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NATO COOPERATION AND PARTNERSHIP INITIATIVES ̶ VECTORS OF EUROATLANTIC SECURITY AND STABILITY

Author(s): Florian CÎRCIUMARU / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The 2010 Strategic Concept “Active Engagement, Modern Defence” is avery clear and resolute statement on NATO’s core tasks and principles, its values, theevolving security environment and the Alliance’s strategic objectives for the next decade.Based on its unique capabilities and operational experience, including expertise in civilianmilitaryinteraction, NATO can contribute to the efforts of the international community formaintaining peace, security and stability, in full coordination with other actors, such asinternational security organisation, state actors and non state actors, non-governmentalorganizations and private volunteer organizations.This paper intends to overview the most important areas of interest concerningcooperation and partnership initiatives that NATO established during its history, as well ascooperation’s influence over the Euroatlantic security and stability, based on the latestdevelopments in the field.

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RUSSIA – NATO HYBRID CLASH: HISTORY AND LEGACIES

Author(s): Iulia Anghel / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The break out of the Ukrainian crisis in 2014 acted as trigger for a major paradigm shift in an ostensibly pacified East European security architecture. Previous signals following a long-term reconciliation of security objectives of the two key regional actors,NATO and Russia, were soon forgotten, East European flank being trapped under siege of new hybrid warfare. Transformed into the key word of new geopolitical and security challenges, hybrid war made the subject of prolific inquiries, mostly highlighting themes as grey propaganda, subversive electoral interventions, cyber terrorism and, last but not least,the weaponization of culture, identities and discourses. Despite the tendency to associate the hybrid mutation to a reinterpretation of Russia’s Cold War security dogma, present ascent of ambiguous and non-linear conflicts could engage a more complex filiation. In this context, the article aims to briefly discuss the implication of Russia vs. NATO long-term hybrid clash,exploring topics as sources of Russian hybrid strategy and consequences generate dicreasing tendency towards weaponization of globalization.Keywords:

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FAILED STATES – CONFLICT AND INSTABILITY – GENERATING ACTORS IN THE REGIONAL SECURITY ENVIRONMENT

Author(s): Marius Vasile MANGA / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The role of states in shaping the security environment, regional or global, is essential and defining. Wherever fragile societies, ethnic and religious rifts or an eroded sovereignty concept occur, conflict-generating processes affect the whole region.States with such problems often follow an easy-to-understand path: they are becoming weaker, fail to operate at optimal institutional parameters, and then collapse.In these cases, the role of the international community through international organizations is crucial. They need to find short-term solutions towards the rapid humanitarian recovery, but also to identify those mechanisms that erode the state at the institutional level in order to be able to correct them.

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TERRORISM AS THE OPPOSITE OF CIVILIZATION AFTER THE END OF THE COLD WAR

Author(s): Alexandru MUNTEANU-LUCINESCU-CASELLA / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The terrorist attacks from 9/11 marked the return of the term barbarianconceived in civilizational terms and that of the sharp divide between barbarians and civilization in the forefront of political and international relations scholarly discourse with terrorists being portrayed as the new barbarians. This paper explores in its first section how journalists, academics and politicians linked terrorists with barbarians in the aftermath of the bringing down of the Twin Towers and to this purpose it indicates the connections then established between the Barbary War fought by the US at the beginning of the 19th century and the War on Terror launched by George Bush, pointing out how the linking of these two events was grounded on the evaluative use of the term civilization. In the second section it is described the present day standard of civilization by some landmarks of the beginning of the scholarly reflection of it and by identifying and specifying its constituents. The last section of the paper provides an explanation for the association made between terrorists and barbarians, arguing that some constituents of the contemporary standard of civilization operates as the assumption underpinning it.

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EU APPROACH TO COUNTERING DISINFORMATION AND FAKE NEWS

Author(s): Daniela Răpan / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Fake news, disinformation and propaganda are not new phenomena but, in the last years, they have acquired an enhanced dimension, in the context of the information war between Russia and the West. That is why the present paper investigates the way in which international organisations, and in particular, the EU, approach these phenomena. In this respect, we are going to overview the steps taken in this direction and analyse the Report of the Independent High level Group on Fake News and Online Disinformation published in March 2018, under the aegis of European Commission.

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BIOLOGICAL WARFARE – THE REAL PANDORA’S BOX. LEARNING FROM THE PAST

Author(s): Alexandru Herciu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

It is necessary to assess the risks generated by various microorganisms that can be used as biological weapons and to understand the process of their development and the use of biological agents over time. Biological agents used for military purposes may be more powerful than conventional weapons and chemical weapons. Over the past century,advances in biotechnology and biochemistry have simplified the development and production of such weapons, and genetic engineering probably holds the most dangerous potential for making biological weapons. Ease of production, broad availability of biological agents and technical knowledge have led to the proliferation of biological weapons and a growing desire among developing countries to hold them.

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PERCEPTION OF THE SECURITY ENVIRONMENT THROUGH NATO MEMBER STATES’ STRATEGIC DOCUMENTS

Author(s): Vendula Divišová / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Development of armed forces in the long-term requires a complex understanding of emerging security challenges that will potentially need to be addressed. This contribution will focus on how selected NATO member states differ in perception of the security environment through their strategic documents focused on a long-term view for defence. A threat matrix based on these conceptions exposes several differences in security environment assessment among the Alliance member states. However, these countries should ideally perceive their security concerns as interconnected and shared to achieve greater cohesion and support for joint responses. The analysis also reveals an abrupt change in the assessments following the Russian military intervention in Ukraine.

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DEFINING THE EXTENDED BLACK SEA REGION: FROM GEOSTRATEGIC REASONING TO PSYCHOSOCIAL REPRESENTATION

Author(s): Alexandra SARCINSCHI / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The aim of this paper is to analyse the multidimensional significance of the term “extended region” with an emphasis on the Black Sea: from the geographic dimension to the economic, political, cultural, and security ones. The main hypothesis is that defining the Extended Black Sea Region needs not only geostrategic reasoning, but also a psycho social one that is important to explain the current fragmentation trends manifested here in the last years. The hypothesis will be validated by analysing both the theoretical framework and the main economic, political, cultural and military indicators that characterize the countries in the region.

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TRENDS IN SECURITY ENVIRONMENT –DEFENCE EXPENDITURE IN THE BLACK SEA REGION

Author(s): Cristian Băhnăreanu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Over the past ten years, the dynamics of defence expenditure in the Black Sea region has been directly influenced by two major events with diametrically opposed effects.Firstly, the financial crisis triggered in 2008 and the spread of its economic negative effects until 2012-2013, led to a drastic decrease in military budgets in the area. Secondly, the annexation of the Crimea by Russian Federation in 2014 and the subsequent Ukrainian crisis had the effect of increasing the military spending of the riparian states. Nowadays, the Black Sea region - the NATO member countries, on the one hand, and the Russian Federation, on the other - is the scene of some military developments that seem to maintain the state of instability of the regional security environment. The aim of this paper is to analyse the security trends in the Black Sea region based on one of the most important indicators, namely the defence expenditure.

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REFERENCES FOR A COMPREHENSIVE AND PERMANENT NAVAL CYBER SECURITY STRATEGY

Author(s): Sebastian Popescu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The evolution of computer systems and technologies, the data networks interconnections, has generated the need to deliver distributed and integrated services, which has irreversibly conducted to the emergence of cyberspace as a field of battle with further connotations as a war domain. The military actions in the cyberspace domain are not very strictly identified and treated in international laws and norms, well known as the Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC) as the preoccupations of developing and internationally recognizing a set of regulations for the cybernetic domain are far from being decided, and the level of understanding and the knowledge within the military frame as considering the implications and application of LOAC for cyberspace is unclear. A complementary development is identified by the different levels of threat to computer security that generates a severity ofi mpact proportional to technical evolution and complexity. In this context, hacktivism, cyber crime,cyber espionage, cyber-terrorism and cyber-war are defined by the motivation, the actors and the targets for each of them, and are obviously related to the associated vulnerabilities.Cyber security is widely used term, whose definitions differ greatly and are often subjectively outlined. Thus, computer security involves the protection of computer networks and the information they include against penetration and against the impairment or interruption of data access. The same problem encounters the Navy in operating their informatics systems along the pursued sea operations.In the era of the information conflict, cyber-operations policies and the ship’s cybernetic systems’ availability are correlated with the Navy’s cybernetic capabilities and with the possibilities of using information associated with cybernetic scenarios applied by adverse forces.

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THE ROLE OF PUBLIC DIPLOMACY IN SOLVING INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS AND COMBATING TERRORIST THREATS

Author(s): Tudor SÂRBU,Ecaterina Hlihor / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The study offers a perspective of the relation between activities specific to public diplomacy and the image of a state in international politics. In a more and more interdependent and complex world, the means of public diplomacy, perceived as a dialogue oriented towards engaging the public, can lead to a better understanding between peoples by bringing forth what unites them and by eliminating the discording factors. The means specific to soft power can be more effective in managing crises and international conflicts.

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THE GEOSTRATEGIC CHOKE POINT IN THE CONTEXT OF WORLD GEOPOLITICS

Author(s): Dragos-Ionut Pala / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Considering that the current geopolitical global context is full of uncertainties, the world’s states need strategic anchors in order to constantly assess their position. This necessity is met by the geostrategic field of study, namely the field that studies the geostrategic choke points of all categories and offers an action plan based on the abilities of the respective state. The analysis of how they can be used in the new geopolitical, economic and technological context represents a vital area of study for determining the advantages thata state holds, as well as its vulnerabilities so that a geopolitical plan of action can beelaborated in a close connection with the real situation in the field.As a result, the present article proposes a brief presentation of the geopolitical theoryrelated to geostrategic choke points, the different categories of geostrategic choke points, howthey influence the geopolitical situation in the field, as well as their identification on theglobal map and the exemplification of the geopolitical theory. Such an analysis also offer anexplanation of the motivation of geopolitical and geostrategic maneuvers throughout history.

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FROM THE JUST WAR TO THE CRIME OF AGGRESSION

Author(s): David Ungureanu,Andreea Cîrciumaru / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

As between individuals, there are conflicts between the actors of the international scene, the solving of which is possible either by force or by diplomacy, both methods being used throughout history, sometimes even in a congruent way. At first, a few thousand years later, war prevailed due to the possibility of achieving faster and more lasting effects than through diplomacy.However, because generalized violence sometimes had catastrophic consequences for those endowed with sense and reason, they sought justifications for the recourse to the armed force, which materialized in the theory of warfare based on the idea of legitimate defense, but also on the formalization of the hostilities and the establishment of rules of warfare. Only in our time the idea that the shift to use of the armed force without any motivation is a crime of aggression prevailed, so that a return to diplomacy is considered possible, the choice between these two modalities remaining a politics attribute.Keywords:

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The Multiannual Financial Framework and the Future of the European Union

Author(s): Dencho Georgiev / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper will look at the proposed Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF) for 2021-2027 and will explore how to achieve a better future for Europe through compliance with legally binding values and objectives of the EU: democracy, equality, the rule of law, economic, social and territorial cohesion and solidarity between the Member States. It is suggested that by introducing progressivity, a reform of the EU’s finances, involving a change of paradigm in the financing of policies with redistributive effects, and a reform of the system of the EU’s own resources could ensure that solidarity becomes a matter of the rule of law and not of arbitrary governance.

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Засилването на протекционистичните тенденции: потенциалните ефекти върху държавите членки на Европейския съюз

Author(s): Iskra Hristova-Balkanska / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Reduction of fees, increase of the quality-to-price ratio of the international transport and especially deepening of the information and telecommunication connections contribute to the changes in the manner in which the international trade and investment transactions are conducted. The development of the international trade in the post-crisis period differs significantly from that in the pre-crisis period. The economic and financial environment is uncertain.

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Казусът Брекзит: възможни сценарии

Author(s): Svetla Boneva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The aim of this article is to outline possible scenarios for the UK's withdrawal from the EU, as well as their most likely political and economic implications for the country. The research methods used in the analysis include elements of the historical-logical method and content analysis. An a posteriori research approach is utilized, and in its essence the research has a conceptual characteristic. The results of the study represent an analysis of the relations between the European Union and the United Kingdom in the context of Brexit. The course of the unprecedented, tedious, but undoubtedly interesting from an analytical point of view, withdrawal negotiations between the United Kingdom and the EU is outlined. The study concludes that 60 years after the ratification of the Treaties of Rome, the time came when the first countries wishing to leave the Union are emerging. Until the adoption of the Withdrawal Agreement (11 March 2019 in Strasbourg), it could be claimed that the negotiating teams are working together. After 11 March 2019, the ball is in the UK’s court. Brexit process has stalled on the side of its initiator.

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Общо културно наследство – повече приобщаваща Европа

Author(s): Ivan Kabakov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The aim of this report is to present the significance and the aspects of the common cultural heritage for Europe. Author discusses the cultural heritage as a factor in the unification outlining its relevancy and basis in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. Furthermore, different levels of cultural heritage are presented as well as EU’s areas of competency. Author concludes that Europe is strong with its shared values and common heritage, thus, the emerging concerns over Europe’s identity shall be resolved to take successful policy actions in the external to the EU environment.

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Culture and EU’s Sustainability

Author(s): Wang Xiaohai / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The EU now is indulged in a multitude of challenges and crises. Member States such as France, Germany and Italy are suffering from their internal problems, e.g., immigration, failure in general election, financial problems and so forth. The sustainability of the EU is at stake. It is believed by many scholars that the European integration is a multi-dimensional process, involving economic, political, social and cultural dimensions. A “culturally deficit project of integration” is fragile. This paper probes into the role of culture played in the process of European integration and the importance of culture in the context of the current crises faced by the EU. To keep the EU sustainable, culture should not be ignored because culture is the ‘glue’ that joints the Member States together and the ‘lubricant’ that keeps the European integration moving forward smoothly.

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Европа между визионерските проекти и съвременната политическа реалност

Author(s): Emilia Georgieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The report provides a detailed retrospective of visionary projects for Europe/EU in the period from the Middle Ages to present. Within two relatively differential parts – prior to and after the establishment of the European Communities/European Union, different points of view on the European unity have found a place, united under the motto "Europe is Europe's last chance". The second part especially focuses on Maastricht Europe, as well as on France’s and Germany’s common ambition for the European project, namely: "a democratic, sovereign and united Europe, competitive Europe, Europe that is a fundament for prosperity and protects its economy, its social model, and its cultural diversity. "

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Европейска идентичност и европейско общество: липсващата социална основа на европейския интеграционен проект

Author(s): Plamen Ralchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The logic of the European integration from the very beginning has been aimed at integration of the national markets and economies for several decades. This led to economic and political union, as well as economic and monetary union. With no dispute over the achievements or highlighting the challenges of all this, this report focuses attention on the missing or underestimated dimensions of the European integration, namely the social fundament of the integration.

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