Recenzija: Tragedija v Cerknem pozimi 1944
The review of: Boris Mlakar: Tragedija v Cerknem pozimi 1944. Goriška Mohorjeva družba (Naše korenine, 11), Gorica 2000, 161 strani, ilustr.
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The review of: Boris Mlakar: Tragedija v Cerknem pozimi 1944. Goriška Mohorjeva družba (Naše korenine, 11), Gorica 2000, 161 strani, ilustr.
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The subject of the article is the historiography of the Army of the Polish Armed Forces in the West in the last three decades. The author discusses the changes that took place in the historiography of this subject at the moment when Poland regained independence in 1989–1990. He analyzes memories and new monographs regarding branches – the Arms and the Services, higher tactical commands, divisions, brigades and regiments, selected aspects of formation and functioning of the Army and its participation in military operations, military biography and source editions. It describes both the work of Polish historians and foreign authors. Artykuł poświęcony jest historiografii wojska Polskich Sił Zbrojnych naZachodzie w ostatnich trzech dekadach. Autor omawia zmiany, jakie nastąpiły w historiografii tego tematu po odzyskaniu niepodległości przez Polskę w latach 1989–1990.Analizuje wspomnienia oraz nowe monografie poświęcone poszczególnym rodzajom bronii służb, wyższym związkom taktycznym, dywizjom i brygadom oraz pułkom, wybranymaspektom formowania i funkcjonowania wojska oraz jego udziału w działaniach wojennych, ponadto prace z zakresu biografistyki wojskowej, a także edycje źródeł. Opisujezarówno prace historyków polskich, jak i autorów zagranicznych.
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In this study, activities of the Ottoman State's Attaché militia Ömer Fevzi Bey during the First World War will be examined. During the First World War, Iran was of great importance both in the Entente States and in the Alliance States in terms of its geographical position. Germany and the Ottoman State wanted to spread through Iran to the Caucasus and Afghanistan. Thus, it was aimed to squeeze Russia in the Caucasus and disturb England in Afghanistan. There have been many initiatives on Iran to achieve that. Ömer Fevzi Bey was interested in the military ones of these initiatives. The communication with the headquarters of the agents, detachments and gangs sent to Iran was provided via Ömer Fevzi Bey. He spent intensive work in Iran for these initiatives to be successful. Besides, Ömer Fevzi Bey made suggestions to Istanbul by making plans about the region.
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The Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa was established after the signing of the Treaty of Alliance of the Ottoman Empire with Germany. The Committee of Union and Progress held a meeting to evaluate the situation after the treaty. It was decided that mobilization should be declared at this meeting. In addition to this, the establishment of an Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa to engage in guerrilla warfare is also decided. The Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa was established with the proposal of Enver Pasha and it was dependent on him. Throughout the First World War, it was directed various activities in Morocco, Tripoli, the Middle East, Iran, the Caucasus and the Balkans. In this study, the activities carried out by the Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa in various geographical areas were analyzed.
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Navedeni rekvizicioni spiskovi (i izdvojeni djelovi spiskova koji se odnose na varoš Podgoricu, prim.aut.) prikazuju dinamiku oduzimanja poljoprivrednih dobara od domaćinstava i procjenu vrijednosti iste, za potrebe crnogorske vojske tokom ratne kampanje u Balkanskim ratovima. Crnogorska vojska je snavdbijevana hranom iz pozadine, većim dijelom iz naroda, a manjim dijelom iz državnih rezervi. Rekvizicija je pokrenuta tako što je glavna intendantura uputila naredbu plemenskim kapetanima da započnu sa rekviriranjem hrane i poljoprivrednih dobara u svojim kapetanijama. Zetski odred crnogorske vojske pod nominalnom komandom prestolonasljednika Danila je operisao od Podgorice i zetske ravnice, preko Tuzi do Skadra pa je isti bio glavni primalac rekvizicionih dobara iz Podgorice o kojima je riječ u ovom prikazu. Shodno tome, spiskovi prikazuju iz ovog istorijskog aspekta uticaj ratnih operacija na ekonomiju u lokalnom kontekstu. Podgorica je imala status varoške, tj. gradske opštine, a zajedno sa još nekoliko obližnjih sela je sačinjavala kapetaniju Podgorica.
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The review of: Zdravko Klanjšček (soavtor Stanko Petelin): Deveti korpus slovenske narodnoosvobodilne vojske 1943-1945. Društvo piscev zgodovine NOB Slovenije, Ljubljana 1999, 571 strani, ilustr.
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The review of: Slovenija na vojaškem zemljevidu 1763-1787 (1804). Opisi. Karte, 3. zvezek. Ljubljana, ZRC SAZU in Arhiv Republike Slovenije, 1997.
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The contribution of Professor Tone Ferenc, Ph.D, to military history, as a part of the general history of the Second World War in Slovenia, is comprehensive. As a history student at the Faculty of Philosophy of the Ljubljana University, he participated in the preparation of manuscripts for Zbornik dokumentov in podatkov o narodnoosvobodilni vojni jugoslovanskih narodov; Boji v Sloveniji (Miscellany of the Documents and Data on the National Liberation War of the Yugoslav Peoples; Battles in Slovenia) He was the editor of Volumes 7 to 11 in Slovene, and the co-author and reviewer of a voluminous book "Naroodnoosvobodilna vojna na Slovenskem 1941-1945" (The National Liberation War in Slovenia 1941-1945). He also wrote important military monographies and can be regarded as the highest authority, as historian, researcher and pedagogue, for the Second World War in Slovenia.
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The importance of the city of Zonguldak for the Ottoman Empire grew in the 19th century when coal was discovered there. With its rich coal reserves, Zonguldak quickly drew attention of Western nations and it became even more important during World War I. The Ottoman Empire needed to meet a substantial portion of the coal needs of its capital İstanbul as well as its fleets from Zonguldak. The city’s coal mines constituted a significant factor in relieving Ottoman Empire under war conditions and in increasing its endurance. The Allied Powers, wishing to draw the Ottoman Empire out of the war quickly, advised their ally, Russia, to target coal mining and its transportation in Zonguldak. It was this recommendation that caused Russia to attack Zonguldak in its first operation in the Black Sea in World War I. In 1915, when England and France began their attacks on the Dardanelles Strait, Russia once again targeted Zonguldak in order to break Ottoman resistance in the Dardanelles front.
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The review of: Slovenija na vojaškem zemljevidu 1763-1787. Opisi. Karte / Josephinische Landesaufnahme 1763 -1787 fur das Gebiet der Republik Slowenien. Landesbeschreibung. Karten. Sekcije 221-225, 230-239,246-247, 250, 60. Ljubljana, ZRC SAZU in Arhiv Republike Slovenije, 1995. Vodja projekta Vincenc Rajšp.
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The fact that Aleksandrovich Potemkin was much adored by Catherine II had quickly led to an important advancement in his career. Perhaps is most important and lifelong role, given that he rewarded many ranks and missions from the Queen, was his position as the general governor of New Russia (Novorossiya). Achieving the domination of Russia over the New Russian lands—which contain the lands in the north of the Black Sea in Modern Ukraine—suggests Aleksandrovich Potemkin’s assumed importance in the presence of Catherine II. During the 1768-1774 Russo-Turkish Wars, Potemkin observed that General Rumyantsev’s army could not have benefited from those lands in any way, shape, or form. Thus, all efforts of Potemkin at New Russian lands were to benefit from that geography for the anticipated Russo-Turkish wars that would later occur in the years to come. In accordance with that aim, not only had Potemkin built cities, dockyards, harbours, fleets in the lands in the north of the Black Sea within a short time period, but he had also transferred many people from the Balkans and various parts of Russia to the new region in order to change their demographic structures for the benefit of Russia. The political foresight of Potemkin was correct: during the next Russo-Turkish War, the Black Sea region indeed had played an important role in terms of economy, military, human power, and logistics.
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As a result of the Goudi Coup and the coming of Eleftherios Venizelos in power, a great change began in Greece. Greece's great victory in the Balkan Wars strengthened the thought that Megali Idea could be realized, and this thought affected both statesmen and society. Venizelos, one of the most important advocates of this thought, saw the World War I as an opportunity to realize Megali Idea and wanted to enter into the war with the Entente Powers, which was firmly believed would wining the war by him. On the other hand all Greek statesmen didn’t share the same view, Venizelos faced pro-German statesmen, especially King Constantine. Initially Venizelos departed from power, but came back to power after winning the elections held in June 1915. However, he resigned due to differences of opinion with King Constantine and remained out of politics by not participating in elections. This caused to begin the process called the National Schism. In this time interval, the Entente States put Greece under both economic and military constrains and occupied many parts of the country. The Ottoman ambassador in Athens Galip Kemalî Bey made an effort to quit Greece from the Entente States and to maintain its neutrality and even make an alliance with the Ottoman State. However, Venizelos who founded a separate government in Thessaloniki was the founder of the National Schism, and deposed King Constantine and included Greece in the war along side the Entente Powers.
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The World history substantially is made of wars. For this reason, knowing the history of the war is important to understand and evaluate the history better. Thus, war history constitutes one of the most important subdivisions of science history. Examining the past, investigating the causes that affected their results, evaluating the applied principles and learning from them are all the work of war history. It is obvious that Turkey is insufficient in writing war history. This inadequacy has several causes. Uncovering military archive documents and deficiencies in submitting to research are at the top of the list. Furthermore, just like in other work areas of history, Trying to write the war history by putting them in chronological order or by translating the existing sources into today's Turkish are another inadequacies. However, in order for the war history to shed light on the day and the future, As many sources as possible need to be transformed into work after being analyzed and synthesized with a fluent, and an understandable style. This study was carried out to clarify military history and war history.
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The review of: Mirko Fajdiga: Bračičeva brigada. Na Štajerskem, Koroškem in Gorenjskem. Prva in druga knjiga, Založba Obzorja, Maribor 1994, 862 strani.
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The review of: Tomaž Teropšič: Kozjanski odred 1., 2. Obzorja, Maribor 1993 (Knjižnica NOV in POS; 29/3), 413 + 465 strani.
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The review of: Nataša Budna, Jože Dežman, Janez Lušina: Gorenjski partizan, Gorenjski odred 1942-1944. Partizanski knjižni klub, Kranj 1992, 357 strani.
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The review of: Walter Kleindel, Der erste Weltkrieg, Daten - Zahlen - Fakten, Osterreichischer Bundesverlag, Wien 1989, 295 str.
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The review of: Vestnik koroških partizanov, Letnik XXII, 1-2, Ljubljana, 1988
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The article deals with the process of exiting of Austria from the war with Napoleon. Up to 1813, Austria lost one battle after another, probably experiencing the greatest humiliation in its history at the Battles of Austerlitz and Wagram. It had to abandon the so-called Holy Roman Empire; and eventually, if unwillingly, became an ally of Napoleon’s France; Francis II had to marry his own daughter to Napoleon. As the ally of Bonaparte, he was threatened by unpleasant defeat in the war with Russia. Finally, however, Austria and its new Emperor (Francis I, as the emperor of the new Austrian Empire), emerged as a proud victor from the Napoleonic Wars. Most authors ascribe this victory to the Austrian Chancellor Metternich. While acknowledging the diplomatic mastery of Metternich, the author of this contribution also points out that by chance events which Metternich could not have foreseen also played a role in the whole process. The amazing victory documented at the Congress of Vienna, however, was fateful for Austria in several aspects. This Central-European power had succumbed to the illusion of its own greatness which prevented it from seeing its true position in 19th-century Europe.
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To start, the author asks a thought-provoking question – whether France has definitively exited World War I. He defends the methodological approach to exiting the war, which may better render the complexities of the reconciliation of the war experience than the oft-used term the post-war period. He deals with the different amounts of time taken, and especially the persisting grief from the loss of loved ones which carries over into the later generations and in such a way the Great War still seems to be relevant even today. He links the renewal of interest in the memory of the Great War in the 1990s with the end of the Cold War, which he considers to be the final expression of World War I. The revival of interest in the memory of the Great War can be seen particularly in regard to the centenary, although at this point it is still too early to assess its impact.
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