Around the Bloc: Romania May Reopen 1989 Revolution Case
Investigation into hundreds of civilian deaths during uprising was declared classified last year before any trials began.
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Investigation into hundreds of civilian deaths during uprising was declared classified last year before any trials began.
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Bulgarian media are reporting suspension of readmission agreement, but Turkish Embassy denies major change.
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Kremlin critic says he was framed and that he’s ready to explain everything.
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One officer killed, four wounded on Sunday as opposition-aligned gunmen attack station, taking five police hostage.
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This paper regards the urban street as social space, where different symbolic interactions occur between individuals and groups of people. The established social and political order within this space happens to be disturbed by different forms of protest. An article attempts to compare the course of riots in former times to those at present. The comparison implies that the functional grandness of the urban street belongs to the past. This is mainly caused by new legal regulations restricting freedom of assembly and the new tele-electronic media space, and by a deepening division of the Polish society into different groups of interest, and its consequent inability to consolidate. An indirect cause also is the new order and mentality developed in democratic societies and by a consumeristic lifestyle.
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The article is focused on analyzing the relationship between the city and the citizen. Currently, the city applies the principle of responsible behaviour, in which the city stands out as a good citizen to respond to the needs of its key partners — citizens. The aim of the article is to analyze, on the example of selected municipal governments of the Slovak Republic and their activities, the readiness of the government for partnership with citizens, and to propose how to manage this relationship. The research was conducted between 2012 and 2013 in selected urban municipalities of the Slovak Republic’s Banska Bystrica region: Banska Bystrica, Zvolen and Žiar Hronom. An analysis of the relationship between the city and citizen was carried out by means of open interviews with the municipal authorities, questioning citizens and own observations. The results of our research showed that, irrespective of the size of the city, selected municipalities showed a low level of preparedness for the creation of partnerships with citizens.
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The article analyzes result of implementation of Bologna decisions and recommendations into national legislation of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia. Explored such socially important and mandatory for participant countries Bologna declaration positions as: 1) accessibility of higher education; 2) quality of higher education; 3) higher educational establishments autonomy and academic freedoms; 4) previous education recognition. Evaluation of implementation results was carried out through assessment of the national legislation promotion of intellectual potential development.
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The aim of this article is to examine the phenomenon of cyber warfare as part of an unconventional confrontation between states in contemporary international relations. The construction of this study, dictated by an attempt to achieve a response on the above research subject, brought the author to adopt the following structure. The first part of the work presents the development of computer hardware and networks together with visualizing the cyberspace importance. Next, the conditions of this theoretical issues, in particular, the basic determinants categories of network attacks and their classifications are presented. Further, the practical aspects of the application of those attacks are shown, taking a point of view specific casus i.e. Kosovo, China, Estonia, Georgia and Iran. At the end, the cyberwars were under consideration including the differences, similarities and lessons learned for the future.
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The aim of the article is to present and describe a phenomenon of transnational organized crime. Crime is a complex phenomenon in which you can “control” society and the functioning of organized criminal groups is largely the socio-political-economic activity focused on financial benefits. For the sake of citizens as well as financial and economic security, each state has to create mechanisms safeguarding and protecting against these practices. This requires close cooperation between national and international institutions appointed to counteracting and combating transnational criminal groups.
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Współczesne społeczeństwo ulega ciągłym przemianom. W dobie Internetu, gdzie granice geograficzne nie stanowią żadnej przeszkody w nawiązywaniu kontaktów z osobami oddalonymi nawet o setki kilometrów, każdy jest w stanie tworzyć własne sieci relacji i kontaktów. Relacje te charakteryzują się różnym stopniem zażyłości, jednak przeważnie tworzą swoistą sieć. Nie wszyscy są w stanie dostosować się do nowych warunków, a cyfryzacja rzeczywistości społecznej przyczyniła się do powstania kolejnej determinanty wykluczenia społecznego - chodzi o wykluczenie cyfrowe. Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu zidentyfikowanie, w ujęciu teoretycznym, cech sieci społecznej w sposobie organizacji podmiotów ekonomii społecznej. Przyjmuje się bowiem, że jedynie narzędzia wyrastające z danej rzeczywistości społecznej i z nią spójne są w stanie efektywnie przeciwdziałać wykluczeniu.
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Zmiany o charakterze polityczno-gospodarczym, które miały miejsce w Polsce oraz w wielu krajach Europy pod koniec XX w. wpłynęły również na powstanie i rozwój nowych problemów społecznych. Jeszcze kilkanaście lat temu ich rozwiązywaniem zajmował się głównie sektor publiczny. Współcześnie, nowoczesne społeczeństwa charakteryzują się funkcjonowaniem w zasadzie czterech przenikających się wzajemnie sektorów: prywatnego, publicznego, pozarządowego oraz ekonomii społecznej, z których ogromny potencjał do rozwiązywania kwestii społecznych ma ostatni z wymienionych. Podmioty ekonomii społecznej stanowią bowiem doskonałe uzupełnienie gospodarki publiczno-prywatnej. Dzięki swoim założeniom mogą skutecznie rozwiązywać problemy społeczne, a zwłaszcza przeciwdziałać wykluczeniu społecznemu. Z uwagi na fakt, że organizacje ekonomii społecznej, takie jak przedsiębiorstwa społeczne, działają zwykle w sferze lokalnej, ważne jest podjęcie dyskusji o wspólnotach w niniejszym kontekście. Głównym celem artykułu jest ukazanie znaczenia wspólnot w rozwoju ekonomii społecznej. Chcąc zrealizować powyżej przedstawione zamierzenie, konieczne było zarysowanie tła teoretycznego, w którym szczególną uwagę skupiono na rozkwicie ekonomii społecznej w Polsce oraz roli przywództwa w rozwoju wspólnot lokalnych. Ponadto, aby unaocznić różnicę pomiędzy historycznym a współczesnym ujęciem wspólnot i wskazać ich cechy charakterystyczne, które należy brać pod uwagę przed angażowaniem obywateli w działalność podmiotów ekonomii społecznej, w artykule podjęto polemikę na temat historii badań nad wspólnotami lokalnymi oraz ich miejsca w strukturze społecznej. Zagadnienia natury teoretycznej umożliwiły m.in. wskazanie przyczyn braku skuteczności działania zbiorowości w rozwiązywaniu problemów społecznych, a przynajmniej łagodzeniu ich skutków oraz pokazały, jak aktywna wspólnota, dzięki pomocy lidera społecznego, może wpływać na rozwój przedsiębiorstw społecznych, a jednocześnie, jak podmioty ekonomii społecznej mogą pozytywnie oddziaływać na wzmacnianie wspólnot w szerokim rozumieniu tego pojęcia. W artykule wykorzystano głównie piśmiennictwo z zakresu ekonomii społecznej, socjologii, nauk o polityce, a w szczególności samorządu terytorialnego i wspólnot lokalnych. Wybrane zagadnienia wymagały również zaczerpnięcia wiedzy z innych dziedzin, takich jak: historia, zarządzanie czy prawo. Wnioski wysunięte z niniejszego artykułu będą przydatne zarówno dla teoretyków, jak i dla społeczników-praktyków, którzy chcą wzmacniać obywatelską aktywność, a tym samym wpływać na rozwój ekonomii społecznej.
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At the end of the nineteenth century Russian civil administration governed the liberated territories of Bulgaria. It actively dealt with issues related to the restoration of Bulgarian statehood: the formation of an administrative apparatus, preparation of “Organic Chart” which later became constitution; the development of “Organic Statute” in Eastern Rumelia. It also ministered to the formation of the army and the education system of Bulgarian Principality. Russia prepared the ground for the later unification of the two parts of Bulgaria in one state.
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The article traces the main points of the diplomatic activity of Marko D. Balabanov in the first years of the Principality of Bulgaria (1879–1885). Growing up as a writer, public figure and politician in the period before the Liberation, Balabanov occupied leading positions in the Interim Russian Government (1877–1879) and played a significant role in the work of the Constituent Assembly in Veliko Tarnovo. There he participated actively in the debates on the issue of reunification of the Bulgarian nation divided by the Berlin agreement. When the first Bulgarian government was formed Balabanov was given the post of foreign minister and as such he worked hard to lay the foundations of a new Bulgarian diplomacy. After the fall of the conservative government, he was appointed envoy in Istanbul where he vigorously acted in defense of the Bulgarian national interests and contributed to raising the international prestige of the country. The regime of credentials (1881–1883) interrupted his diplomatic career, but in the second government of Dragan Tsankov (1883–1884) we see him again in the position of Bulgarian Foreign Minister. In those years he contributed in solving all the major foreign policy issues and contributed to the rise and consolidation of the authority of the Bulgarian state on the international arena. Facts and events in the life of Balabanov which are presented in the study give grounds to assert that he played a noticeable and even at times a leading role in the construction of the Bulgarian foreign policy in the period.
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Memories of President Zhelyu Zhelev about Academician Dimitar Kossev
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The article focusses on Jan Lechoń’s political views after he emigrated to New York. These opinions could be found in literary works, as well as in letters and the Journal. The most important elements of political views of the author of Silver and black were: blatant anticommunism, critical assessment of the Polish emigration government, openly expressed admiration for America and nostalgia towards the interbellum (idealizing Józef Piłsudski). His views had a significant influence on his personal life, as exemplified by his politically motivated ending of his long-lasting friendship with Julian Tuwim. One of the most important issues is where to classify Lechoń’s often expressed opposition towards the political changes in Poland among the reasons for his suicide.
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The article deals with the subject bordering on two areas: historical remembrance and the theory of politics. The Second World War, including Holocaust, as irrational historical catastrophe, was a traumatic experience for the European societies. The magnitude of this catastrophe discredited the concept of historical thinking founded on a reason that exists within historical process. Holocaust uncovered the destructive power rooted in modernity itself. The political elites had to find an answer to a question how, in the middle of Europe with cultural identity founded on: Greek philosophy, Roman law and Judeo-Christian tradition, such inhuman crimes took place. The starting point of the article is Holocaust as a process of social destructive transgression, both to Jews and European societies. The ending point – Holocaust as phenomenon initiating constructive transgression: foundation of the Israel country and the new post-war order in Europe.
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After the Second World War, The Federal Republic of Germany gradually began to transform exile in the country of immigration. The formal recognition of Germany as a country of immigration for many years was regarded as a taboo, and both the political and public debate spared this issue. Until recently, Germany’s policy on immigrants was based on an outdated concept of Gastarbeiter system, which had two fundamental assumptions, namely that immigrants are a temporary phenomenon, and their presence is associated only with the labor market. During their stay in Germany, they were entitled to social rights, but it was not required from them to integrate with the host society, because it could interfere with the process of returning to their homeland. The beginning of the new millennium, however, brought a lot of changes. Revolutionaary new provisions has been introduced to the naturalization law, emphasis has been given to integration programs, a system of green cards has been created and many other complex actions has been taken. After some time, Germany realize that they are the country of immigration, and will have to cope with the challenges posed by the fact.
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Which God sanctified power? In the Roman Empire in 1 BC, during the transition of power, there was a question of legitimization comprehensive victory winner. That was an interesting phenomenon, when generals and statesmen addressed primarily the cult of Dionysus. These figures could be the Romans, but primarily embodied the opposite side of the conflict. Why is this God or only this God? Analysis of complex sources shows that depending on the circumstances, politicians have used the help of many gods. And the attitude to this practice was formed by both situation and propaganda.
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By analyzing the political career of Bruce Springsteen’s album “Born in the U.S.A.” (1984), around which the narrative of this article took place, I tried to make a closer insight to the relation between the American politics and popular culture in the mid-1980, considered as the essential aim of this article. Main attention was put on various attempts taken by Ronald Reagan’s administration to co-opt the album’s pop cultural significance for political purposes, especially to reinforce the so called “conservative evolution” perceived as right-wing, libertarian response to the hippie movement. Bruce Springsteen, who through his hard and consistent work achieved enormous success while still remaining himself, a fellow boy from New Jersey, was presented as a role model for the yuppie generation. The title track was read as an anthem for the new American patriotism. This particular interpretation proved to be wrong. In fact, the album’s essential motif is the widening gap between Reagan’s reinterpretation of the American Dream and disappointing reality. However, it did not prevent the Republicans from winning the 1984 election and general misunderstanding of its message.
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To understand Chinese tradition, it is necessary to clarify the creative process of change as a category of interaction between complementary opposites. In the absence of Western dualistic concept, China has developed a correlative way of thinking about the world. This conception plays an important role in the consideration of the legal culture of China. Unfortunately, often the basis for the analysis of Chinese tradition, culture, and politics lacks this correlative Chinese thinking. Correlative way of thinking based on continuity through change formed not only Chinese philosophy, but also is still forming Chinese reality.
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