Dyskusje polskich historyków (krajowych) wokół biografistyki – między „odwilżą” a upadkiem PRL

Author(s): Eryk Krasucki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2014

In the Polish People’s Republic, there was a heated discussion about biography studies, especially after 1956, when the agenda from the co-called “Otwock directives” was abolished. It was once again possible to expand historical reflections to include people and their unique contribution to the shape of the history. Marxist guidelines, however, were not abandoned totally. The most pressing issue was to find a method that would on the one hand satisfy historians, and, on the other, be acceptable to the country’s authorities. Many solutions were suggested and this paper focuses on them. The starting point is the reflections included in editorials in “Kwartalnik Historyczny”, “Dzieje Najnowsze” and other periodicals. As the matter of fact, the meaning of discussions in the communist era goes beyond the historical dimension and encourages the reflection on contemporary biography studies.

Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski o Szczecinie i Pomorzu Zachodnim

Author(s): Marian Marek Drozdowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2014

Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski (1888–1974) created the maritime policy of the Second Polish Republic. Before the war, in 1926–1930 and 1935–1939, he had a significant impact on the Polish economic policy. At that time, he saw Szczecin mostly as a competitor for the Polish free-trade harbour zone (Gdańsk & Gdynia) and the West Pomerania region as an exploiter of cheap Polish labour force in their local estates. The post-war boarder changes obviously changed his views. Kwiatkowski became one of the most important supporters of the reconstruction of Szczecin’s harbour, connecting the city and the region to the rest of the country by building infrastructure, and establishing a genuine maritime academy. The plans drawn up in the first post-war years were in large parts abandoned. The West Pomerania region and its neighbourhood, however, remained an important part of Kwiatkowski’s views on modern policies.

Karol Władysław Studnicki-Gizbert (1867–1953)

Author(s): Jacek Gzella / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2014

Els frares i monges mínims a Catalunya

Author(s): Montserrat Jimenez Sureda / Language(s): Catalan Issue: 8/2016

The aim of the article is to describe the Order of Minims in its Catalan and European context. With this end in mind, I examine the biography of Saint Francis of Paola; the birth of his order, both in European and on the Iberian Peninsula; the spiritual and pedagogical functions of the convents of Minim friars and nuns; the historiography and examples of popular culture generated by and around the Minim houses; and some of the more important historical facts that affected the Catalan convents devoted to Saint Francis of Paola. I have chosen as my case study the Minim friars’ links with the city of Gerona. This analysis has been largely bibliographical, because of the fruitless search of the archives, which the Order had in the city.

Redukcja monasterów w prowincji koronnej Zakonu Ruskiego św. Bazylego Wielkiego w latach 1744–1780

Author(s): Beata Lorens / Language(s): Polish Issue: 8/2016

The Basilian monasteries in the south-eastern part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth were covered by the reduction ordered in the Inter plures brief issued on 2 May 1744 by Pope Benedict XIV. Under the brief, the monasteries with fewer than eight monastics were to be merged. In 1745 the authorities of the order formulated a plan to merge smaller houses with larger ones. They also decided to close down houses with too modest endowments. The parishes run by some of the monasteries were to be taken over by the diocesan clergy. Monastics from the closed monasteries took with them the movables to the houses they were transferred or gave them to the nearest larger monasteries. The authorities of the province sought to obtain funds to support the endangered monasteries and delay their closure or to give them over to the diocesan clergy. The enforcement of the provisions of the papal decree lasted until 1780. In that period 52 monasteries were dissolved and 20 houses were subordinated to larger monasteries. Thus by 1780 nearly 54% of the monasteries existing in 1745 in the Care of the Blessed Virgin Mary province were either dissolved or deprived of their independence.

Das Kanzleiwesen der Stadt Neisse bis zum Jahr 1400

Author(s): Ewa Wółkiewicz / Language(s): German Issue: 3/2016

This paper deals with the beginnings of the chancery in Nysa and its activities in the 13th–14th centuries. The town, founded at the beginning of the 13th century, was one of the earliest locations (foundation) in Silesia. The first mention of the municipal scribe (notarius Niznensis) in a document from the year 1268 (the document is one of the earliest in the region). The status and activities of the scribes, however, remain an important topic for research. A number of sources from the 13th century reveal a high degree of literacy, and anawarness of the benefits of written records, especially concerning proprietory contracts. From the same period comes also a unique judicial record, i.e., the oldest proscription list in Poland. An introduction of the vernacular language in an urban chancery can obviously be regarded as a breakthrough in the process of literacy. Compared with other Silesian chancery staffs, the scribes in Nysa were characterized by an exceptionally strong conservatism, and they did not stop using Latin until the 2nd decennium of the 15th century. Reasons for this delay deserve the special attention of scholars.

Oświeceniowy kanon lektur i jego recepcja wśród płockiego duchowieństwa parafialnego w czasach biskupa Michała Jerzego Poniatowskiego

Author(s): Stanisław Witecki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2017

Because of the priests’ obligation to preach, teach catechisms, and hear confessions, books were essential in ministry. Bishops asked about them during visitations and sporadically recommended certain works, but it was not common to propose a comprehensive, coherent and well-designed set of obligatory reading for parsons. However, such an exceptional literary canon was created under the name of Bishop Michał Jerzy Poniatowski. The research problems of this article are the ideology of the proposed set of books and its reception among the parish clergy in the Diocese of Płock. I examined pastoral letters, recommended works and visitation protocols informing about book collections. As a result, I concluded that the canon represented the ideas of Catholic Enlightenment such as: orthodoxy, intellectualism, focus on morality, classicist style and rehabilitation of reason. However, the parish clergy accepted only practical and well-known genres regardless of stylistic and ideological novelty.

Калиник, Игуман манастира Хиландара

Author(s): Dragić M. Živojinović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 52/2005

La seule mention de l'higoumène de Chilandar Kallinikos provient d'un prostagma grecque de Stefan Du{an pour le monastère de Saint-Jean-Prodrome sur le mont Ménécée près de Serrès. Ce document a longtemps été connu uniquement dans la forme fragmentaire alors que sa date de délivrance était fixée en 1345. L'édition récente d'un cartulaire du XIVe siècle du monastère de Menoikeon, jusqu'alors considéré comme définitivement perdu, permet d'élargir notre connaissance du prostagma de Du{an. Cet acte s'y révèle avoir été un document appartenant à l'époque impériale, avec pour datation janvier, première indiction - c.-à.-d. janvier 1348. Il a été délivré lors du séjour de la famille impériale serbe à l'Athos en 1347/1348 et porte injonction de l'empereur à l'higoumène Kallinikos de cesser d'importuner les moines du Prodrome à propos de leurs barques qu'ils possèdent au bassin près de leur métoque d'Esphagménou. Les nouvelles informations apportées sur l'higouménat de Kallinikos à Chilandar clarifient aussi la question de la chronologie des higoumènes du couvent serbe athonite vers la moitié du XIVe siècle, période assez perturbée lorsque, entre 1345- 1355, le monastère ne connaît pas moins de neuf supérieurs différents.

Карејске хрисовуље Стефана Душана

Author(s): Dragić M. Živojinović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 50/2003

The three gold stamped charters of Emperor Stefan Dušan from 1348 granting the Carian Cell of St. Sava of Jerusalem the village of Kosorići in Metohija were creating some doubts among the Serbian scholars studying the Middle Ages as to their authenticity. A detailed analysis of data contained in these charters, as well as the comparison with other documents treating similar subjects (the charter of King Stefan Dečanski dated September 6, 1327, and the act of the Chilandar prior Dorotej from 1359-1361), have shown that the Carian documents could be taken at face value. The outside features of the analyzed documents show that the first one – the charter issued in Čahra by Skoplje – is an original, while both charters issued in Prilep are copies. The set of Carian grants of Emperor Dušan points to the importance of the St. Sava of Jerusalem’s Cell for him. This could be seen most clearly in the fact that the Empress Jelena became the second protector of this Cell – before her this had been King Milutin only – thus establishing a direct link with the founder of this Cell the Serbian St. Sava.

DZIAŁALNOŚĆ BOLESŁAWA HORODYŃSKIEGO W SŁUŻBIE KONSULATU AMERYKAŃSKIEGO W WARSZAWIE W ŚWIETLE JEGO DOŚWIADCZEŃ ZEBRANYCH NA EMIGRACJI W USA

Author(s): Radosław Delida / Language(s): Polish Issue: 24/2011

This article aims to show the activity of Boleslaw Horodyński. Horodyński was for 12 years associated with the U.S. consulate in Warsaw. The result of his work has become the popularization and promotion of American culture in Warsaw in the second half of the nineteenth century.

Učenici i nastavnici Narodne osnovne škole u Gračanici u akciji prikupljanja dobrovoljnih priloga za vojsku, stradalnike rata i sirotinju tokom ratne 1915. i 1916. godine

Author(s): Mina Kujović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 20/2005

NAKON IZBIJANJA Prvog svjetskog rata, 1914. godine, austrougarske vlasti su se na cjelokupnom svom teritoriju suočile sa velikim problemom snabdijevanja životnim potrepštinama, kako vojske tako i civilnog stanovništva. Ovi problemi naročito su bili izraženi u Bosni i Hercegovini. Zbog opće mobilizacije, nestašica radne snage na žitnim poljima osjetila se već prve ratne godine. Zemlja je privredno propadala usljed masovne mobilizacije pripadnika svih konfesija i kategorija stanovništva, te odlaskom hiljada mladih ljudi na frontove. Njive su ostale neobrađene, a prispjela ljetina je propadala. Desetine hiljada Bosanaca i Hercegovaca izginulo je i ranjeno već tokom prve ratne godine, trebalo je zbrinuti i nahraniti brojne ratne invalide, udovice i ratnu siročad.

Działalność Związku Patriotów Polskich w ZSRS w audycjach rozgłośni imienia Tadeusza Kościuszki

Author(s): Adrian Karolak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2017

Appraising the activity of the Union of Polish Patriots on the basis of radio broadcasts in Polish, one can come to two conclusions. First, the Union of Polish Patriots was an organization dealing with Poles and Jews staying on the territory of the Soviet Union. After the severance of diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union the aforementioned organization undermined the legitimacy of the Polish government in London. It was also responsible for passing an ideological declaration, which consisted of theses relating to the post-war borders of Poland. It should be noted however, that all postulates the declaration included (inter alia the subject matter of the post-war Polish-Soviet demarcation) were in fact solutions proposed by the USSR’s authorities. The board of the Union of Polish Patriots organized in war conditions both cultural and educational life for hundreds of thousands of Polish citizens. They were provided with material being to the greatest extent possible and thanks to it countless compatriots lived through that traumatic period. Broadcasts of the Tadeusz Kosciuszko Polishlanguage radio station never misrepresented actions of the Union of Polish Patriots. It arose from the fact that the radio station was functioning and acting as propaganda of its authorities, that is the USSR.

Иван Ювачев: личное и публичное

Author(s): Yevgeniya Stroganova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2017

The article draws on the personal fund of Ivan P. Yuvachev, member of the revolutionary organisation Narodnaya Volia, political convict and hard labourer, who eventually became a religious writer and memorialist. His literary heritage – unlike his son’s, the absurdist poet Daniil Kharms – has long remained forgotten. Basing on the biographical method, we elucidate the difference of self-expression of a writer in his texts designed for publication and his ego-documents. Our analysis aims at showing that his memoirs and essays uncovered Yuvachev’s external biography, while his private texts – his diaries and personal correspondence – are more pertinent to reveal his creed, particularly the idealism that constituted the core of his personality. This raises the question of the writer’s preserving the documents which concerned his private life. Our hypothesis is that Yuvachev was deliverately constructing his personal archive, ready to the fact that in future his life and destiny would become known in every detail.

Митрополит Московский Филарет и российская церковная политика в Восточной Сибири

Author(s): Irina Smirnova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2017

The article is devoted to the Church policy of the Russian Orthodox Church in Eastern Siberia and the Far East with the participation of the Metropolitan of the Moscow Philaret (Drozdov, 1782–1867). Until recently historians did not focus their attention on “Asian” perspective of his activities, though there is an extensive historiography devoted to Moscow prelate. The most important aspects of the missionary activity of the Russian Orthodox Church in Eastern Siberia during the 1810s – 1860s are considered on the basis of materials from Russian archives (RSHA, St. Petersburg) and the little-known documentary sources. Particular attention is paid to the fate of the British Ecclesiastical Mission (1818–1840) and the development of Orthodox missionary work in the Trans-Baikal region, the missionary work of St. Innocent (Veniaminov) in the Far East, the Russian Church policy in the Amur and Primorye regions after the Crimean War (1853–1856), the reorganization of the Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Beijing (1860–1864). The role of the Metropolitan Philaret in the Russian Church diplomacy in the Far East is studied in the context of Russian-Chinese relations in the mid-Nineteenth Century.

Проекты губернаторов о преобразовании волостной юстиции: к вопросу создания всесословного местного суда

Author(s): Ivan Aleksandrovich Popp / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2017

The article is devoted to the poorly studied problem of creating in 1860–1880’s. a single, local, elected local court in the Russian Empire, which could best respond to the needs of socio-economic development of the country. It was very important after the Emancipation Reform of 1861 in Russia. As the main source the authors use 30 projects of Governors prepared for the Special Commission, which worked on creating the project of local government. These projects can be divided into two groups and each of them had its advantages and disadvantages. In 1885 the Special Commission created the project of new court, but which was not realized.

Uzurpacja Hypacjusza i rola cyrkowych stronnictw w późnoantycznej praktyce politycznej Cesarstwa Rzymskiego

Author(s): Łukasz Smorczewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2016

The main aim of my study is to evaluate notions on circus factions commitment in so called Nika Riot which occurred in Constantinople on early January 532 A.D. City disturbances had shaken a regime of emperor Justinan I and showed how surprisingly easy imperial government could be overthrown. Although modern scholars examined influence as well as participation of faction members in Nika Riot that particular factor should be once more revaluated. I tried to pre-sented a structure of circus factions in a more broader context. Their evolution during the period of Late Antiquity was an effect of state reform. It clearly shows that these organization shouldn’t be treated as a quasi-political party which protected interest of different social groups. It could be assumed rather as a hooligans fan clubs, as stated A. Cameron, connected with local elite on the base of patronage bond. Furthermore the background of Nika Riot were definitely more com-plex than conflict between imperial authority with faction leaders. A person who played a key role in Constantinople uprising was Hypatius, nephew of deceased emperor Anastasius I. Highly influ-enced dignitary was later blamed by emperor Justinan for inspiriting rioters. However literary sources are not unambiguous to the actual role of Hypatius in Nika Riot. G. Greatrex proposed hypothesis about authorities provocation in which nephew of former emperor took part. Because of Justinian hesitation Hypatius gained support of a few members of Constantinopolitan senate that changed crowd violence into usurpation. It finally sealed a faith of Anastasius relative. The disturbances made by faction supporters – Green and Blues, had become merely a pretext for the outbreak of popular discontent inhab-itants of Constantinople, due to lack of consistency in action and sometimes indolence of government.

Bułgarzy wobec wyprawy Jana I Tzymiskesa przeciw Światosławowi, księciu kijowskiemu (971)

Author(s): Mirosław J. Leszka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2016

The article is devoted to examining the attitude of the Bulgarians towards the expedition of John Tzimisces onto their lands, and di-rected against the Rus people of the prince of Kiev, Sviatoslav. The analysis of the sources led the author to conclude that Bulgarians adopted an expectant attitude towards the Byzantines. This was caused by the lack of earlier Byzantine efforts aimed at reaching a mutual understanding, and this was why the Bulgarians were waiting for the situation to develop. They changed their attitude after the Byzantines captured Preslav, which clearly attested to their power and brought hope for a definitive end to the struggle against the Rus. The conciliatory steps undertaken by John Tzimis-ces, aimed at gaining the Bulgarians to his cause, were also signifi-cant. Bulgarians decided to abandon the forced agreement with the Rus, and to not oppose the Byzantines. It cannot be ruled out that they actively supported the Byzantines in the following struggle against the Rus.The Bulgarians were not able to consolidate and rebuild the state structures during the time in which the Byzantines were busy besieg-ing Dorostolon, and as a consequence became a relatively easy prey for the Byzantine Empire when it turned from being their defender to an aggressor.

Flota wojenna Bazylego II Bułgarobójcy (976–1025)

Author(s): Marcin Böhm / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2016

The Emperor Basil II (976–1025) made his history by virtue of the fact of victorious war with Bulgaria and other numerous wars, that were fought during his reign in Asia Minor and the Balkans. Howev-er, from the very beginning of his reign, he had to pay attention to the naval forces of his empire. This was due to the fact that part of the fleet supported his opponents, aspiring to the imperial crown. After his victory in the civil war, he did not destroy the rebel fleet, but has entrusted her closer inspection. His state possessed a fleet, which could be attributed to the many activities: the fight against internal and external enemies at sea; military transport between distant points within the empire; maritime defense of the capital and other bodies belonging to the Byzantine Empire.

Kreacja bohatera w Aleksjadzie. Zmagania Aleksego I Komnena z żupanem Raszki Wukanem w latach 1093–1094

Author(s): Tomasz Pełech / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2016

The article focuses on the issue of the creation of a hero by Anna Komnene. The basis for this analysis is the description from the IXth book of Alexiad, in which she described the struggles of Alexius I Komnenus with Vukan of Rascia. In the narration Anna used the specified range of measures to present her father in the best light. She made laudation of Alexius through the comparison with Alexan-der the Great. In Alexiad the hero proved to be more prudent and bet-ter commander than son of Phillipe II, because he did not act under the influence of passions. Furthermore, the emperor of Byzantium clearly stands out on the background of John Komnenus, a governor of Dyrrhachium, who once rebelled against him. John is characterized as an unexperienced and unfortunate, truly „young” leader, whereby he is defeated by Vukan – a dangerous warrior. Moreover, soldiers of young Komnenus drown in the river, which is the way to highlight the symbolic importance of water as a punishment for sins. In this perspective Alexius I is an excellent commander, because he sur-passed Alexander the Great and John Komnenus. Furthermore, he overcomed actually without a fight dangerous Serbian ruler. Anna also used the campaign against Vukan of Rascia to emphasize the heroic image of Alexius I Komnenus.

Archiwum Akt Dawnych w Piotrkowie i archiwalia piotrkowskie w świetle korespondencji Erazma R. Goldmana z Romualdem Hubem (1870–1876)

Author(s): Rafał Jaworski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2016

The subject of the article is 5 letters of Erazm R. Goldman, an ar-chivist of The Archives of Ancient Files in Piotrkow, Poland toRomuald Hube (1803–1890), a lawyer, historian and important civil servant of tsarist administration of jurisdiction and their value to be a source of knowledge of Piotrkow’s archives’ history.