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RECENT STRATEGICALLY SIGNIFICANT EVOLUTIONS IN THE INDO-PACIFIC REGION

Author(s): Florin Diaconu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Indo-Pacific region (the Indian and Pacific Oceans, plus all the countries on their shores) is to be regarded as immensely important on the world arena because of several interconnected reasons: it has a really huge size (quite clearly, the largest region in the world); the important number of really significant political actors of the world arena on its shores; the number and importance of major oceanic trade routes crossing the region; the impressive size and pace of evolution of the military capabilities of the countries in the region; and the intense political-strategic competition and conflict potential in the region. The study explores, with some details, using an important number of open sources,three major topics: the sharp increase of the Chinese naval capabilities of all sorts, directly threatening, in the long run, the stability of the regional and global balance of power; the efforts of the USA aimed at preserving and consolidating its global role; and the efforts made by many large and medium-sized states in the region in order to balance, as much as possible,the sharp increase of the more and more assertive Chinese power.

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THE CONNECTION OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION WITH THE SOCIAL SYSTEM AND ITS SUBORDINATION WITH REGARD TO THE POLITICAL SYSTEM

Author(s): Andreea Cîrciumaru,David Ungureanu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

For the organization and functioning of a state, it is necessary that the administration and the political power cooperate, the state administration being one of the fundamental forms of achieving political power. State administration is one of the most important activities of contemporary society, and it has to be at the heart of the concerns of the political factors. Between the system of public administration and the political parties as elements of the political system there are differentiated relations from one state to another,depending on the system of government.Another issue concerns the relation between the public administration system and the pressure groups using certain constraints on the system of public administration, when its component bodies make certain decisions affecting the interests of these organizations.

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THE ROLE OF PUBLIC DIPLOMACY IN SOLVING INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS AND COMBATING TERRORIST THREATS

Author(s): Tudor SÂRBU,Ecaterina Hlihor / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The study offers a perspective of the relation between activities specific to public diplomacy and the image of a state in international politics. In a more and more interdependent and complex world, the means of public diplomacy, perceived as a dialogue oriented towards engaging the public, can lead to a better understanding between peoples by bringing forth what unites them and by eliminating the discording factors. The means specific to soft power can be more effective in managing crises and international conflicts.

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DIRECT PARTICIPATION IN HOSTILITIES IN INTERNATIONAL LAW

Author(s): Adrian Băncilă / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Direct participation in hostilities is not limited to the personnel of the armed forces; as such, numerous dispositions of international military law refer to the possibility that civilians be attracted in the sphere of military operations. In this case the civilians lose their protection as civilians and eventually gain the protection reserved to war prisoners as combatants. Such civilians could include the persons that accompany the armed forces,without being a part of these forces (e.g. civilian military crew members, war correspondents,commercial navy or aviation crew members as well as the population which spontaneously takes up arms to repel an invading enemy). The ambiguity of the expression „direct participants to hostilities” as well as the apparition of new categories of combatants such as members of private military and security companies have led to the emergence of doctrinal and jurisprudential specifications in this field.

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STRATEGIC COMPETITION IN THE ARCTIC

Author(s): Florin Diaconu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Along the past few centuries, the Arctic has on several occasions been the scene for intense strategic competition and/or strategic conflict. First of all, in the Age of Great Geographic Discoveries, several competing European Powers poured a lot of resources into an effort aimed at finding the so-called Northwestern Passage. Later on, in both World Wars,the Arctic was an area used by some of the Western Powers to send arms and ammunition to Russia. In the context of the Cold War, both superpowers tried a lot to operate in and control the Arctic. Nowadays, in a dramatically changed environmental context, access to the Arctic is becoming easier than ever before, strongly boosting the strategic competition of the great powers in the region. Several important actors of the international arena are now trying to expand their presence in the region, aiming at least three major goals: strategic control of vitally important sea routes, strategic control of natural resources in the region, and blocking or containing the presence and actions of their strategic competitors.

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SEPARATIST STATE FORMATIONS WITHOUT INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY RECOGNITION: INSTRUMENTS IN THE CONTEXT OF HYBRID WARFARE

Author(s): Aurelian Lavric / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Separatist states without international community recognition could be considered a threat to regional and international security, challenging the international order established after the Second World War and in the 1975 Helsinki Final Act. They are an expression of the tendencies of revising the international system as, first and foremost through separatism, they undermine territorial integrity, the national security of the states they want to separate from and that face certain vulnerabilities. Analysing the list of these states, it can be noticed that they are geopolitical entities; they cannot exist without the support of some strong actors, which use them in their geopolitical games (hybrid wars). A hybrid war is part of a geopolitical game, whereby a regional power realizes its interests in a region.Such formations can survive as political entities only receiving the political, financial,logistical (military) support of a regional or global power, in exchange being tools to exert the influence of the supportive power. They survive if this is in the interest of a regional or global power.

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YEMENI HOUTHI - INSURGENT OR TERRORIST MOVEMENT?

Author(s): Mirela Atanasiu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the Middle East, a series of armed non-state actors are playing increasingly changing role in the political and security dynamics of the states. Since 1990, Houthi rebels are acting as religious-based political-military movement supported by Iran, presently controlling part of northern Yemen and fighting against the governmental forces by using insurgency tactics. In the late years, there are some discussions at the international security community level related to the shifts in promoted ideology and used tactics of Houthi rebels as insurgent movement. The most recent comes from the US administration considering designating Houthis among the terrorist groups based on the shifts in Houthis ideology and actions. Thus, the paper is intended to be a theoretical case study limited at asking some questions: What background could have led to the discussions concerning the shift of Houthi group from an insurgent to a terrorist movement? What drove US administration to think of including Houthi movement in the terrorist groups’ category? How can be categorized the Houthi group from the International humanitarian law perspective, given the actual status quo of Yemen? Which could be the potential changes in the security situation of Yemen if Houthi movement will be categorized as terrorist?

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THE ROLE, OBJECTIVES AND MILITARY BASES OF THE STATE ACTORS INVOLVED IN THE SYRIAN CIVIL WAR (2011-2019)

Author(s): Cătălin Alin Costea / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The aim of this article is to analyse the military involvement of state actors in Syria’s Civil War between 2011-2019, focusing on the role and their objectives in the field. After the beginning of the Syrian Civil War, Iran, Russia, United States, Turkey, China, France and United Kingdom sent troops on the ground in Syria to support different sides in the conflict.Besides this, the states mentioned above supported military and financially either the rebels or Assad. This kind of involvement is known in specialized language as proxy war. As a result,Syria was divided into three zones of influence and complicated even more the situation due to the different interests of the state actors involved. The article aims to identify the foreign military bases located in Syria and to analyse the role and objectives of the state actors involved in the conflict.

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AN ASSESSMENT OF UN RESPONSE TO THE CHALLENGE OF FOREIGN TERRORIST FIGHTERS

Author(s): Iffat NAHEED / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The phenomenon of “Foreign Terrorist Fighters” (FTFs) is considered to be a growing threat to international security and the gravest challenge to UN counter terrorism efforts. FTFs travel on call of terrorist organizations harm the states of origin, transit and destination along with the neighbouring zones.This paper is focussed on an assessment of UN’s overall efforts to combat the challenge of FTFs that are aimed on addressing the underlying causal factors that contribute towards the growth of FTFs. The issues pertaining to prevention of radicalization, recruitment, travel, and financial aspects of FTFs also constitute the primary concerns of the UN’s efforts towards combating FTFs. For its aforementioned objectives, the institutional framework of the UN has launched a capacity building implementation plan to resist the flow of FTFs in compliance with the UN Security Council Resolution 2178.The paper however concludes that despite its capacity building programmes, the scorecard of the UN and its institutional framework has remained less than impressive on account of combating FTFs. One of the main reasons for such limited success rate of UN’s counter FTF efforts is owing to a lack of focus on tailor made and customized regional solutions when it pertains to countering FTFs. This inter alia necessitates a deeper understanding of the needs of the Member States and the concerned countries’ legal and administrative systems.

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ISIS AND WOMEN

Author(s): Raluca Codruţa Luţai / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The status of the woman in the Islamic religion is very special. In the social sphere their status is minimal or almost non-existent. The terrorist organization known as Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS, Dae’sh) has paid special attention to the woman’s status and roles in the society. This can be seen by analysing the group’s latest production, “Rumiyah” magazine.Women are considered an important part of the struggle the Islamic State is taking against“unbelievers”1. They are the ones who nurture and grow future soldiers and are responsible for taking care of the household. They can, at the will of their husbands, leave their homes and join military operations.

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FUTURE GEOPOLITICS OF A DEMOGRAPHICALLY CHANGING EUROPE

Author(s): Dragoș Ionuț PALĂ / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the last part of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st, demographic data has been set for a major change that will affect Europe as a whole. These changes will take place in the next 20 to 30 years and are so potent that they can modify the geopolitical landscape of the continent forever. In this circumstance it is of vital importance to understand where the demographics of Europe were, where they are and in which direction they are going. Thus, we can map out the future pols of geopolitical power and the manner in which they will influence the continent. The article uses qualitative and quantitative methods to paint the picture of the near future of Europe and tries to answer the question of how the future geopolitics of the continent will look. To better understand the situation demographic and economic data will be introduced and analysed with the intent of predicting future pols of economic power and implicitly geopolitical power.

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THREAT TO NATIONAL SECURITY – WHAT DOES IT MEAN?

Author(s): Sorina Ana Manea / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This essay discusses the necessity of defining the content of the concept of threat to national security, not from the point of view of a particular criterion, but from the perspective of describing social behavior and the subjects involved in dealing with and addressing the situations that disrupts the state of national security. It also tries to specify some content elements for the national security threat concept and to bring to the readers’ attention the importance of this concept to the Romanian national security architecture.

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A STUDY ON CYBER SECURITY LESGISLATION

Author(s): Simona Enescu / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The cyber space amplitude and the cyber threats variety pose a great challenge in protecting the internet users, given the attackers’ capability of acting from anywhere in the world, the impact that an attack might have on real life, and also the difficulty of reducing vulnerabilities and a cyber-attack consequences management. States need to address this area by legislation, as part of international organizations’ or national security strategy, given the fact that at least three out of five types of cyber threats aim to directly affect critical infrastructures – cyber war, cyber espionage and cyber terrorism. The risk and potential consequences of such acts generated a new mission in terms of security.International organizations, as well as some states, already adopted strategic legislation on cyber security, but less importance was given to implementing national laws. These norms need to consider issues like jurisdiction, sovereignty or responsibility in a global space. But there are not few those who consider that cyber security legislation could affect human rights.So it raises the question if these laws are really necessary, given the cyber threats’ evolution,or it’s enough to establish certain guidelines in approaching them.

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APPLICATIONS OF DIGITAL DIPLOMACY IN INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

Author(s): Cristina Bodoni / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Since 2009, the year of the establishment of the first digital diplomacy department within the US Department of State (US foreign ministry), this type of diplomacy has spread to all states and international organizations. Ending the first decade of official practicing digital diplomacy, we see that digital diplomacy has covered all branches of diplomacy, whether we agree with it or not. Although, in ten years, digital diplomacy became a buzzword in theory and practice, we consider that it is not yet sufficiently explored. The purpose of this article is to find out what kind of online tools and applications are effective in the practice of digital diplomacy in intergovernmental organizations. In responding to this question, we take into consideration the following assumptions: (a) by strengthening the means of diplomacy through digital diplomacy, the multilateral diplomacy revitalized the global and/or regional partnership for sustainable development of collaboration between state,organizations and people and (b) international organizations, their member states and the other international actors recognize this practice as legitimate and powerful in the international relations.This study focuses on the specific applications from the internet adapted in multilateral organizations in conducting digital diplomacy and provides a better understanding and framing of this concept. In this paper, we examine the digital diplomacy’s applications in three multilateral organizations: NATO, Council of Europe (CoE), and OSCE.

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U.S. SPACE FORCE: POSSIBLE IMPLICATIONS FOR ROMANIA

Author(s): Ulpia Elena BOTEZATU / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Recently, outer space gained attention with President’s Trump creation of Space Force. However, the need for a centralized unit to protect American interests in the so-called“next war-fighting domain“ raises critical questions about the involvement and the positioning of other state actors on this matter, as well as on the ways in which NATO will react and incorporate space into their future strategies and operations. Consequently, this paper attempts to investigate the problematic of space warfighting capabilities in relation to Romania’s geopolitical posture. It argues that Romania should adopt a more assertive attitude, especially in the light of its fresh membership to the European Union Consortium of Space Surveillance and Tracking (EU_SST).

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COOPERATION ACTIONS IN PESCO FRAMEWORK

Author(s): Ion Anghel / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Participation in European cooperation projects in the Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) framework can be not only a multiplier factor for achieving military capabilities, but also a way of developing high-tech industrial sectors within the national economy. The article highlights the cooperation actions in the PESCO framework, in the context of their influence on the development of national military capabilities. The proposed theme will have a great applicability in the pragmatic and coherent approach of Romania’s involvement in European military cooperation programs for the development of needed capabilities. Thus, the initiative will contribute to the development of a national vision in the field of international cooperation, by focusing on relevant PESCO projects, developed in a multiannual financial framework.

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DEVELOPING A MORE STABLE AND SUSTAINABLE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT THROUGH COMPETITIVE INTELLIGENCE

Author(s): Adina MIHĂESCU / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

After the economic crisis of 2008-2014, the vast majority of business have assessed their mechanism of equilibrium bringing forward a new strategy to deal with complex macrosystemic problems. For the period 2021-2027, the European Commission intend to double the budget for the social sector, entrepreneurship and infrastructure in order to develop a sustainable economy that achieves its environmental and social goals. We, therefore, see a sharp increase in interest in the development of entrepreneurship, and this increases competition in all markets. A company’s competitors are those organizations that can have an adverse effect on sales through their own success in winning business. Using Competitive Intelligence techniques, companies inform themselves about every aspect of their rivals’ activities and performance. This helps small firms, on the one hand, to keep up with the movements of the big players on the market and to anticipate their next endeavors more easily;and, on the other hand, it helps large companies to enter new markets, to make acquisitions and strategic investments easier. As it is well known, no competitive environment is static. Anticipating fluctuations is the key to the harmonious development of the business environment.

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CYBERSECURITY IS A WAY OF LIFE

Author(s): Octavian Fratu,Maria-Mădălina Andronache / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In today's industry, there are numerous cyber security incidents, such as leaks,ransomware, viruses, etc. The problem is the existence of a constant evolution in the area of cyber threats for which the employees of companies do not develop a preventive culture. The technology continues to develop and adopt advanced software for detection and/or prevention, but most of the problems are still caused by human vulnerabilities. This article aims to develop measures to raise awareness of the need for cyber security for individuals with their own PCs, but also for employees of an organization.

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INTELLIGENT THREAT DETECTION IN IOT

Author(s): Octavian Fratu,Iulia Alexandra GUDOVAN / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Connected devices are now present in agriculture, factories (Industry 4.0), power grids, military, healthcare, transport, education, entertainment and homes. The number of such devices will grow in the near future. Because IoT devices present various vulnerabilities and can be exposed to a great number of threats, the need for IoT security and threat modeling increases. In this paper, we provide an overview of the main threats to IoT devices and networks, and the ways in which machine learning can improve IoT security.

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CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE MODELING AND SIMULATION

Author(s): Meda UDROIU / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Cybersecurity for critical infrastructures was not a priority all the time. At the beginning the focus was on other aspects of critical infrastructures like physical reliability and redundancy. Nowadays, however with the fast-growing digital world and the multitude of threats continuously evolving, cybersecurity became a top priority. The first part of the paper will present the critical sectors of modern society, the cyber security problem and the interdependencies that are between critical infrastructures. The second part illustrates how critical infrastructures can be modeled and simulated in order to better understand them and discover unknown vulnerabilities. Finally, the third part will have as purpose to analyze the sources of vulnerabilities, and to bring in our attention two models for increasing cybersecurity in infrastructures, used in present.

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