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Democracy is the most important form of government where a proper political life has become functional. On the other hand, democracies can achieve their objectives by increasing the functions of political parties. Political parties have taken part in history as an essential part of democratical life like in the other countries. Even though the legal status of political parties has a late existance, parties have the most important role to construct the democracy in today’s Turkey. Financing political parties is one of the most discussed topics in both political and social life in this area. From this point of view; legal status of government aids, whether they have government spending structure or not have been widely discussed and took its place in the literature. In this study, the legal status of political parties in Turkey and their source of finance is handled at the beginning. After that, the government aids to political parties in the last five years are evaluated.
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Local government tend to move out of the country boundaries in order to increase the quality of service to the service areas they serve in today's changing conditions. Instead of finding solutions to the problems faced by local government, other local government units to deal with the current which produces solutions to similar problems, and sometimes they are trying to put forward new solutions to develop these solutions. In this context, the local government are in line with each other within the boundaries of national boundaries and international fields and are going to cooperate with each other. In the changing conditions, local and national cooperations realized by the local governments are examined in the study.
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The first thing coming to our mind when say colonialism is exploiting the other state or community setting up domination on them with clear and secret way. Colonialism and imperialism is always used each other’s position; the concept of imperialism generally is explained with the spreader activity which is coming from the half of 19th century. The desire of getting beauties and riches has also continued after imperialist period with the sensation of being dominant and adventurous starting with big state’s geographical discovery movement. This article describes the development of the history of colonialism and colonization of the Russian Central Asia and the Caucasus focused on policy.
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The Central Asia, owing to its location at the crossroad of Europe and Asia has strategic importance. When great importance of the region for EU in terms of energy resources, has been apprehended, EU Member States started to pay attention to Central Asia. Partnership and Cooperation Agreements which have been made with Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan have been put into effect in 1999.The purpose of the study is to analyze relations of EU-Central Asian Countries and role of Central Asia in the European Union's common foreign and security policy through the new security approach of EU.
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Food and gastronomic values of a country are distinguished assets in marketing places. The aim of this article is exploring the ways in which Serbia rebrands itself through promoting the local food and culture and positions the nation brand in a transnational marketing context. The key concepts for this research originate from the literature in place marketing and branding. The gastronomic offer is an instrument shaping people’s perceptions about Serbia that is represented and communicated through values, narratives and manifestations. Accordingly, semiotics is adopted for analysing the data, which builds on three levels: axiological, narrative and discursive. Content analysis is used as a supportive method to infer meanings from codes and to determine emerging themes overarching the units of meaning. The tourism marketing strategy of The National Tourism Organization of Serbia (TOS) is closely examined through the touristic promotion materials (i.e. catalogues, posters, Soul Food video). In sum, the analysis results reveal how the country branding strategy of Serbia is handled in terms of the impact on the perceptions with a focus on food as a tourist attraction. The research is valuable for place-marketers, strategists, governments, and scholars from different fields of academia.
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This paper evaluates how taste preferences produce space in Austin, Texas. Austin is a booming city. Indeed, it has been the fastest growing metro area in the United States for the past 20 years. It is also renowned for its evolving and enthralling food truck scene. Food trucks of all sorts spring up throughout the city. Some of the more innovative foods stem from gourmet trucks. And these trucks often become symbolic capital that spur gentrification. Other trucks, such as the traditional taco truck, are ensconced in marginalized neighborhoods. They feed the working masses of Mexicans who flock to Austin to find work. Certainly, the gourmet truck vendors experiment with food flavors; however, taco truck entrepreneurs are innovative as well. The taco truck cooks modify their menus to accommodate Austin’s shifting demographics. To this end, I argue Austin’s landscape transformation can be examined through cooking practices. This paper takes a close look at how immigrant cooks negotiate social spaces through the foods they make. In so doing, I interviewed two traditional taco truck owners about how they decide what to cook based on the social spaces in which they park their trucks. Surprisingly, their subtle choices reflect the changing culture and budding taste preferences of the city’s residents
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It can be said that Belgian labour market has been challenged since the 1970s due to changing economic landscape. The two major drivers for change were the deindustrialization and globalization. For some, these two drivers have brought a perceptible deterioration of working conditions and pay. In general, foreign workers are among the first to be affected by such changes. Their temporary residence status, unrecognized qualifications, limited language skills and lack of access to the social networks of the native-born Belgians make them particularly disadvantaged in the labour market. In order to overcome these obstacles, migrant communities have developed various, more or less effective, measures. To illustrate this, this paper discusses the role of migrant associations in economic integration among the Turkish and the sub-Saharan communities residing in Belgium. Particular emphasis is made on the contribution of the community’s social capital in the process of transferring knowledge, financial and material means and professional networks. The social capital that sub-Saharan and Turkish communities dispose is of great help to immigrants. It can ease their adaptation into the new socioeconomic environment in material, financial and psychological terms. However, to some extent, the mobilization of the community’s social capital can also incite the development of parallel societies that are in contrast to the ideal conception of a cohesive society. The adherence to the legislative framework of the host society may also be questioned. The occurrence of informal activities within the migrant associations is not infrequent.
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This article reports on the findings of an empirical research investigating the thoughts, beliefs and attitudes towards the inclusion of migrant children in the South-eastern region of Turkey which is currently exposed to intensive migration waves. Specifically, the article explores the attitudes of school administrators towards the education of migrant children in their schools, the barriers to this education stemming from the school culture and the opportunities in the education system to build inclusive school cultures in which migrant children can feel belonging to. The research employed 18 school administrators, utilized semi-structured interviews to collect qualitative data and analyzed them through thematic analysis. Findings showed that (a) school administrators supported education of migrant children in segregated environments and possessed negative attitudes towards their education in public schools; (b) structural limitations and low social acceptance levels affected the negative attitudes towards the education of migrant children and (c) stakeholders needed to be provided with psycho-social and structural support in order to establish inclusive school cultures.
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The European Union’s 28 member nations received over 1.2 million asylum seekers in 2015, including 1.1 million in Germany and over 150,000 in Sweden. The US, by comparison, has been receiving 75,000 asylum applications a year. One reason for the upsurge in asylum applicants is that German Chancellor Angela Merkel in August 2015 announced that Syrians could apply for asylum in Germany even if they passed through safe countries en route. The challenges of integrating asylum seekers are becoming clearer, prompting talk of reducing the influx, reforming EU institutions, and integrating migrants.
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This study assesses the “kut” concept of Former Turkish States, which shows the source and limits of the political power, based on the “legitimacy”. Supported by the divine source, “kut” could be retrieved by means of “kut’un sönmesi” [extinction of kut] unless the requirements of the power are satisfied. Therefore, the political power in Former Turkish States is not unlimited but it is a “limited power” due to the factors such as justice, social services, morals, merit, and conformity with God’s will which all limit the power and scope of the government. The main factor which shapes the former Turkish state and sovereignty approach is the presence of the governors, who are aware of their responsibility against the public; in other words the primary thing in determining the policy of the state against the public is the fact of “state exists for public”. In this framework, institutions like “consultancy institution”, which establish a kind of balance of powers, ensure a structure beyond the age with regards to participation into the management. It is, therefore, important to know this historical heritage during which the targets challenged to be realized by the modern democracies even today were established by Turkish States hundreds of years ago.
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Digital government is universally gaining acceptance as the public becomes more technologically advanced. It is critical for the government to embrace new technology for not only minimizing costs and maximizing utility of services to the taxpayers but also for serving the general needs of inhabitants and tourists. The paper focuses on one of the aspect of cities’ communication with environment – apps created for mobile phones (smartphones). In past few years there has been a tremendous increase of mobile apps for all major mobile platforms. The objective of the paper is the analysis of mobile apps created by Polish voivodeship cities for Android platform with the use of specially elaborated methodology of evaluating mobile apps.
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Customer satisfaction has been the subject of research and discussion of both researchers and practitioners for decades. Only in recent years there has been an extreme increase of interest in this issue also among public sector organisations in the world, including Poland. The satisfaction research of citizen/customer in the public services sector is not easy to conduct because of the nature of the client, as well as the nature of public services. The objective of the paper is to identify methods of research and creation of customer satisfaction in Polish public administration sector, and to identify capabilities and limitations associated with managing customer satisfaction in public services. Realizing the objective of the paper there are identified methodological possibilities and limitation of satisfaction research in this sector as well as practical examples of creating citizen/customer satisfaction from Polish market, based on desk research analysis are presented.
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This article reflects on the development and operation of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) from the perspective of the post–1989 attempt to extend the West European ‘Security Community’ into the wider Europe via processes of both EU enlargement and attempts to foster deep integration with former Soviet states. Whilst the EU’s strategy towards eastern neighbours should certainly notbe taken as the sole or even key cause of the ‘insecurity zone’ in and around the EU’s eastern frontier, it seems hard to avoid the conclusion that actions such as the ENP and EaP have played an important part in these developments. This is an analytical contribution rather than a study based on primary research. As well as extending existing discussions about the expansion of the European Security Community and the application of the ‘Optimum Integration Area’ concept to the EaP countries, the article includes a focus on EU states’ economic relations with Russia which is a critical albeit underexplored constraint upon EU ‘eastern’ policy.
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Mehmed Fuad Köprülü began his political life as a deputy of Kars in 1935 at personel request of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. However, it cannot be said that he had taken an active role in politics until 1945. In 1945, along with Adnan Menderes, Celal Bayar and Refik Koraltan, they took part in the opposition movement against the anti-democratic policies of National Chief İsmet İnönü beside the one-party government and they formed a new political party in the name of Democratic Party (DP) as a result of this opposition. Köprülü had served as Deputy Prime Ministry, in Ministry of National Defense and particularly in Ministry of Foreign Affairs until 1957, when he resigned from the party in DP government. With the drifting of the Prime Minister Menderes away from the democratic understanding of the party’s foundation, Köprülü criticized this situation, made great efforts to correct it, and officially resigned from the DP on September 6, 1957, when he realized that he could not fix this situation in the party. The process of Köprülü’s separation from Democratic Party has been examined in the study.
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Political parties in a democratic system, are trying to get his/her vote by convincing voters. Parties make political campaign which is a political communication activities to convince voters. Parties use election promises as an important instrument of political campaign in order to be attracted the vote of the electorate. Promises which are made to answer the main problems of the country, the electorate’s expectations and demand’s, function as an effective tool to convince. In this study, it is appeared that how the economic promises which are used in AK Party’s political campaign in 1 November general election affect the election results.
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The purpose of this paper is to introduce evaluation of social development convergence between EU–28 member states in the context of the EU cohesion policy. The main tasks of this study is to assess social dimension and inequalities problems in the European states by applying theory of convergence for real estimations social situations in EU countries. Additionally the development challenges are discussed for improvement of the socio–economic well–being of EU states and to avoid social disparities. The research methodology is based on the convergence theory, on the EU strategies, European Commission legitimate documents application, on the calculations and socio–economic forecasts analysis of the welfare level in the EU states. This research present information about various different socio–economic indicators, indexes and scheme of information flows for social situation estimation in the EU states. This study contain changes of key concepts related to the cohesion policy of the European Union and compares objectives and general outlines of period 2014–2020 in the framework of Europe as a whole, as well as its impact on EU member states economics and living conditions. The speed of convergence depends on the initial discrepancy of the development level in the EU states. The efficiency of European convergence policy can also be improved by significant economic growth and by clever choice of the country–specific social activities. This research investigate major information for social situations estimation in EU states as well as GDP growth, population’s income level, unemployment and welfare condition indicators. The key results reflect the overall social situation analysis in the EU countries and present current and future’s European convergence policy’s impact on social development in the European states. The conclusions consist of national social development inequality problems estimations in the EU states and of new challenges of EU convergence and social policy goals.
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The aim of current paper is to analyse the role of internet marketing for exporting and non–exporting companies. Methods used in research: scientific publications studies, survey of companies in Latvia. The survey was conducted from November 2014 to March 2015. The company register data base LURSOFT is used for survey sample creation. A systematic sampling was applied in the survey to guarantee a random selection of units included in the sample. For the analysis of the survey data – descriptive statistical analysis, cross tabulations, Mann–Whitney U test are applied. The companies’ survey results show that exporting companies and non–exporting companies do not use internet marketing properly, the half of companies home page use only as a business card. About 32% of exporting companies and about 19% of non–exporting companies does not sell the products/services on the internet, but customers can order the product in home page. Products/services sell both on the Internet and at points of sale about 25% of exporting companies and about 26% of non–exporting companies. Theoretical findings and empirical research results indicates that internet marketing could be used more efficient in companies to promote and develop expert.
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As we know, China is the biggest trader in the world. European Commission has revealed that China has become the European Union (EU)`s second largest trading partner behind the United States, and EU is China`s biggest trading partner. This situation just proves the necessity of making good partnership with China, which is especially needed for such a small country as Latvia. The main export fields for Latvia are wood, metal, electrical devices and minerals. As the population of China is growing very fast, leading to more than one billion people in 2016 (increased for more than 41 million in last six years), the food market is in need of more and more products. Of course, Chinese market may seem a golden ticket to each food producer, but there are some obstacles that doesn't allow European companies export to China right away. Some researches about cultural background differences and understanding how the Chinese partners work are still missing. In this fact, based on the statistics from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Latvia as well as sample food market research report of Latvian export to China, the authors introduce some of the legal and cultural obstacles (differences) that may stop food producers from entering Chinese market, and give some ideas to assist Latvianfood small and medium–sized enterprises (SMEs) to analyze the overview of China’s food market, explore the barriers to entry the market of China, and illustrate the market barriers. Meanwhile, the authors use descriptive and analytical method in some specific researches of marketing barriers, such as Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) protection issues, infrastructure and logistics, and food labelling to analyze the marketing strategy of opening the food market in China. At last, the authors provide some information and advices to Latvian and EU`s food producers to discover China market.
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What is the perception of Turkish migrants in elderly care? The increasing number of elder mi-grants within the German and Austrian population is causing the challenge of including them in an adequate (culturally sensitive) way into the German/Austrian health care system. Here I introduce the perception of elder Turkish migrants within the predominant paradigm of intercultural opening of health care in Germany as well as within the concept of diversity management of health care in Vienna (Austria). The qualitative investigation follows a field research in different German and Austrian cities within the last four years and an analysis based on the Grounded Theory Methodology. The meaning of intercultural opening on the one hand, and diversity management on the other hand with respect to elderly care will be evaluated. Whereas the intercultural opening directly demands a reduction of barriers to access institutional elderly care the concept of diversity is hardly successful in the inclusion of migrants into elderly care assistance – concerning both, migrants as care-givers and migrants as care-receivers. Despite the similarities between the health care systems of Germany and Austria there are decisive differences in the perception and inclusion of migrants in elderly care that is largely based on an 'individual care' concept of the responsible institutions. Finally, this investigation demonstrates how elderly care in Germany and Austria prepares to encounter the demand of 'individual care' in a diverse society.
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