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THE IMPACT OF AI ON NATO MEMBER STATES’ STRATEGIC THINKING

Author(s): Alex ETL / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The incorporation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into military capabilities creates various challenges for NATO. Since AI will impact the full spectrum of military capabilities, different militaries will have various reactions for these challenges. This article asks how might these reactions impact NATO member states’ strategic thinking around AI? To answer this question the article analyzes member state-specific data published by the NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Center of Excellence (CCDCOE) and cross referencing it with specific operator countries. On the strategic level, the article compares the United States’ and France’s AI defensive strategies, highlighting their similarities and differences with regards to their assessments on the strategic environment; emerging threats; as well as objectives and capabilities. The analysis shows diverging development paths among NATO members, thus pointing towards the emergence of different AI-enabled technology clusters in the alliance. The integration of AI-enabled systems into allied military forces shows not only striking disparities but a deep level of fragmentation. The article also identifies a new form of capability gap among those member states, which have more capabilities. In this context, policies pursued by AI great powers are deepening intra-alliance fragmentations, while AI middle powers, like Poland or the Netherlands, are becoming more interoperable with other member states.

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TRANSFORMATIONS DETERMINED BY THE EMERGENCE OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN THE MILITARY FIELD

Author(s): Silviu-Iulian GIMIGA,Cristian STANCIU / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Rivalries between the great powers of the world have always been the main cause of the outbreak of world wars. Industrial-technological revolutions have constantly influenced the life of society and implicitly the military power of each nation. The emergence of new military technologies determines radical and complex changes in the structure, principles and fighting methods used in the Romanian Army. New technologies have been, are and will be the key to maintaining the Romanian Army in international military structures as well as the basis for the gradual development of its own military industry. The investments in high technologies, national infrastructure but also in National Defense domain can be the engine of economical growth of our country and by consequence, increasing global credibility upon Romania`s capabilities. The evolution of the informational domain convinced us that always the operational environment is constantly changing, which determines the adaptation of military technologies based on scientific discoveries and everyday realities. Technological superiority represented by artificial intelligence, quantum physics, 5 G technology, can be used as a Trojan horse to act violently on a military power that does not keep up with the development of technology. Technological progress means life improvement, but it can also bring new challenges or problems. Therefore, political goals must support the country`s national defense strategy to limit and overcome potential enemies.

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TRANSHUMANISM, EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES AND THE SECURITY ENVIRONMENT OF THE FUTURE

Author(s): Alba-Iulia Catrinel POPESCU / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Half a century ago, the idea of biological perfection of the human race through genetic manipulation or the creation of human-machine hybrids was automatically labelled as a dangerous fable, reminiscent of the Nazi ideology of Super - Man. Today, after several decades of research into transhumanism, the question is no longer ‘if' the supermen will become a reality, but 'when' and 'how' hybrid humans will look like. It is therefore only a matter of time before the supremacy of man born of the random play of genes will be overthrown by “hybrid man”, “improved man”, “superman”. A “superman” in symbiosis with artificial intelligence. What might the world look like, then? Will it still be structured according to the same criteria of power? What could be the security impact of the emergence of cyborgs capable of processing information in billionths of a second? This article aims to bring research into transhumanism and emerging technologies to the fore and to examine the potential impact of their materialization on the international security environment.

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Smart Email Security Assistant

Author(s): Cristian PASCARIU,Ioan BACIVAROV / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

With security incidents and breaches growing each year, email is still used as the major entry point to server malicious content that results in credential theft or malware infections enabling malicious threat actors to mount complex attacks. This paper is intended to document a new approach for detecting suspicious and malicious emails leveraging techniques such as security analytics, natural language processing to discover the intent of the email, as well as artificial neural networks to support more complex rules for classification. This solution can be used in a basic mode to flag which emails are safe and which are not, at the same time it can also be used by security analysts to gain a better understanding of the attack vectors and speed up the investigation process.

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Financing Terrorism: Economy's Dark Side

Author(s): Andreea-Mădălina VÂRTEI / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the hidden depths of covert operations and clandestine dealings, the sinew of currency entwines in a sinister ballet, fueling the malevolent fires of terrorism, bestowing upon it the means to unleash havoc and anguish upon unsuspecting souls. Within the intricate web of the global economy, the haunting specter of terrorist financing looms large, its tendrils entangling a labyrinthine network of cartels funding jihadist endeavors, all entwined within the ideological struggle between material wealth and religious fervor. The aim of this study is to delve into the intricate layers of terrorist financing. The first layer involves conducting a literature review focusing on the 2000s, providing insights into the subject. Moving on to the second layer, a behavioral analysis of terrorist financiers is presented, highlighting the formation of alliances between terrorists and financiers. The third layer examines the utilization of advanced technology and intelligent materials in combating the issue of terrorist financing. Finally, the research concludes with an overview of the challenges posed by the influence of the black economy in a globalized world.

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PERSONALITATEA JURIDICĂ A UNIUNII EUROPENE

Author(s): Gabriel Micu / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The European Union, as it was presented before Lisbon, represents much more than what constitutes a subject of classic domestic and international law, being an association of states, which was endowed with powers with legal effects in the domestic law of the states. The competences with which the European Union was invested by the member states, in order to encompass an increasingly wider sphere of European integration, have the implementation of the EU acquis. and have the effect of including certain legal instruments of the E.U. in national legislation, thus becoming a subject of domestic law. The analysis presented in this article aims to clarify certain aspects related to the legal personality of the European Union, viewed as an international organization with a sui generis internal organization.

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PERIMAREA CERERII DE CHEMARE ÎN JUDECATĂ ȘI ÎNTRERUPEREA PRESCRIPȚIEI EXTINCTIVE PRIN FORMULARE UNEI NOI CERERI DE CHEMARE ÎN JUDECATĂ

Author(s): Marius-Constantin Neagu / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Public safety represents a strong challenge for the structures of the Ministry of Internal Affairs involved in preventing threats and in removing their effects. One of the main action plans is that of public procurement, which, following the completion of the specific procedures, results in the conclusion of administrative contracts between contracting authorities and different economic operators. It has not often happened that, in the execution of administrative contracts, economic operators fail to fulfill their contracted obligations or perform them improperly, requiring the intervention of the court in order to resolve the differences. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the conditions under which the application for a summons operates, as well as to interrupt the limitation of the material right to action by formulating a new request for a summons, in the event that the original application becomes obsolete. The research of the relevant doctrine and jurisprudence will be addressed in this paper first in order to avoid procedural sanctions, and secondly in proposing solutions for the protection of the rights and legitimate interests of contracting authorities, respectively the protection of their budgets, regardless of the source of funding. Finally, a legal error identified in practice will be presented, as well as the legislative solution to avoid it, by reference to the two law institutions mentioned above.

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ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ НА СИСТЕМАТА ЗА ЗАЩИТА ПРИ НАВОДНЕНИЯ

Author(s): Radostin Dolchinkov,Galina Baicheva,Ivan Popov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Flood risk management is a dynamically evolving field that covers all aspects of flood protection. A circumstantial reading of foreign and Bulgarian specialized literature can establish a complete similarity in the understandings of flood risk management.

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КУЛТУРА ПО БЕЗОПАСНОСТ В АВИАЦИЯТА

Author(s): Radostin Dolchinkov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The management of civil aviation safety is one of the main responsibilities of the state. It develops, implements, implements and constantly improves strategies and processes in order to ensure control over all aviation activities, complying with all international and national standards for ensuring safe, scheduled, efficient and economical air transport.

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ОПРЕДЕЛЯНЕ СТЕПЕНТА НА РИСКА ОТ ГОРСКИ ПОЖАРИ НА ТЕРИТОРИЯТА НА СТРАНАТА

Author(s): Radostin Dolchinkov,Ivan Popov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Forest fires have a negative impact on the economic, social and environmental condition of individual countries and entire geographical areas. To solve these problems, significant human, financial, material and scientific resources are allocated, the existing concepts and methodological approaches in determining the risk of forest fires are analyzed.

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Drepturile fundamentale, statul de drept și democrația, priorități ale Uniunii Europene

Author(s): Loredana Nicolae / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

This study aims to identify the tools of the European Union in developing a culture of the rule of law and to show the prerogatives that the citizens of the Union have based on the adopted European treaties. At the same time, the project aims to highlight the trends of European states in supporting the indivisible and universal values of human dignity, freedom, equality and solidarity, which are based on the principles of democracy and the rule of law.

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FISCAL DECENTRALIZATION AND LOCAL GOVERNANCE QUALITY

Author(s): Elena Cigu Rusu,Mihaela Onofrei,Anca Florentina Vatamanu (Gavriluță) / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Officially, European states has been implementing local autonomy and fiscal decentralization policies since 1985, based on European Charter of Local Autonomy. Thus, the local public authorities were asked to assume the status of autonomous authorities, which implies the assumption of the democratic principles, among which we invoke the principles of local autonomy, decentralization and subsidiarity. Local public authorities are considered by central authorities as important partners in the management of competences and in the development of public policies. In this context, the paper aim is to show that local governments under fiscal decentralization operate in an increasingly open and receptive manner by developing increasingly robust governance mechanisms that facilitate the development and improvement of living standards.

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INTERCONNECTIONS BETWEEN GOOD GOVERNANCE INDICATORS AND WELLBEING IN EUROPEAN CONTEXT

Author(s): Lenuta Cojocariu,Florin Oprea / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Life satisfaction may be influenced or depends by a lot of factors, alike education level, health, income level, interpersonal relationships, personal and professional success, religion, and the list may continue. It is imperative to emphasize that beyond internal factors, wellbeing can be observed, measured and improved in a national context, as a result of public governance. Broadly speaking, the state governs the directions of development and welfare by setting legislative framework, enacting policies, by its institutions, offering to the society certain economic, social, political, cultural characteristics, etc., context in which people's lives take place.By this study, we analyse the correlation between good governance indicators and some relevant indicators describing and measuring wellbeing of citizens, with the purpose of emphasizing and prioritizing the role of good governance principles in influencing the wellbeing in societies. Correlation analyses generally cover the period 2000-2020, based on the available data collected from World Bank, Eurostat, Human Development Reports and World Happiness Reports databases. Being useful for public decision makers and other specialist in the field, our results show strong positive and statistically significant interconnections between almost all world governance indicators and GDP per capita, Human Development Index and Happiness Index, validating simple and general principles of governance for conditioning the happiness for dynamic and permanent changing civilizations.

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Dochowanie należytej staranności na gruncie VAT w dobie cyfryzacji

Author(s): Dariusz Strugliński / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Purpose: The purpose of this chapter is to present the possibilities of using IT tools and databases by a taxpayer exercising due diligence. The most important circumstances that will be taken into account by tax officials in the assessment of entrepreneurs’ activities in VAT settlements are presented in the document Methodology for assessing due diligence by buyers of goods in domestic transactions, which is why this document is presented in this chapter. Selected IT tools and databases are also discussed useful in verifying contractors and transactions. Design/methodology/approach: To achieve the purpose, the documents published by the Ministry of Finance was used. In addition, information available on the Internet about search engines and databases was used. Information obtained during various meetings and trainings with taxpayers was also used. Findings: Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that the taxpayer can verify the contractor and partly the transaction using publicly available databases and IT tools. For a taxpayer who wants to exercise due diligence, it is useful to know the Methodology and know about the available sources of information and how to use them.

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Извънредното положение като средство за управление на кризи

Author(s): Rada Smedovska-Toneva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

At first glance the state of emergency is an attractive instrument for dealing with different kind of crisis. It gives to the executive power extraordinary prerogatives in order to manage with and control a concrete extreme situation. It seems like emergency and crisis are used as synonyms; which makes the suspension of a state of emergency a difficult task. In this context; the text examines in a comparative perspective that very state of emergency; its practical implementation and the appearance of new notions related to the sanitary emergency. Is it possible to talk about it as an effective instrument of managing social crisis and public fear and what are the consequences?

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Friendly Hand – Accusing Finger. Metaphors in the Persian Political Discourse

Author(s): Sirma Kostadinova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Subject of this paper are metaphorical linguistic expressions, which reflect the relation between the target domains of NATION and COUNTRY and the source domain of HUMAN BODY in Persian. Media analyses on Iranian policy, speeches, and statements of government officials of the Islamic Republic of Iran are the main source for the research. The corpus of the collected phraseological units is analysed and classified in the light of the Conceptual metaphor theory. Metaphorical linguistic expressions containing the terms 𝑑𝑎𝑠𝑡 “hand”, 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑜š𝑡 “finger” and 𝑚𝑜š𝑡 “fist” are in the focus of the paper. It discusses the question if Persian political discourse demonstrates features of cultural conceptualisations, providing comparative analysis with English and Bulgarian. It is a part of a broader research on conceptual metaphors in contemporary Persian.

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Bulgaria and the EU Convergence Reports from 2022

Author(s): Kaloyan Simeonov / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The 2022 Convergence Reports from the European Commission and European Central Bank are currently the last official assessments of the preparedness of the EU Member States that are outside the euro area about their readiness to adopt the euro. In these reports only Croatia was assessed as a Member State that is ready to adopt the euro. The paper will analyse the assessment of the EU institutions on the Bulgaria readiness to adopt the euro. The initial reading of the reports may suggest that they are not too positive about Bulgaria as there are several requirements that shall be further met in the short to medium term, including in relation to the price stability and the need to further amend the legal framework. However, these reports contain also many good news for Bulgaria that will be the focus of the current research.

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The Changing Globalization: What Possible Changes for European Companies?

Author(s): Iskra Christova-Balkanska / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Globalization has given rise to new forms of production and trade, which have found expression in the fragmentation of production processes within Global Value Chains (GVCs). The European Union is an open economy and the European single market, European GVCs oriented their investments, not only in Southeast Asia and mainly China, but they localize industries in geographically close regions, as Central and East European (CEE) countries. The EU CEE member states were bound by production and trade value chains and they became part of the international trade. Recently, the pandemic crisis related to COVID-19 changed the structure and the organization of GVCs and they followed (albeit more slowly) to strengthen the broken connections and productions. The EU faces new challenges in relation to rising inflation and rising economic and political risk factors. Questions are being asked about the future economic and political power stance in the world and how it would affect European companies and the EU‘s goals towards a digitalized and green economy.

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Asylum Seekers and Economic Burden: Evidence from Refugees’ Realities in Germany

Author(s): Mykhaylo Kunychka,Martina Brezániová / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the context of refugee crises, which have become the leading topic of political as well as scientific debates in past decade, the impact of migrants and asylum seekers on the labour market of the receiving country has attracted remarkable attention. Empirical research in this area indicates that migration has an insignificant effect on the change of the average wage, but it negatively affects the low-skilled labour force on the one hand and positively affects the high-skilled labour force on the other. The purpose of this article is to analyse the influx of refugees and asylum seekers to Germany with an emphasis on the genesis of the crisis in 2015-2016. We try to illustrate the integration of refugees in the local labour market. In accordance with the purpose of the paper we suggest two hypotheses reflecting refugees’ economic burden for hosted country and spatial distribution relevance for integration. To reach the purpose, we apply qualitative research methods such as semi-structured interviews. Our results suggest the limited refugees’ economic burden for German economy and significant effect of geographical allocation on integration process.

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The Role of the European Union as a Factor for Security, Stability and Prosperity of the Balkan Countries

Author(s): Todor Kondarev / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The report "The role of the European Union as a factor in the security, stability and prosperity of the Balkan countries" presents an in-depth analysis of how the foreign policy priorities and the domestic political situation in the countries of the Western Balkans are changing through the harmonization of local legislation and policies with the aim of rapprochement and achieving of full membership in the European Union. After years of war caused by ethnic conflicts in the 1990s in Yugoslavia, to date the countries of the region have focused on covering pan-European norms and values, namely political stability, civil security and economic growth, so that one day to be able to join the big European family and take advantage of all the advantages that membership in the European Union would provide them - more security, more financial resources, more opportunities for development, etc.

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