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This Report monitors the implementation of the European Union - Republic of Moldova Action Plan during 2005. The 10 areas identified in the Plan as a priority are analyzed. In the field of democratic institutions, the essential achievements are, in fact, a consequence of the “political partnership achieved by the parties represented in the legislative forum.
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The reports in the "Euromonitor" series aim at independent and objective monitoring of the implementation process of the Republic of Moldova - European Union Action Plan. The actions adopted and implemented by both signatories of the Plan will be monitored quarterly. The action plan is a complex document, structured in 7 chapters, which provides for the implementation of about 300 actions, some defined more or less precisely, others very ambiguous. Unable to monitor such a complex document, the authors of "Euromonitor" focused on priority actions, identified in the Action Plan itself (Priorities for Action, in English version Priorities for Action, page 3).
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The reports in the "Euromonitor" series aim at independent and objective monitoring of the implementation process of the Republic of Moldova - European Union Action Plan. The actions adopted and implemented by both signatories of the Plan will be monitored quarterly. The action plan is a complex document, structured in 7 chapters, which provides for the implementation of about 300 actions, some defined more or less precisely, others very ambiguous. Unable to monitor such a complex document, the authors of "Euromonitor" focused on priority actions, identified in the Action Plan itself.
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The reports in the "Euromonitor" series aim at independent and objective monitoring of the implementation process of the Republic of Moldova - European Union Action Plan. The actions adopted and implemented by both signatories of the Plan will be monitored quarterly. The action plan is a complex document, structured in 7 chapters, which provides for the implementation of about 300 actions, some defined more or less precisely, others very ambiguous. Unable to monitor such a complex document, the authors of "Euromonitor" focused on priority actions, identified in the Action Plan itself.
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The reports in the "Euromonitor" series aim at independent and objective monitoring of the implementation process of the Republic of Moldova - European Union Action Plan. The actions adopted and implemented by both signatories of the Plan will be monitored quarterly. The action plan is a complex document, structured in 7 chapters, which provides for the implementation of about 300 actions, some defined more or less precisely, others very ambiguous. Unable to monitor such a complex document, the authors of "Euromonitor" focused on priority actions, identified in the Action Plan itself.
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The reports in the "Euromonitor" series aim at independent and objective monitoring of the implementation process of the Republic of Moldova - European Union Action Plan. The actions adopted and implemented by both signatories of the Plan will be monitored quarterly. The action plan is a complex document, structured in 7 chapters, which provides for the implementation of about 300 actions, some defined more or less precisely, others very ambiguous. Unable to monitor such a complex document, the authors of "Euromonitor" focused on priority actions, identified in the Action Plan itself.
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The reports in the "Euromonitor" series aim at independent and objective monitoring of the implementation process of the Republic of Moldova - European Union Action Plan. The actions adopted and implemented by both signatories of the Plan will be monitored quarterly. The action plan is a complex document, structured in 7 chapters, which provides for the implementation of about 300 actions, some defined more or less precisely, others very ambiguous. Unable to monitor such a complex document, the authors of "Euromonitor" focused on priority actions, identified in the Action Plan itself.
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The reports in the "Euromonitor" series aim at independent and objective monitoring of the implementation process of the Republic of Moldova - European Union Action Plan. The actions adopted and implemented by both signatories of the Plan will be monitored quarterly. The action plan is a complex document, structured in 7 chapters, which provides for the implementation of about 300 actions, some defined more or less precisely, others very ambiguous. Unable to monitor such a complex document, the authors of "Euromonitor" focused on priority actions, identified in the Action Plan itself.
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The reports in the "Euromonitor" series aim at independent and objective monitoring of the implementation process of the Republic of Moldova - European Union Action Plan. The actions adopted and implemented by both signatories of the Plan will be monitored quarterly. The action plan is a complex document, structured in 7 chapters, which provides for the implementation of about 300 actions, some defined more or less precisely, others very ambiguous. Unable to monitor such a complex document, the authors of "Euromonitor" focused on priority actions, identified in the Action Plan itself.
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The reports in the "Euromonitor" series aim at independent and objective monitoring of the implementation process of the Republic of Moldova - European Union Action Plan. The actions adopted and implemented by both signatories of the Plan will be monitored quarterly. The action plan is a complex document, structured in 7 chapters, which provides for the implementation of about 300 actions, some defined more or less precisely, others very ambiguous. Unable to monitor such a complex document, the authors of "Euromonitor" focused on priority actions, identified in the Action Plan itself.
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The reports in the "Euromonitor" series aim at independent and objective monitoring of the implementation process of the Republic of Moldova - European Union Action Plan. The actions adopted and implemented by both signatories of the Plan will be monitored quarterly. The action plan is a complex document, structured in 7 chapters, which provides for the implementation of about 300 actions, some defined more or less precisely, others very ambiguous. Unable to monitor such a complex document, the authors of "Euromonitor" focused on priority actions, identified in the Action Plan itself.
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The reports in the "Euromonitor" series aim at independent and objective monitoring of the implementation process of the Republic of Moldova - European Union Action Plan. The actions adopted and implemented by both signatories of the Plan will be monitored quarterly. The action plan is a complex document, structured in 7 chapters, which provides for the implementation of about 300 actions, some defined more or less precisely, others very ambiguous. Unable to monitor such a complex document, the authors of "Euromonitor" focused on priority actions, identified in the Action Plan itself.
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The reports in the "Euromonitor" series aim at independent and objective monitoring of the implementation process of the Republic of Moldova - European Union Action Plan. The actions adopted and implemented by both signatories of the Plan will be monitored quarterly. The action plan is a complex document, structured in 7 chapters, which provides for the implementation of about 300 actions, some defined more or less precisely, others very ambiguous. Unable to monitor such a complex document, the authors of "Euromonitor" focused on priority actions, identified in the Action Plan itself.
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The reports in the "Euromonitor" series aim at independent and objective monitoring of the implementation process of the Republic of Moldova - European Union Action Plan. The actions adopted and implemented by both signatories of the Plan will be monitored quarterly. The action plan is a complex document, structured in 7 chapters, which provides for the implementation of about 300 actions, some defined more or less precisely, others very ambiguous. Unable to monitor such a complex document, the authors of "Euromonitor" focused on priority actions, identified in the Action Plan itself.
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The reports in the "Euromonitor" series aim at independent and objective monitoring of the implementation process of the Republic of Moldova - European Union Action Plan. The actions adopted and implemented by both signatories of the Plan will be monitored quarterly. The action plan is a complex document, structured in 7 chapters, which provides for the implementation of about 300 actions, some defined more or less precisely, others very ambiguous. Unable to monitor such a complex document, the authors of "Euromonitor" focused on priority actions, identified in the Action Plan itself.
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The reports in the "Euromonitor" series aim at independent and objective monitoring of the implementation process of the Republic of Moldova - European Union Action Plan. The actions adopted and implemented by both signatories of the Plan will be monitored quarterly. The action plan is a complex document, structured in 7 chapters, which provides for the implementation of about 300 actions, some defined more or less precisely, others very ambiguous. Unable to monitor such a complex document, the authors of "Euromonitor" focused on priority actions, identified in the Action Plan itself.
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The reports in the "Euromonitor" series aim at independent and objective monitoring of the implementation process of the Republic of Moldova - European Union Action Plan. The actions adopted and implemented by both signatories of the Plan will be monitored quarterly. The action plan is a complex document, structured in 7 chapters, which provides for the implementation of about 300 actions, some defined more or less precisely, others very ambiguous. Unable to monitor such a complex document, the authors of "Euromonitor" focused on priority actions, identified in the Action Plan itself.
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The reports in the "Euromonitor" series aim at independent and objective monitoring of the implementation process of the Republic of Moldova - European Union Action Plan. The actions adopted and implemented by both signatories of the Plan will be monitored quarterly. The action plan is a complex document, structured in 7 chapters, which provides for the implementation of about 300 actions, some defined more or less precisely, others very ambiguous. Unable to monitor such a complex document, the authors of "Euromonitor" focused on priority actions, identified in the Action Plan itself.
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The reports in the "Euromonitor" series aim at independent and objective monitoring of the implementation process of the Republic of Moldova - European Union Action Plan. The actions adopted and implemented by both signatories of the Plan will be monitored quarterly. The action plan is a complex document, structured in 7 chapters, which provides for the implementation of about 300 actions, some defined more or less precisely, others very ambiguous. Unable to monitor such a complex document, the authors of "Euromonitor" focused on priority actions, identified in the Action Plan itself.
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The reports in the "Euromonitor" series aim at independent and objective monitoring of the implementation process of the Republic of Moldova - European Union Action Plan. The actions adopted and implemented by both signatories of the Plan will be monitored quarterly. The action plan is a complex document, structured in 7 chapters, which provides for the implementation of about 300 actions, some defined more or less precisely, others very ambiguous. Unable to monitor such a complex document, the authors of "Euromonitor" focused on priority actions, identified in the Action Plan itself.
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The reports in the "Euromonitor" series aim at independent and objective monitoring of the implementation process of the Republic of Moldova - European Union Action Plan. The actions adopted and implemented by both signatories of the Plan will be monitored quarterly. The action plan is a complex document, structured in 7 chapters, which provides for the implementation of about 300 actions, some defined more or less precisely, others very ambiguous. Unable to monitor such a complex document, the authors of "Euromonitor" focused on priority actions, identified in the Action Plan itself.
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The reports in the "Euromonitor" series aim at independent and objective monitoring of the implementation process of the Republic of Moldova - European Union Action Plan. The actions adopted and implemented by both signatories of the Plan will be monitored quarterly. The action plan is a complex document, structured in 7 chapters, which provides for the implementation of about 300 actions, some defined more or less precisely, others very ambiguous. Unable to monitor such a complex document, the authors of "Euromonitor" focused on priority actions, identified in the Action Plan itself.
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The reports in the "Euromonitor" series aim at independent and objective monitoring of the implementation process of the Republic of Moldova - European Union Action Plan. The actions adopted and implemented by both signatories of the Plan will be monitored quarterly. The action plan is a complex document, structured in 7 chapters, which provides for the implementation of about 300 actions, some defined more or less precisely, others very ambiguous. Unable to monitor such a complex document, the authors of "Euromonitor" focused on priority actions, identified in the Action Plan itself.
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The reports in the "Euromonitor" series aim at independent and objective monitoring of the implementation process of the Republic of Moldova - European Union Action Plan. The actions adopted and implemented by both signatories of the Plan will be monitored quarterly. The action plan is a complex document, structured in 7 chapters, which provides for the implementation of about 300 actions, some defined more or less precisely, others very ambiguous. Unable to monitor such a complex document, the authors of "Euromonitor" focused on priority actions, identified in the Action Plan itself.
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The purpose of the document is to develop an independent analysis of the policies and reforms implemented by the Chisinau authorities in order to bring them closer to the European Union, politically, economically and institutionally. In particular, the European Union - Republic of Moldova Action Plan (EUMAP) was monitored, which is the most important and exhaustive strategic planning document where all of Moldova's commitments in the European integration process are specified. Although the formal implementation period is 2005-2012, it has been automatically extended for an indefinite period. Moreover, the EUMAP remained current, given that the vast majority of the necessary priorities and actions specified in the plan are still relevant today.
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The reports in the "Euromonitor" series aim at independent and objective monitoring of the implementation process of the Republic of Moldova - European Union Action Plan. The actions adopted and implemented by both signatories of the Plan will be monitored quarterly. The action plan is a complex document, structured in 7 chapters, which provides for the implementation of about 300 actions, some defined more or less precisely, others very ambiguous. Unable to monitor such a complex document, the authors of "Euromonitor" focused on priority actions, identified in the Action Plan itself.
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QUARTERLY REPORT ON MONITORING PROGRESS IN IMPLEMENTING THE EUROPEAN UNION-REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA ACTION PLAN OCTOBER-DECEMBER 2014 // The reports in the "Euromonitor" series aim at independent and objective monitoring of the implementation process of the Republic of Moldova - European Union Action Plan. The actions adopted and implemented by both signatories of the Plan will be monitored quarterly. The action plan is a complex document, structured in 7 chapters, which provides for the implementation of about 300 actions, some defined more or less precisely, others very ambiguous. Unable to monitor such a complex document, the authors of "Euromonitor" focused on priority actions, identified in the Action Plan itself.
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The Progress Report presents an analysis of how the Moldovan authorities have achieved the objectives set for the political, economic and institutional rapprochement with the European Union. The study includes the monitoring of the period from the signing on February 22, 2005 of the European Union - Moldova Action Plan, an exhaustive strategic planning document for the implementation of the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA), until the signing in 2014 of the Association Agreement between Moldova and the EU, which also includes the creation of the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA). In the reference period, 2005-2014, the most important progress is related to the fulfillment of the political, institutional and economic conditions for the signing of the Association Agreement and the liberalization of the visa regime with the EU. Significant progress has been made in the area of respect for human rights, ensuring e-government, reforming the information technology and social services sector. Against this positive background, important shortcomings have been noted in a number of areas, in particular in the fight against corruption, in the banking sector, in the implementation of EU quality standards and in the energy sector.
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The document summarizes and analyzes the most important actions undertaken by the authorities in each of the areas monitored under the European Union - Moldova Action Plan, during 2014. The main developments and problems registered in the monitored chapters are further analyzed in a structured way.
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The first achievements and difficulties in implementing the EU-Moldova Association Agreement are the objects of monitoring the implementation process of the EU-Moldova Association Agreement between July 2014 and July 2015. The monitoring effort was carried out by the Association for Participatory Democracy ADEPT and the Independent Analytical Center Expert-Grup, and included the analysis of the degree of fulfillment of the commitments taken by the Moldovan authorities within the National Action Plan for the implementation of the Association Agreement Republic of Moldova - European Union for the years 2014-2016 (PNAA). // In the process of monitoring the implementation of the Association Agreement, the concrete commitments assumed by the national authorities in 23 policy areas, 15 areas related to economic cooperation and sectoral cooperation, and 10 areas related to the deep and comprehensive free trade area (DCFTA) were targeted. ). // As a result of the monitoring, we present in this report the synthesis of the evolutions for the monitored period referring to the progresses registered, but the arrears and problems that marked this period of implementation of the Association Agreement.
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September 2015 marked the end of one year since the entry into force of the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA) between the Republic of Moldova and the European Union (EU). This is certainly one of the greatest achievements in EU-Moldova relations. From the initial stages of the Association Agreement (AA) and DCFTA negotiation process, they have generated high expectations among supporters of European integration and fueled speculation by Eurosceptics. One year after the implementation of DCFTA begins, it is the right time to see to what extent these expectations have been met. // The first year after the implementation of DCFTA was marked by serious economic and political problems, both in the EU and in the Republic of Moldova, which affected the demand on the internal market and the confidence of the business environment, generating consequences for foreign trade activity and investments of both parties. Moreover, they were accentuated by the repercussions from Russia - an important trading partner for the Republic of Moldova and the EU (especially for some states). All these factors certainly distort the results of the first year of DCFTA implementation.
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The reports in the "Euromonitor" series aim at independent and objective monitoring of the implementation process of the Republic of Moldova - European Union Action Plan. The actions adopted and implemented by both signatories of the Plan will be monitored quarterly. The action plan is a complex document, structured in 7 chapters, which provides for the implementation of about 300 actions, some defined more or less precisely, others very ambiguous. Unable to monitor such a complex document, the authors of "Euromonitor" focused on priority actions, identified in the Action Plan itself.
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The survey was conducted on 1960 subjects and measured the intention to participate in parliamentary elections, the option to vote, confidence in political leaders, opinion on certain issues of public interest.
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The survey was conducted between September 4-6, 2020 on a sample of 1027 adults living in the city. He measured how the population perceives the involvement of the mayor’s office in various administrative issues, trust in local political leaders, voting intentions in local elections, the perception of local party organizations.
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The survey was conducted on September 3-6, 2020 on 808 adults living in the city. He measured the confidence of the candidates for mayor, the voting intentions, the expectations of the future mayor, the degree of involvement of the mayor’s office in various administrative issues, the appreciation of national political leaders.
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The survey was conducted between August 29 to September 1, 2020 on a sample of 1173 people residing in all areas of the county. He measured the opinion towards the candidates in the local elections, the expectations from the future mayors, the voting intentions, the confidence in the local and regional personalities.
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Survey conducted on 182 inhabitants of the commune. It measured the confidence of the candidates for mayor, the voting intentions, the seriousness of the administrative problems, the qualities and defects of the candidates.
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The survey was conducted on October 12-19, 2019 on a national sample of 1117 people selected from 109 urban and rural localities in all counties of Romania. He measured the confidence of the presidential candidates, the comparisons between them, the voting intentions, the problems facing the country, the attitude towards various issues, people, institutions.
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The survey was conducted on July 17-23, 2019 on 1128 selected subjects from 114 urban and rural localities in all counties of Romania. He measured confidence in political leaders, voting intentions, comparisons between candidates.
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Survey conducted between March 15-20, 2019 on a national sample of 1144 people. He measured the intention to vote in the European elections, the attitude towards political parties, trust in the main political leaders, the degree of information about political games and events, the attitude towards the European Union, towards Romania’s foreign policy, towards doctrines and political values.
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Survey conducted between 12-20 January 2019 on a national sample of 1099 people. He measured the voting intentions in the European elections, the estimated IQ of national and international political leaders, the most desired future MEPs, their expectations, the perception of Prime Minister Viorica Dăncilă, confidence in political leaders.
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The study presents the results of surveys conducted among entrepreneurs, teachers and students in December 2019 and aimed to measure investment in education to increase the skills and competencies required by the labor market, both students and teachers, the links between faculties and companies differences in perception and communication in the area.
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The study presents the results of focus groups conducted in December 2019 with students, professors of the Technical University „Gheorghe Asachi” in Iasi, but also with entrepreneurs working with them. He measured the satisfactions and dissatisfactions of each group compared to the other two, the needs of professionalism, collaboration, skills and competencies had and requested, entrepreneurial education, future prospects.
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The study was conducted on a sample of 81 entrepreneurs who hired graduates of the Polytechnic University of Timisoara and measured the strengths and weaknesses of graduates, skills and competencies, the need for continuous professional training, willingness to practice students , the desire to make them responsible and specialize, the collaboration with the University and with the student organizations.
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The study presents in-depth interviews with decision makers from the Polytechnic University of Timisoara on the involvement of students in practice, research activities, their support for employment, the relationship with graduate faculties and prospects for the coming years. He points out that the professors went on vocational training courses at prestigious universities only during their doctoral period; that those in charge of the institution have only exceptionally graduated management courses; that students’ internships are different from those in Western universities (short-term, without a mentor to really guide them, with minimal, simplistic, unpaid activities, with little access to valuable information, with little use in their development professional); that the involvement of students in research activities is an exception; that the integration of graduates into the labor market is only formally monitored, without strengthening their subsequent relationship with the university; that the wave of emigration has stopped, followed by that of mobility, of work in several countries; that the Ministry of Education does not have a strategy for the insertion of graduates on the labor market.
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he study was conducted within the project "Multiregional Vocational Training Center for Vulnerable Groups", Contract POSDRU / 165 / 6.2 / S / 141145 and analyzed the impact of several alternative forms of employment: apprenticeship, volunteering, internship work / practice at work, distance work, Internet work, part-time employment, casual / day work, work at home / at home, flexible working hours, temporary employment / seasonal work. The target group consisted of the unemployed, jobseekers, people with disabilities, people of Roma ethnicity or coming from orphanages, as well as other people from vulnerable groups. During October-November 2015, a survey of 250 subjects, 3 focus groups and 25 in-depth interviews were conducted within this project.
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The study was conducted within the project "Development of a multiregional partnership for education and training", contract POSDRU / 165/62 / S / 141123 and analyzed the impact of several alternative forms of employment: apprenticeship, volunteering, internship work / practice at work, distance work, Internet work, part-time employment, casual / day work, work at home / at home, flexible working hours, temporary employment / seasonal work. The target group consisted of the unemployed, jobseekers, people with disabilities, people of Roma ethnicity or coming from orphanages, as well as other people from vulnerable groups. During October-November 2015, a survey of 272 subjects, 3 focus groups and 27 in-depth interviews were conducted within this project.
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The study aimed to identify the directions of action and the measures required to attract unregistered unemployed people from western Romania on the labor market. There were 3 focus groups with experts in the field, attended by 60 specialists. They address issues such as: improving the activity of AJOFM, developing collaboration with local public authorities, legislative and social actions, cooperation with schools, economic agents, etc.
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The research is part of the strategic project “Rural Manager” POSDRU / 13 / 5.2 / S / 8 and was conducted based on a survey to which 942 entrepreneurs and potential entrepreneurs from rural areas responded. In addition, 3 focus groups, 3 brainstorming's and 30 in-depth interviews were conducted with 80 entrepreneurs and 159 civil servants. She analyzed entrepreneurial values, building an 11-step entrepreneurial scale, entrepreneurial attitudes and behaviors, qualities and obstacles in managerial career, theoretical management knowledge held by rural employers, the need for training and entrepreneurship in business, business consulting, rural management perspectives.
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Exit-poll made on 1485 inhabitants of the city. He measured the votes cast in the local elections in Râmnicu Sărat at the City Hall, the Local Council, the County Council, the Presidency of the County Council.
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Exit poll conducted on 2017 inhabitants of the city. He measured the votes cast in the local elections in Drobeta at the City Hall, the Local Council, the County Council, the Presidency of the County Council.
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The survey was conducted between 1-5 August 2020 on a sample of 911 inhabitants of the city. He measured people’s opinion about the mayoral candidates, voting intentions, comparisons between the main competitors, the expectations of the population from the future mayor, the evaluation of the current mayor’s involvement in various administrative issues.
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The survey was conducted on August 1-4, 2020 by interviewing 502 people living in the commune. He measured the way in which the City Hall managed a series of issues, the priorities of the population, the perception of the current mayor, of the main competitors, comparisons between them, voting intentions.
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The research conducted within the strategic project "Entrepreneurs in tourism - Pensions in Romania" was conducted between December 2011 and March 2012 on a sample of 5,000 foreign tourists who visited a country in Eastern Europe in the last year. He aimed to identify favorite tourist destinations, the motivations for their choice and satisfaction with the services received, knowledge of the decision-making process and factors that influenced the decision to visit Eastern Europe, knowledge of the problems faced by foreign tourists, identification of perceptions and stereotypes. of image regarding the Eastern European and Romanian tourist products and services in particular, establishing the profiles of foreign tourists for the products, services and tourist destinations in Romania.
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he research carried out within the strategic project “Entrepreneurs in tourism” was carried out in October-November 2011 on a sample of 5,600 Romanian tourists. She measured the attitudes, habits and perceptions of tourists towards the holidays spent in the last year, identified the favorite tourist destinations, the motivations for their choice, satisfaction with the services received, evaluated the pensions studying the reasons that would determine them to choose a pension. they would also be willing to pay which localities they intend to visit.
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Individual liberty represents the foundation of party autonomy, which includes its exercise in private international law matters, namely choosing the applicable law or the jurisdiction. It represents a fundamental right, established as a general principle ever since the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, and creates a subjective right of the individual in relation to the State and to his or her peers. Nowadays, individual liberty, mirrored in private international law as the possibility for the person to choose the applicable law or to establish jurisdiction of a tribunal in certain matters, represents a key-tool that offers certainty to the parties in their legal relationship. This is the reason why there is a close connection between party autonomy and the right to a fair trial, established in most international treaties and instruments dedicated to the protection of human rights. The requirement of predictability, regarding both the applicable law and, even more significant, the jurisdiction is a key-component of the right to a fair trial and the exercise of party autonomy in these matters contributes to the fulfilment of this condition. Nevertheless, we must carefully consider the context in which the parties use their autonomy in private international law, as, in some matters, the weaker party may need special protection. In this case, in order to also ensure the access to a tribunal, there need to be established more restrictive conditions for the choice of jurisdiction or of the applicable law.
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The Universal Declaration of Human Rights for the first time enshrined and guaranteed as fundamental the principle that everyone has the right to a trial before an independent and impartial tribunal to determine his rights and obligations. Subsequently, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights guaranteed that all persons shall be equal before the courts and that, in the course of judicial proceedings of a criminal charge or of civil rights and obligations, any person shall have the right, within a reasonable time, to a fair and public trial before a competent, independent and impartial court established by law. As a result of a long and fascinating legal and jurisprudential evolution, the imperative of resolving disputes by an independent and impartial court is today recognized in regional human rights instruments, in national constitutional and legislative provisions, in common law, as well as in conventions and traditions legal, and the importance of an independent and impartial judiciary is accentuated by the fact that the implementation of all other rights depends on the good administration of justice. The independence of the judiciary is the premise of the rule of law and a fundamental guarantee of a fair trial, while impartiality is essential for the proper performance of the judicial function. Although they seem commonplace in the mentality of contemporary jurists, the analyzed concepts would not have had the configuration we know today if they had not been enshrined and guaranteed by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
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The right to private life and the right to freedom of expression are enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in art. 12, respectively in art. 19. The right to privacy recognizes that every individual has the right to the protection of his personal life, including personal data. This right is crucial to ensuring individual dignity and freedom. On the other hand, the right to freedom of expression gives every individual the right to express opinions and thoughts freely. These two rights may appear contradictory when, for example, discussions about the right to privacy may conflict with the disclosure of information in the name of freedom of expression or the public interest. However, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights tries to find a balance between these rights (art. 29, paragraph 2). Limits may be imposed on the right to privacy to protect national security or public safety, but these limits must be lawful, proportionate and justified.
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Regulating the freedom of work of any person and their right to choose their profession and workplace, the Constitution took into account, first of all, the possibility of giving every able-bodied person the opportunity to perform work as they see fit. Assuming the status of an employee, implicitly contributing monthly to the social insurance fund, the employed person has the right to a series of social protection measures, considering the fact that the justification, which is the fundamental principle, of the establishment of social insurance funds is that of the solidarity of the members who contribute to them. Also, the same article establishes the fundamental right to collective negotiations, as well as the binding nature, guaranteed by the Constitution, of the negotiations and the contracts/agreements concluded following these negotiations between employers' organizations as well as union organizations. Starting from these three fundamental rights (the right to work, the right to benefit from social assistance and the right to collective bargaining), a unitary, interdependent framework is created, through which the state, through the representative authorities and institutions, has the constitutional obligation to protect and guarantee the appropriate remuneration of work, to protect, in difficult situations, the employees who contributed monthly to the creation of social protection funds. The European Convention on Human Rights established only a few of the economic and social rights, most of the guarantees established by the Convention regarding the civil and political rights. The economic and social dimension of the fundamental rights imposed the regulation of some of the social rights in the body of the Convention at the time of its drafting and justifies the addition of some economic rights through additional protocols. The right to work is not established in the European Convention. However, evaluating the ECHR law in its evolution, we identify an indirect protection of social rights, namely in close connection with the right to a fair trial (the applicability of art. 6 in the case of the dismissal of an employee of a private enterprise) or non-discrimination (in terms of social benefits) or even in connection with the right to life, private or family life, or the prohibition of ill-treatment (right to health, environmental protection, indirect protection of social rights from the standpoint of art. 3 of the Convention.)
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On the basis and following of the Declaration of 10 December 1948 under the auspices of the UN, a number of international documents have been initiated and adopted which have contributed to the establishment of international human rights law. Since the 1972 Stockholm Declaration (which in principle 1 proclaims the fundamental right to live in a quality environment and the solemn duty to protect and improve it) and continuing with the 1992 Rio Declaration (which refers to the “right to a healthy life”) and with recent resolutions, the organization has paid particular attention to recognizing and guaranteeing the right to a healthy and environmentally balanced environment. An important stage of this process in the universal recognition of such a right is resolutions no. 48/13 of the Human Rights Council of 8 October 2021 and no. 76/300 of the UN General Assembly of 28 July 2022 “The right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment ”. Currently, under the influence and contribution of the onusian system, seven international conventions formally recognize such a right. A special rapporteur was set up in 2021 on the impact of climate change on human rights. UN regulations have played an important role in recognizing and guaranteeing the fundamental right to the environment at regional level and in a national context, including in Romania.
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Although the prima facie functionality of the presumption of innocence in cases involving deprivation of liberty adheres to the parameters of legality, in practice, the probative standards outlining the coordinates of liberty-restrictive or rights-restrictive measures can readily engender a societal conviction that the individual subject to criminal proceedings is culpable of committing the offense. This inherent proclivity becomes conspicuously apparent in judicious junctures characterized by the prematurely postulated judicial intuition. The substantive concept of culpability, as an indispensable trait of an offense, conjoining volitional and cognitive aspects into a unified human representation of the repercussions of violating criminal law, is judiciously reflected in a procedural-legal concept of guilt. This concept is contingent on a tripartite determination on the part of the adjudicating body: the concrete act exists in its materiality, it legally constitutes a criminal offense (in the sense that it satisfies all the constituent elements of the typical incrimination model and has been committed with the requisite mens rea as prescribed by statutory law), and there exists an unequivocal nexus between the person who committed the specific act and the one arraigned for trial. The material foundation for ascertaining guilt at the legislatively mandated standard - beyond any shadow of reasonable doubt - resides in the presence of robust, legally sound, and faithfully administered probative evidence. Dubiety or incongruity impedes the subversion of the presumption of innocence, esteemed as a bulwark of the right to a just legal proceeding, as delineated by constitutional provisions, procedural-criminal edicts, international conventions, and reference instruments in the sphere of human rights preservation, such as the Universal Declaration adopted in 1948 by the member states of the United Nations General Assembly.
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Under the auspices of the United Nations, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted at the international level in 1948, which includes norms dedicated to the protection of human rights. In this sense, art. 12 provide that no one shall be subject to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honor and reputation. This paper analyzes the concept of arbitrary interference in personal life, Article 12 recognizing the fundamental right of the individual to private life and to the prevention of any arbitrary interference in this sphere. In addition, the research looks at the protective measures and possible remedies available to ensure the respect of the right to personal life in accordance with the analyzed article. It will also analyze the aspects related to the balance between security and the respect of individual rights in the context of arbitrary interference.
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