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It was Fedor Dostoevskii who introduced the category of “Russian idea” into ideological discussion. Today the category is again in its heyday in Russian nationalism and appears even in Vladimir Putin’s statements. Some believe that Putin puts Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn’s concept into practice. In my text I attempt to question this stance
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Journalism in Russia faces not only a problem of co-existence with an authoritarian re¬gime. Intense changes within distribution of information (growth of popularity of social media, common access to video and sound recording devices, problem of fact-checking) lead to – in conditions of the present political situation – forming of specific strategies in the journalists’ behavior in the visual space, so that arises the matter of characteristic fea¬tures of alterations within the following relations: employee–employer, journalist–receiver, journalist–journalist, journalist–state
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The purpose of this article is to trace the ambiguous images of Russia which had been presented after October Revolution in propaganda of Central Powers. Because of the Bol-sheviks’ peace slogans this country suddenly became the most desired ally of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria. The autor aims to answer the following questions: – Which narratives connected to Russia did dominate in German society in 1917–1918? – To which extent were they similar and in which different from the leading narratives in such countries as Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria? – What was the background of the mentioned narratives and images? The author distinguished two major motifs connected to the image of Russia as a kind of providential force: 1) of Russia-the-Saviour (as an exemplification of the myth of “Grandpa Ivan“), 2) of Russia-a-fighter-for-peace (as a continuation of the myth of Russian Revolution).
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The aim of the article is to investigate the ways of using sport in order to shape international brand of a state. Accordingly, various forms of shaping state’s international image with the use of sports diplomacy have been analyzed and shortly described – within the proposed typology. An attempt to verify a hypothesis concerning sports diplomacy as a significant tool of shaping state’s international brand was also made
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The paper is divided into six sections. After a brief introduction it provides a simple statistical comparison of selected civil aviation indicators in China and in the USA. The next three sections deal with the state of the three pillars of aviation in China; that is airports, airlines and aircraft production, as compared to the European Union. The final section provides conclusions about whether and how the European air transportation sector can remain competitive.
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The main aim of this paper is to compare the political stances of the conservative parties established since 2005 and to analyze to what degree they can become an alternative to the LDP and DPJ. Although many Japanese people were disappointed with both major parties, under the current electoral system it was very difficult for smaller formations to become a credible “third pole” on the political scene. However, the parliamentary success of the JRA in the December 2012 election showed that under special conditions even smaller groups could challenge the domination of the two major parties.
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This paper investigates the democratic accountability mechanism. It is essential to democracy that voters are able to create a shift in national political power through an election when they are dissatisfied with the performance of the current government. The question is who can trigger such a shift in Japan’s 2009 LH election: knowledgeable or uninformed voters? Our result shows that swing voters are neither outstandingly knowledgeable nor ideal citizens. The study’s findings on political knowledge indicate that they are very ordinary people. On the other hand, the DPJ stayers in the study were more knowledgeable than average voters, and the LDP stayers and swing voters followed the DPJ stayers. Given the unpopularity of the cabinet at the time of the election, some people who regarded the DPJ as more capable of managing government swung from the LDP to the DPJ. Thus, swing voters in 2009 made the same voting choice as the DPJ stayers, who were the most politically knowledgeable. Should their decision be criticized, or did it make sense in terms of political knowledgeability?
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This study analysed the factors that impact the adoption of Twitter by political candidates. The findings obtained do not necessarily support the normalization thesis; the affiliation with major parties only had a limited impact on the usage of Twitter, and the dominance of incumbents does not affect Twitter usage.
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For many years now we have seen the process of introducing EU regulations aimed at integrating the banking systems of the Member States. Now, the work which was undertaken because of the recent financial crisis with a view to enhancing the banks’ safety is coming to an end. Polish banks are members of international capital groups as subsidiaries and this fact gives rise to problems resulting from the centralization of capital and liquidity management at the level of the group as well as the centralization of supervision in the European Union. The recent financial crisis has highlighted these issues and sparked a debate concerning the fact that most Polish banks are dependent on their foreign headquarters. The question is whether the current ownership structure of banks operating in Poland is beneficial for the Polish economy and whether there is an alternative solution to this situation. The ownership structure of these banks has lately been questioned. There are many arguments in favour of making these banks independent rather than subsidiaries of other banks. This alternative is known as bank domestication. Re-Polonization of banks is also discussed. The domestication of banks is understood as the process by which the share of locally controlled and managed banks in the assets of the banking sector will increase.
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That European Union citizenship remains an unfinished institution is beyond any doubt. Even its modest original content enshrined in the Treaty of European Union revealed this. Article 25 TFEU (formerly Article 22 TEC) has always carried the promise of the extension its material scope of Union citizenship by a unanimous decision of the Council in accordance with a special legislative procedure and after obtaining the consent of the European Parliament. Althought his procedure has not been activated yet, EU citizenship has evolved.
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The main hypothesis of this paper is that the European Constitutional Sphere can be perceived of as a battlefield in the process of globalization of law and politics, existing between the Centre and Periphery of our continent. Moreover, we are currently witnessing a spreading crisis in traditional international law, understood as a normative order pursued by nation states through conventions, agreements, etc. The process of weakening both the institution of nation states and national identities brings about, slowly but steadily, a shift of power from the national to supranational level. We are gradually experiencing the emergence of a “Cosmopolitan Law” as a brand new post-modern legal order, extending beyond traditional concepts. However, it has yet to be explained whether this idealistic “Global Constitutionalism” is currently feasible and whether we – as Europeans – are willing not only to tolerate but to truly accept “Others” within our legal and political communities?
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It has been ten years since Poland became a member of the European Union (EU). Poland joined the EU following successful negotiations, signing the Treaties and their subsequent ratification. However, there remain issues that have not yet been agreed upon, either because they are not negotiable or are too controversial and too political.
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There appears to be a consensus that Asia is “rising.” Much of the change in the decades ahead will relate, of course, to the rise of China and, in China’s wake, the rise of India. They add to Asia’s already substantial share in the world economy and, within little more than a decade or so, that will make Asia the largest centre of world output and trade of any region in the world — bigger than North America, and bigger than all of Europe.
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Since the beginning of the financial crisis relations between the EU and China have fundamentally changed. Beijing used to be a recipient of European aid and investments. Nowadays, China is perceived as a donor and investor, and thus the status quo has changed. Coming back to Whalley’s concept of economic power, Chinese “bargaining power in cooperative arrangements between countries” has definitely increased, and so has its retaliatory power. Beijing has a new instrument that can be used in political relations with European partners: investment promises. For the time being its importance may be limited, but it could become very valuable for China in the future.
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The creation of a common EU energy market is a challenge which the governments of EU countries and EU institutions have to meet. The difficulties experienced so far in the scope of implementation of EU directives concerning the liberalisation of the energy market confirm that member states trying to reach the EU goals are simultaneously attempting to protect the interests of their own energy companies.
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Gender discourse plays an important role in contemporary Russians’ attitudes toward Europe. On one hand, it negatively influences the image of Europe, while on the other it reflects many significant aspects of Russians’ comprehension of Us versus Them. Due to the role which gender images, symbols, and metaphors play in constructing social boundaries and hierarchies, they are widely used in the representations of Russian-European relations. Influential politicians and experts speak out on the issue, and leading publications are publishing articles provoking a huge response among commentators on the Internet.
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In recent years the increase in crime and violence rates in Mexico and Central America which has forced the population to migrate. So the population displacements, although they have economics as main reason, it is noteworthy that violent events suffered in their areas of origin have also been a trigger to abandon their homes. Unfortunately, this situation is not recognized by the states, which prefer to see the mobilizations as a solution to joint socio-economic difficulties for some sectors of the population. Without a national protection, victims are vulnerable to organized crime and therefore they resort to external displacement, crossing the border of irregular way, which violates them for the second time. The vulnerability will increase if they decide to start an international migration process.
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When talking about an organization regularly described as a space where individuals with disparate interests that weave interact various forms of relationships: hierarchical, social and power through which negotiate roles and activities aimed at achieving objectives common. Action that falls to the work and skills of leadership to enable forms of work that stimulate membership commitment,direct individual actions towards the achievement of collective goals and guarantee organizational stability.
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Human mobility is a phenomenon that has always existed as innate characteristic of the human being, but at the present time we are witnessing the greatest displacement of people since the second war world. According to UNHCR (2017) more than sixty million people have migrated, thanks to the revolution in the means of transport and in the communication; for conflictive situations like those in the Middle East or that the Democratic Republic of the Congo is living; along with the change climate that is increasingly accentuating the environmental consequences that we have experienced
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Throughout history, people have emigrated; voluntarily in seeking a better life, or involuntarily because of war, hunger or the persecution; thus, international migration is a global reality,but the number of migrants has doubled in the last four decades;a significant proportion of these migrants are workers, health professionals and nurses (Kingma 2007).
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