacles was the Bernhardt Line, prior to the Gustav Line, which was renamed Winterline by the Allies. The purpose of this article is to present the sacrifice of young people who contributed to the advance of the Allied forces and to the liberation of Southern and Central Italy before arriving to Cassino.

Perché ho scritto il libro “Gli eroi di Montecassino”

Author(s): Luciano Garibaldi / Language(s): Italian Publication Year: 0

The conquest of Monte Cassino is one of the most extraordinary military achievements in the history of Poland. The victory cost the Polish soldiers of the general Anders almost a thousand dead and more than three thousand injured. After Monte Cassino, the soldiers of Władysław Anders fought heroically in Abruzzo, Marche and Emilia-Romagna. The most important military achievement was the liberation of Ancona.When the Polish II Corps was dissolved, its soldiers moved first to London, then to variousdestinations around the world. About three thousand young Polish soldiers engaged to Italianwomen and enrolled in various universities in Italy, founding the Polish community in Italy.

Sulle pubblicazioni del Secondo Corpo polacco, con particolare riguardo alle grammatiche, ai dizionari bilingui italiano-polacco, polacco-italiano e ad alcuni reportage sulla battaglia di Montecassino

Author(s): Luca Palmarini / Language(s): Italian Publication Year: 0

The purpose of this research is to highlight the editorial production realizedby the Polish II Corps during its presence in Italy throughout the Second World War. ThePolish II Corps left a number of publications, which were unfortunately forgotten during theCold War, and only recently have become a rediscovered subject for many scholars. The firstpart of the article focuses on the production of grammars and dictionaries, dedicated to Polesin Italy who wanted to learn the basics of the Italian language. Particularly we should notehow the issue of the war and political differences emerge from these works as well. The second part focuses on war reporting, in particular on two works about the Battle of Monte Cassino. These are facts told by people who witnessed the fights on the front line. The contribution of the Polish troops in Italy last not only on the battle fields but also in books.

Artyści Andersa. Z sowieckich łagrów, przez Monte Cassino, do Rzymu i Londynu

Author(s): Jan Wiktor Sienkiewicz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The purpose of this article is to present the story of a group of soldiers-artists,enrolled in the Polish II Corps, in which they found the conditions for their artistic development, organizing exhibitions, founding groups and associations and even schools of painting and artistic studios.

„Czy chcecie, by was nadal wodzono za nos?”. Propaganda niemiecka wobec żołnierzy 2. Korpusu Polskiego we Włoszech. Cele — środki — motywy

Author(s): Aleksandra Korol-Chudy / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The German propaganda was often used during the Second World War. Shortlyafter the first soldiers of the Polish II Corps set foot on the Italian soil in December 1943, theNazi Germany prepared a campaign to discourage them from fighting and to persuade themto desert. As part of the “Südstern” — “Star of the South”, carried out in Italy against the Allied forces, a German-controlled radio station “Wanda” was broadcasting in Polish, and propaganda leaflets were massively published and spread, urging the soldiers of the general Władysław Anders to return to their families. The Polish soldiers were encouraged to stop fighting against the Germans which were presented as the wrongly-conceived enemy and proving that the real threat to Poland were the Bolsheviks. The Allies were discredited and accused of treason and fraud. The German propaganda aimed at the soldiers of the Polish II Corps were used until the end of the Italian front.

Z Górnego Śląska pod Monte Cassino. Wojenna odyseja Ryszarda Szkubacza

Author(s): Zbigniew Gołasz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

At the end of the World War II, the Polish Armed Forces in the West consisted ofover 200 000 soldiers. The fourth part of them came from Upper Silesia. The purpose of thisarticle is to describe the adventures of Ryszard Szkubacz. He joined the Polish Army in 1939,serving in the 2nd Company of 75th Infantry Regiment. He fought in Upper Silesia, and thenwith his regiment retreated towards East. After the Battle of Tomaszów Lubelski, he crossedthe border with Hungary, where he was interned. In April 1940 he escaped from the campand through Yugoslavia and Greece he escaped to Syria, where he joined the Carpathian RifleBrigade. He took part in the African Campaign and then in the battles in Italy. He was killedduring the first attack to Monte Cassino on the 12th May 1944. The article is based on archival sources owned by Ryszard Szkubacz’s family.

INTRODUCTION

Author(s): Žaneta Ozoliņa / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The study “StratCom laughs. In search of an analytical framework“ is a multidisciplinary effort to design an analytical framework for analysing humour in scenarios where researchers and practitioners find themselves working through large data collections where humour has been used as a potent tool in the construction of messages designed for strategic communication. The research was conducted in four stages.

HUMOUR AS A COMMUNICATION TOOL: DESIGNING FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYSIS

Author(s): Ivars Austers,Jurģis Škilters,Žaneta Ozoliņa / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Since Russia’s occupation of Crimea and its engagement in the conflict in Eastern Ukraine, the issue of winning people’s ‘hearts and minds’ has become one of the dominating themes in the social sciences and the general public sphere. Geopolitical and political confrontation between states and societies based on different values and principles is also reflected in the strategies and policies that governments of such countries are applying in order to win the hearts and minds of both their own citizens and the citizens of other countries. Consequently, there is no shortage of studies debating and challenging the concepts of information warfare, hybrid warfare, propaganda or soft power.

CASE STUDY: LATE-NIGHT SHOWS ON PERVIY KANAL AND DISCREDITATION OF WESTERN POLITICAL LEADERS

Author(s): Sigita Struberga / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This case study looks at how Russian television uses humour as a support mechanism for strategic communications with its audience, specifically on the issue of Western leaders, and endeavours to determine the essence of the core message. To do this, various Russian Perviy Kanal (Первый Канал/ Channel One) entertainment broadcasts specializing in comedy will be analysed.

CASE STUDY: KVN

Author(s): Solvita Denisa-Liepniece / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This case study examines the KVN (Klub Vesyeliykh i Nakhodchivikh) TV show. This is the “post-1991 version of the Soviet-era show KVN, which achieved cult status among students, spawning a nationwide competition with teams from every Soviet republic competing against each other in leagues, forming panels of experts with socio-political satire skills”. KVN could be considered a phenomenon, having extended beyond being a TV show, it presents concerts in cities and runs local competitions in schools.

USE OF HUMOUR FOR SOLIDARITY, DENIGRATION AND STRESS-RELIEF IN THE UKRAINIAN MEDIA DURING THE RUSSIAN AGGRESSION IN 2014-2016

Author(s): Maksym Kyiak / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Ukraine is a unique case for study as far as the use of humour as a strategic communication tool is concerned. Russia launched a massive information war against another country. During the first months after the annexation of Crimea and the war in Eastern Ukraine, there was no unified or coordinated approach to countering Russian propaganda. Furthermore, during the first phases of the war, civil and military volunteers, and the Ukrainian diaspora took the place of the official Ukrainian authorities in countering Russia’s information attacks. A horizontally organized, post-Euromaidan Ukrainian civil society had to combat Russia’s vertically constructed propaganda machine. That horizontally structured civil society provided such functions of humour as solidarity (belongingness) and stress-relief. As the information war progressed, Ukraine, a country with no real experience in counterpropaganda and with restricted financial capacity, had to learn how to fight back, literally from square one. That is why Ukraine counterpropaganda and use of humour were and still are more a product of a variety of independent and spontaneous initiatives, rather than a systemic approach. Nevertheless, the diverse landscape of humour in the Ukrainian media provides a rich source of information for the case study.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Author(s): Ivars Austers,Jurģis Škilters,Žaneta Ozoliņa / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Humour is a universal concept that has been analysed within different disciplines of social sciences. The study presented by a group of scholars aims to elaborate a multidisciplinary methodological framework that can be applied in the analysis of humour, particularly if researchers or practitioners are confronted with very large sets of data, as well as to the construction of humorous messages for strategic communication purposes. The methodological framework is not a template to follow when generating humorous stories or jokes, but rather a collection of the most relevant attributes of humour that can be combined in different groupings to achieve the initial strategic goal. In order to test the functioning of the methodological framework and identify its strengths and weaknesses, three case studies were conducted. The first case study, on the discrediting of Western political leaders in late-night shows broadcast by the central Russian TV channels, identified humour as a massive propaganda tool aimed at national and international audiences. The second case study dealt with KVN (Klub Vesyeliykh i Nakhodchivikh) which is a TV-show and competition broadcast since the early 1970s. While the third case, focusing on the use of humour by the Ukrainian media, provides rich evidence on humour as a tool of counter-propaganda. The Ukrainian case also serves as an example of the role of humour in a situation of on-going information warfare. The following conclusions and recommendations were identified from the analyses of the three case studies.

TOOL KIT – HUMOUR AS A TOOL FOR STRATEGIC COMMUNICATION

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Powstanie tzw. Państwa Islamskiego w Iraku

Author(s): Radosław Bania / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Sekurytyzacja problemu uchodźców w Jordanii

Author(s): Łukasz Fijałkowski,Jarosław Jarząbek / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

SIŁA POLITYCZNA W MUNDURACH – MILITOKRACJA PO ARABSKIEJ WIOŚNIE?

Author(s): Katarzyna Jędrzejczyk-Kuliniak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0