We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.

Download

TÁBORY PRO DAREBÁKY, POVALEČE A CIKÁNY“ PRˇ ÍSPEˇVEK K VÝZKUMU POLITIKY A PRAXE KRIMINALIZACE „PRÁCE SE ŠTÍTÍCÍHO“ OBYVATELSTVA ZA DRUHÉ REPUBLIKY A PROTEKTORÁTU (1938–1942)

Author(s): Pavel Baloun,Jaromír Mrňka / Language(s): Czech Issue: 02/2020

This study sets the origins and development of punitive work camps from the period of the Second Czechoslovak Republic (30 September 1938 – 15 March 1939) and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (1939–1945) into the context of preventive police measures which took shape in contemporary criminalistics since the beginning of the twentieth century. These measures are intentionally related to criminalisation of ‘Gypsies’ who formed part of a wider image of ‘work-shy’ population. During the Second Republic, the anti-Gypsy discourse was of key significance in the formulation of legislative measures aimed at persecution of ‘work-shy’ people and in the various demands to create and operate internment camps. Analysis of various sources of police and administrative provenance shows that until late 1941 or early 1942, the occupation authorities hardly intervened in the formulation of anti-Gypsy measures. Their formulation and implementation remained in the hands of Protectorate government and police authorities. Under the surface of contemporary administrative terminology and jargon of police reports, the authors of this study identify conflicts and tensions, which stemmed from the different notions and interests of various social groups that demanded persecution of people described as ‘Gypsies’ or ‘work-shy’.

More...

Download

Československá civilizační mise: asimilační praktiky vůči „cikánským“ dětem v letech 1918–1942

Author(s): Pavel Baloun / Language(s): Czech Issue: 02/2018

This study offers a qualitative analysis of two interrelated practices implemented in interwar Czechoslovakia with respect to ‘gipsy children’. First of all, it deals with the so-called ‘gipsy schools’, which were in practice separate auxiliary classes for ‘gipsy children’ established in Slovakia and Transcarpathian Ruthenia in 1927–1938. In the following, the author outlines a practice of taking children from families which were based on Czechoslovak law on ‘vagrant gipsies’, adopted in 1927, identified by authorities as ‘vagrant gipsies’. Both of these separate and largely regionally applied approaches are set within a wider context of implementation of state administration in the areas in question (eastern Slovakia and Transcarpathian Ruthenia on the one hand and Bohemia on the other hand) and within a context of contemporary expert discussions about a ‘re-education of gipsy children’. The author argues that these were two distinct approaches to assimilation of ‘gipsies’ into the Czechoslovak society, that is, to integration based on erasing and fully removing the alleged ‘gipsy’ differentness.

More...

Download

JAKUB RÁKOSNÍK, RADKA ŠUSTROVÁ, Rodina v zájmu státu. Populační růst a instituce manželství v českých zemích 1918–1989, Nakladatelství Lidové noviny

Author(s): Denisa Nečasová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 02/2018

Review of: JAKUB RÁKOSNÍK, RADKA ŠUSTROVÁ, Rodina v zájmu státu. Populační růst a instituce manželství v českých zemích 1918–1989, Nakladatelství Lidové noviny, Praha 2016, 282 s., ISBN 978-80-7422-378-5

More...

Download

Łużyce w wybranych polskich koncepcjach polityczno-prawnych po drugiej wojnie światowej

Author(s): Adam Krychowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2022

Polish interest in the area of Lusatia dates back to the 18th century, but it significantly intensified in the interwar period, along with the development of Polish western thought. An interesting aspect of Polish-Sorbian contacts was intelligence cooperation in the interwar period, which was interrupted by the outbreak of the war. With the end of World War II approaching, the issue of shifting Poland’s western border, as well as the reorganization of Germany, was becoming more and more frequent in various political circles. The Sorbian cause was also debated. It was postulated that Lusatia should become an independent state, be incorporated into Poland or Czechoslovakia or remain within the borders of Germany with the status of autonomy. It should be emphasized that the Sorbian subject in Poland was clearly related to the issue of the western border. Despite their efforts, the Sorbs were unable to internationalize their aspirations and to convince the Soviet authorities to accept them. With the creation of East Germany, the chance of some form of independence for the Sorbian people or merging with another Slavic country became very small.

More...

Download

CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE ACTIVITY OF THE SARMATIANS NORTH OF THE LOWER DANUBE IN THE 4TH CENTURY REFLECTED IN LITERARY SOURCES

Author(s): Ştefan Lifa,Alexandru Fodor / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 33/2023

The expansion of the Roman Empire in the first century BC – first century AD brought the Romans into direct contact with the Sarmatian populations north of the river. Over the next four centuries, the Empire’s relations with the two main groups of Sarmatians, the Iazyges and the Roxolani, alternated between barbarian invasions to plunder the neighbouring Roman territories and periods of peace during which the Sarmatians, especially the Iazyges, had the status of foederati. After the Aurelian retreat, the Sarmatians also expanded into the Banat region. However, the establishment of the Thervingi north of the Lower Danube and their imposition as the dominant political factor in the region placed the Sarmatians in a secondary role. The article aims to analyse the activity of the Sarmatians north of the Lower Danube during this period of decline as it is reflected in the narrative sources. This is something that implicitly involves treating them especially from the perspective of relations with the Empire, considering that most of the information in the sources comes from Roman authors. Among the matters covered are the confrontations of Constantine the Great with the Sarmatians, the civil war between the Argaragantes and the Limigantes, as well as the mention of the Sarmatians expelled from Caucaland by Athanaric on the occasion of the retreat of the Thervingi leader from the Huns in 376. The study analyses the issue of the identity of the Argaragantes and the Limigantes. It is considered that the two groups have a heterogeneous composition in which elements belonging to the two Sarmatian groups have dominant status: Iazyges in the case of the former, Roxolani in the case of the Limigantes. Last but not least, the issue of the ethnic origin of the Taifals is also discussed, concluding that they belong to the group of Sarmatian populations.

More...

Download

CRAIOVA AND THE CHOICE OF THE COFFIN OF THE UNKNOWN HERO

Author(s): Florin Nacu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 33/2023

Romania decided after the First World War in 1921 to create a tomb as a monument of an Unknown Hero as a symbol of the Romanian soldiers who had sacrificed their lives for the unity, for the freedom, for the independence of Romania during the war. For the election of the coffin of the Unknown Hero, was elected Amilcar Săndulescu, student of a Military Higschool of Craiova, son of an officer dead in the World War I. He had chosen the coffin no.4 from 10 coffins which had the bodies of 10 heroes dead on the battle fields of the World War I on the Romanian soil. The article offers some information and details about the ceremonies of 14-17 May 1923 and about the tragic life of the young Amilcar Săndulescu which had 12 years in 1923. Born in Vâlcea County on February 20, 1911, he died on July 28, 1923 at Techirgiol, Constanța County, drowned in the Black Sea. He was buried on July 30 1923 in Sineasca Cemetery of Craiova. A street which lies former building of the Military Highschool on Brâncusi Street with the Military Unit on Amaradia-Doljului Streets junction has the name of Amilcar C Săndulescu.

More...

Download

SOCIAL-ECONOMIC-POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS EVOLUTION DURING THE PERIOD OF THE FANARIOT REGIME FROM THE ROMANIAN PRINCIPALITIES

Author(s): Marinel Pădure / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 33/2023

The Phanariot regime refers to the period of administration of Greek lords, called Phanariots, in the Romanian Principalities from the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century. This regime was the result of an agreement between the Ottoman Empire and the great European powers, which imposed Greek rulers in the Principalities to ensure stability and control over the respective territories. One of the key aspects of the Phanariot regime was the increase in the influence of foreign powers in the internal administration of the Romanian Lands. The Phanariots were often supported and supported by the Ottoman Empire, but also by other European states such as Russia, Austria or the Habsburg Empire. The Phanariot regime brought with it a series of major changes in the political, economic and social life of the Romanian Countries. A notable aspect was the introduction of the "commons" system in the countryside. This change, imposed by the Phanariots, was aimed at centralizing power and consolidating control over resources and population. Within this system, the peasants were organized into communities called "obsti", which administered the lands and common goods of the villages. In addition to the social aspect, the Phanariot regime also brought a series of administrative and legal reforms. New institutions and administrative structures were created, such as administrative councils and courts. An attempt was made to modernize the administration, under the influence of the Western model, by introducing more efficient administrative practices and procedures. Also, the Phanariot regime had a significant impact on the religious aspect. The Orthodox churches in the Romanian Countries were strongly influenced by the presence of the Phanariot Greeks.

More...

Download

Orașul Bălți în 1940: ocupație, sovietizare, represiuni

Author(s): Lidia Pădureac / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2023

The aim of this research is to highlight the situation in the city of Bălți in 1940, presented in archival and oral history documents. The annexation of the territories between the Dniester and the Prut rivers by the Soviet Union in 1940also implied the forced establishment of Soviet power in this region. The city of Balti, being one of republican subordination, was subjected to the specific practices of the communist regime. The population had to endure the occupation regime – many people who wanted to flee to Romania did not have this possibility. The withdrawal of the Romanian army and the establishment of the Soviet army caused great trauma to the people, who became powerless in the face of weapons. The occupation was followed by sovietization and repression, which mutilated the ordinary life of the city in the interwar period. The testimonies of survivors emphasise the state of fear, insecurity, obedience imposed by the Soviet regime.

More...

Download

PETROLUL ROMÂNESC ÎN ECUAȚIA INTERESELOR NAȚIONALE DE SECURITATE, LA ÎNCEPUTUL CELUI DE-AL DOILEA RĂZBOI MONDIAL

Author(s): Ioan Codruţ Lucinescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2023

The ambiguous situation at the beginning of the Second World War also had repercussions on Romania. Romanian oil became a strategic element for the warring parties, both the Anglo-French allies and Germany. The national security policy determined the Romanian government to adopt correct decisions in accordance with the strategic objective of preserving the integrity of the state.

More...

Download

"Jak roste nový člověk"

Author(s): Matěj Bílý / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2023

The article deals with the early phase of the political career of the leading communist functionary Miloš Jakeš (1922–2020), who later became a member of the new “normalization” leadership of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (Komunistická strana Československa, KSČ) after the suppression of the Prague Spring and served as its General Secretary from 1987 to 1989. This early era of his life is linked to his work in the Moravian region of Zlín (later renamed Gottwaldov). The author frames his study with Jakeš’s entry into the KSČ in June 1945 and his departure for the Prague Party headquarters in autumn 1952. He first describes Jakeš’s origins in the poor conditions of the South Bohemian village of České Chalupy and his war years at the Baťa Works in Zlín, where he completed his apprenticeship as an electrical engineer. Here, the author pays close attention to the possible influence of Bataism – a specific ethic and way of organizing work – on the formation of Jakeš’s personality. He then describes Jakeš’s rise and activities in the regional structures of the communist youth organisation, the Communist Party and the public administration, where he served, among other things, as a member of the Boards of the District and Regional Committees of the KSČ and as chairman of the United National Committee (Jednotný národní výbor, JNV) in Gottwaldov. Here, the author traces how he contributed to the collectivization of agriculture in the Gottwaldov region after 1948. The author not only attempts to answer questions related to Jakeš himself, such as what brought him to the communist movement, what positions he had in the changing political circumstances and whether he was always a conformist functionary, but he also tries to deepen our existing knowledge on how the new power elites were formed during the establishment and consolidation of the communist dictatorship. In many ways, he argues, Jakeš fit the profile of the new regional party cadres during high Stalinism and embodied the type of functionaries who based their success on adherence to the currently valid official party line, which they tried to put into practice by taking into account the specifics of a particular region. The fact that the head of an industrial urban centre of 50,000 inhabitants was a man of barely thirty years of age, of low social origin, without any significant qualifications or long political experience, illustrates the enormous social mobility in postwar and especially post-1948 (after the communist takeover) Czechoslovakia.

More...

Download

Dcera, historička, "špionka" Sheila Fitzpatricková

Author(s): Jan Adamec / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2023

In the first part of his essay dedicated to the Australian historian Sheila Fitzpatrick, a world-renowned expert in the field of Soviet studies, the author presents the beginnings of her academic career. He makes ample use of her self-reflections from several decades’ distance in the form of autobiographical publications, particularly "A Spy in the Archives: A Memoir of Cold War Russia" (Melbourne, Melbourne University Press 2013), which he supplements and contrasts with other secondary sources. What interests him most about Fitzpatrick’s scholarly career is how she became an unorthodox and open-minded representative of the revisionist current in the historiography of Soviet communism, and how her initiatory research experience in Moscow in the late 1960s shaped her. Fitzpatrick was born in 1941 in Melbourne, where she spent her school years and studied history and music at university. Both her father, Brian Charles Fitzpatrick (1905–1965), and her mother, Dorothy Mary Fitzpatrick (née Davis, 1913–2001), were historians and left-wing activists, and the author traces how this family background influenced her and how she positioned herself in relation to it. As a gifted student, thanks to a scholarship, she went on to postgraduate studies at St. Antony’s College, Oxford, from where she headed to the Moscow archives in 1966 on a study exchange. She spent three years there, on and off, culminating in a doctoral thesis on the People’s Commissariat of Enlightenment (Narodnyi komissariat prosveshcheniia) under the direction of Anatoly Lunacharsky (1875–1933). In the context of the Sovietology of the time, burdened with schematic Cold War thinking, the author emphasizes Fitzpatrick’s efforts to understand the Soviet system from the inside, through archival sources. He examines her “survival strategies” in a space defined by the surveillance and pressure of the Soviet authorities and the demands of Western academic institutions and portrays her embeddedness in an intellectual circle of Russian friends in which Lunacharsky’s brother-in-law and secretary, Igor Sats (1903–1980), was a key figure. The author also examines the personal and professional dilemmas associated with the spy-mania of the era on both sides of the Iron Curtain, which the ambitious historian had to deal with.

More...

Download

Kniha plná empatie, ale...

Author(s): Dušan Kováč / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2023

The well-known Czech writer and historical publicist Pavel Kosatík in the book entitled "Slovenské století" [The Slovak Century] has managed to describe Slovak history of the twentieth century as the story of the remarkable rise of the Slovaks froman almost anonymous ethnic group to a self-confident nation-state fully integrated into Euro-Atlantic structures, achieving this, as the reviewer argues, in an engaging and empathetic way accessible to a wider audience. The author examines Slovak history through the fates of leading political figures, and although some of his judgments are too sharp and clear-cut, the method chosen proves to be advantageous for a graphic and evocative rendering of historical events. The reviewer takes issue with some of Kosatík’s interpretations and points out a number of factual errors and inaccuracies that unnecessarily burden the quality of the interpretation. Nevertheless, the publication is interesting and beneficial for both Czech and Slovak readers.

More...

Download

Komunistická očista vysokých škôl na Slovensku

Author(s): Filip Pavčík / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2023

In her monograph "„Nespôsobilý na vysokoškolské štúdium“: Previerky a vylučovanie študentov slovenských vysokých škôl v rokoch 1948–1960" [“Unfit for University Studies”: Vetting and Exclusion of Slovak University Students, 1948–1960], the Slovak historian Marta Glossová is the first to systematically deal with the persecution of students in Slovak universities. Her examination spans from the onset of the communist regime to the end of the 1950s as well as discussing their later rehabilitation. According to the reviewer, Glossová has used the original archival sources to significantly expand on our existing knowledge of this persecution and has successfully pointed to the different developments in Slovak and Czech universities, leaving aside the Central European context. Although her focus is on the victims of the purges from the student body, paying less attention to the initiators and executors, she refutes the established stereotypes and proves that the local actors in Slovak faculties did not simply carry out orders “from above”, but pursued their own goals. In total, Glossová identifies eight waves of student vetting processes between 1948 and 1960. The largest was the so-called “democratization action” in 1949, during which more than a thousand students were expelled. The two following waves took place in the years 1949 and 1950 and were related to the campaign against socalled Slovak bourgeois nationalists. Both resulted in the expulsion of hundreds of students, as did two milder waves in 1956 – these being a result of the spring protests of Slovak university students.

More...

Download

Študentské protesty na Slovensku v roku 1956

Author(s): Marta Glossová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2023

The Slovak historian and political scientist Juraj Marušiak’s monograph "Príliš skoré predjarie... Slovenskí študenti v roku 1956" [Too Early Spring... Slovak Studentsin 1956] is a pioneering effort to comprehensively treat the student events in Slovakia, or the so-called pyjama revolution, as the series of protests by Slovak university students in the spring of 1956 – the most famous of which was the Bratislava "majáles" May Day – is usually referred to. The reviewer appreciates Marušiak’s thorough recounting of these events, as well as of the retaliatory persecutions not only in the context of the political and social conditions in Slovakia, but also within the overall Czechoslovak framework and in comparison with the activities of students in the Czech lands. What is missing, by contrast, is the setting of these events in a broader Central European context of the incipient de-Stalinization. The reviewer agrees with Marušiak’s assessment that this was not an attack on the communist regime or a conflict between a section of the youth and the ruling party, but rather a movement of a “club of politically committed conformists” who accepted the changes after 1948 but expressed dissatisfaction with some aspects of them. Although the protests did not have a significant impact on the political development of the country, they marked an important milestone and a formative experience for their actors and, to some extent, for an entire generation.

More...

4.50 €

Preview

Икономически проблеми на Кралството на сърби, хървати и словенци / Югославия (1919–1939)

Author(s): Sia Nikiforova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2023

The research aims to determine the economic problems of the young Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes after its creation until the beginning of the Second World War. The aim is to highlight the inability of the centralized state structures that favored the Serbs and the political and economic elite associated with them to deal with the problems and provide stability and conditions for development. The main way to achieve the goal has been to seek an answer to the question of whether the economic policy with a nationalistic color or the unequal economic start of the individual areas included in the state was the reason for the backwardness. The research uses a comparative and causal method of work. The analysis is based on archival material from the Central State Archives in Sofia, as well as statistical collections of the Kingdom of SCS/Yugoslavia during the interwar period.

More...

5.00 €

Preview

CULTURAL POLITICS OF NATION-BUILDING IN EASTERN MACEDONIA AND WESTERN THRACE DURING BULGARIAN ADMINISTRATION (1941 – 1944)

Author(s): Dimitra Patronidou / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

During the period of 1941 – 1944, Eastern Macedonia and Western Thrace were occupied by the Bulgarian army and incorporated administratively in the Bulgarian state. Bulgarian Ministry of National Education in order to national homogenize the inhabitants and to nation – build in this region gradually developed the primary and the secondary education school network, the National “Chitalishta” network, it organized choirs and school orchestras, museums and finally established theatre. This paper presents this cultural policy focusing on how it was implemented by the Bulgarian Ministry of National Education on the different ethnic, national, religious, etc. groups in Eastern Macedonia and Western Thrace during World War II. It also aims to shed light on how the cultural politics were politically instrumentalized in order to promote a Bulgarian ethnicity policy in the region and a strong Bulgarian identity in the public sphere.

More...

4.90 €

Preview

SHTYPI SHQIPTAR NË EPOKËN E DYTË KUSHTETUESE DHE QËNDRIMI I PORTËS SË LARTË NDAJ TIJ

Author(s): GENTRIT SMAKAJ / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 52/2022

The first examples of the Albanian press can be found in the second half of the 19th century. In addition, newspapers and magazines published by Albanians abroad ensured the development of the Albanian press. The activities of the press had an undeniable importance in the development of Albanian nationalism. It cannot be said that harsh measures were taken by the Ottoman governments against the Albanian press until the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. In the magazines and newspapers published before 1908, there were publications against the absolutism of Sultan Abdylhamit II, as well as opinions about the Albanian language, history and the main problems of Albania. Also, information was given about the various activities of Albanian intellectuals, congresses, gatherings, conferences and efforts to create a society. With the announcement of the Second Constitutional Monarchy, there was a revival in the world of the printing press and some press bodies entered into close relations with Albanian associations and ensured the spread of nationalist ideas. With the initiative of Albanian societies between 1908-1912, a total of 35 Albanian newspapers were published in Turkey and abroad. These newspapers declared that they would do journalism for the development of national culture within the framework of the rights and limits defined in the constitution. Between the years 1908-1912, newspapers reflecting the problems and important events of the national movement for the public played an important role in publishing their national thoughts and defending the political program of this movement. As a result of the regulations imposed by the press law, newspapers in Albania were closed and newspaper writers were arrested. Fehim Zavalani, the editor of the newspaper Bashkimi i Kombit in Bitola, was arrested in September 1910 for publishing an article showing the actions of the Ottoman army in Northern Albania and was sentenced to imprisonment and a fine of fifty lira. Even Lef Nosi, who ran the Tomori newspaper in Elbasan, was prosecuted by the Ottoman authorities for publishing articles that incited the Albanian people to revolt against the Committee of Union and Progress. Also, many newspapers that were published abroad were banned from entering the Ottoman territories.

More...

4.90 €

Preview

KËNDVËSHTRIME POLITIKE DHE KULTURORE TË HIL MOSIT GJATË VITIT 1910

Author(s): Shpend Avdiu / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 52/2022

At the beginning of this study is given a national program published by Hil Mosi in Istanbul, in 1910. Yes also, an open letter addressed to the deputies was also analyzed Albanians in the Ottoman Parliament. In addition to these, Hil Mosi's views on the disarmament of the Albanians by the Ottoman Government are also elaborated, then his evaluations of the Albanian Orthodox, for Albanian schools and other issues related to Albanians and Ottoman Empire.

More...

4.90 €

Preview

ELIMINIMI I ELITËS FETARE TË SHQIPTARËVE SI FORMË E GJENOCIDIT SERB (1878-1999)

Author(s): Nuridin Ahmeti / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 52/2022

Our religious leaders make an important part of the Albanian society throughout history. Connected to the country and the people they served, and whenever the people were exposed to genocide, they were not spared either. Given that this section of the society has had both special spiritual and intellectual role, its influence on the Albanian society was significant. Thus, many times the Albanian religious elite put themselves at the forefront of the events of social and political character in our country, while this consequently made them the first ones to be exposed to genocide. As of the year 1878 when Serbia gained its independence and had unjustly grabbed a part of the Albanian territories, while forcibly removing their population from those lands. The removing of the population was often accompanied by massacres, sparing no one regardless of their age or gender. Our religious leaders were attacked in particular. The Balkan wars and the period between the two world wars are known for the plans of the then Serbian government to eliminate the religious elite of the Albanians, because this macabre act committed against them made the actions of the invaders easier in those lands. People such as Haxhi Zeka, Father Luigj Palaj, Imam Adem of Keçekolla, Imam Agan Koja, Father Shtjefën Gjeçovi, Imam Idriz Gjilani, Father Bernard Llupi, etc., are just a few of well-known names from this elite who were eliminated by the Serbian forces. However, the plans for the elimination of this elite from the Serbian government had not stopped even after the Second World War including the last war in Kosovo, where on the list of those killed and martyred appear also the names of our religious leaders. From the aforesaid, in this overview we will present the planned elimination of our religious figures by the Serbian government with a focus from 1878 until the last war in Kosovo.

More...

Download

KRIJIMI DHE EVOLUIMI STRUKTUROR I ARKIVIT TË SISTEMIT NË MINISTRINË E PUNËVE TË JASHTME 1964-1993

Author(s): Alketa Luari / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 1-2/2021

The creation and the structuring of the archive of system in ministry of integration and foreign office, since the beginning after the and of the Second World War, made it possible to consolide like an new system archive giving another dimension of albanian service. The archive of this ministry not only contain a history very interesting, but I think that documents that are at this archive have to be more used from the researches even why recent years have had their increase, strating from the historical – politics factors, that our contry has passed throught history. The representation of the topic makes a modest recognition of history in the speech since 1964. So with its creation as an archive system, until 1993 where the changement of the politic system would bring cosenquences for legal changes of Archives of Forin Office.

More...