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U periodu između 1930. i 2000. godine u selu Džakulama izumrlo je ili se trajno iselilo 17 familija. U istom vremenskom razdoblju zabilježeni su i slučajevi useljavanaj u ovo selo.
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Trudno mi sobie wyobrazić, co czuł Jerzy Zawieyski – człowiek psychicznie kruchy, a ze względu na swą biografię szczególnie wyczulony na mechanizm wykluczenia – kiedy rzucano mu w twarz oskarżenie, że znalazł się „poza narodem”.
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People have preserved and respected space since ancient times. The reasons were manifold: socio-economic, legal, religious and moral. Serbian medieval rulers tended to largely provide with riches, but also to protect estates of monasteries, as evidenced by surviving charters or their parts called appeal and anathema. When resolving property disputes (including the boundaries of a certain area), in addition to the representatives of state authorities, the witnesses who took the most frightful oaths went out in the field in order to determine the accurate boundaries. In order not to disturb the economic life, throughout the Middle Ages Serbian rulers used to issue charters to people of Dubrovnik (and to the other foreign merchants) that ensured undisturbed transit across Serbian territory. Serbian medieval rulers usually invoked: God, Virgin Mary, a patron saint of a monastery, Last Judgment, the Cross, First Council of Nicaea and Judah. They inspired awe in people and contributed to the protection of the space.
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Social Network of the population of Western Pomerania, which is a part of the people of thesea, has a heterogeneous character in both – the structural and functional perspectives. The greaterpart of Szczecin inhabitants, the regional capital, is derived from the poorly urbanized areas andis not prepared to live and work in the port city. The theoretical and empirical basis for discussionin the article are the author’s own research and 70 years of scientific achievements of sociologistsfrom Western Pomerania. The article consists of three parts. The first discusses the problems of adaptationand migration to the new socio-cultural environment. The second part presents the processof formalization and institutionalization of sociological circles. Here began the first research andpublication attempts. The third part is the university phase, which continue researches started earlieron people of the sea and littoral and extend it on international issues, published in own scientificjournal “Marine Annals of Sociology/Annuals of Marine Sociology” and in other national and internationalpublications and also in the Szczecin Encyclopedia, released on the issue of the 70th anniversaryof the Szczecin City.
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In this article the authors reflect on human relations phenomena that were characteristic of Polish society in the second half of the 1980s. These phenomena were not new nor have they been observed solely in this society. They appear everywhere and are strengthened in times of scarcity. In Poland they were made more severe by the breakdown of the communist system and the crisis connected with the systemic transformation. This was characterized by a strong dualism involving: (1) the division of the social sphere into public and private; (2) the narrowing of the social sphere to the family, a network of friends, and informal ties—a division into ‘own’ and ‘other’; (3) a concentration on the present and on immediacy, with a dislike and inability to plan, think, or act in categories of the future; and (4) disintegrational, competitive, aggressive attitudes and behaviors, with a climate of distrust and enmity in human relations, and the application of a dual ethic—one for one’s ‘own’ people and another for ‘others.’ This amoral familism, which characterizes a society composed of a collection of extended small groups built around the family and enlarged by friends, neighbors, and colleagues, is opposed to the world of institutions and is conditioned by both history and culture. The authors consider it to be factor in social anomy.
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The author reflects on time in contemporary culture—on changes in the experience and perception of time, and also on how temporal categories are used in analyses of social and cultural issues. She points out (1) new phenomena connected with the temporal regulation of collective life, and (2) new divisions and social differentiations in which a major role is played by the time dimension. The distribution of time and the manner of valuing time is changing, as is free time. The disappearance of calendars and extension of the present is accompanied by an excess of activities and lack of time in the world of wealth, and a simultaneous excess of time in the world of poverty and marginalization. These are traits of contemporaneity. An ‘unequal distribution of time’ appears in a ‘society of varying rhythms.’ Such phenomena are visible in Poland as well.
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This article concerns uncertainty, which is considered by many social theorists (for instance, Zygmunt Bauman, Ulrich Beck, Daniel Bell, Eric Hobsbawm) to be a characteristic trait of the contemporary world. Uncertainty is produced by rapid, multidimensional changes in the conditions around us—by their instability and unpredictability—and by a lack of future vision. Continual change becomes an element of everyday life. Culture understood as a collection of permanent meanings, norms, and values loses its ordering function—it no longer serves to elucidate the world; the past does not provide helpful examples. There is an expansion of mutability, a multiplicity of possible choices, and an excess of information—which paradoxically, like its lack in an isolated society, is a cause of uncertainty, fear, and presentist thinking. In Polish society, these phenomena are strengthened by tradition and the sense of economic insecurity accompanying the systemic transformation.
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This article contains portions of a report on research conducted in 2015 by the individual in-depth interview method with inhabitants of Ochota and local activists. The authors decided to look at the specifics of metropolitan culture in Poland—at changes occurring in the infrastructure of cultural life, cultural practices, and forms of participation in culture. The first part of the article is devoted to the history of the district and the characteristics of its inhabitants. In analyzing the answers, the researchers noticed the phenomenon of Old Ochota—a district with a long, rich history, in which many signs of local patriotism could be observed. They discovered that the local cultural offerings were rich and they raised the question of whether culture could be an instrument countering social exclusion. They decided that participation in culture only minimally serves such an aim. The offerings satisfy the needs of elderly people, who constitute a large part of Ochota’s population, but they do not reach children and young people in general. The interviewees also perceive that there are various marginalized social groups that should be encompassed by new forms of activeness and grassroots social self-organization.
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The author draws attention to the appearance of a new source of differentiations in Polish society at the beginning of the 1990s—the clearly perceptible and subjective sense of an uneven distribution of time. She uses the varying lifestyles and associated temporal orientations observed by Polish sociologists in the 1970s as a reference point: the conservative style, looking to the past; the innovative style, or susceptibility to change; and the ‘today’ style, that is, an orientation toward the present moment, which is systemically conditioned and predominates in various segments of society. The systemic transformation brought major alterations in attitudes to time and change. A deficit of time became more common, and yet as society accelerated sociologists were surprised to observe an increase in groups of people suffering from too much free time. This was a sign of deep social polarization: a division between successful people, who were keeping up with the changes, and were oriented toward the future—planning, and valuing time as a necessity for the realization of those plans—and marginalized people, who were not actively participating in the changes and had too much time on their hands. For both groups, the change in the distribution of time could have negative consequences. For one group, in spite of the satisfaction of achieving goals, there was fatigue, lack of family time, limited participation in cultural activities, and lack of time for reflection. For the other group, there was unused time as a cause of apathy, passivity, and a sense of social marginalization.
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In Poland, research into collective memory has a long tradition and clear cultural perspective. The author’s aim is to show that this research tradition, which is deeply associated with the legacy of the Durkheimian school, was very strong in Poland in both the prewar and postwar periods, especially in the work of Stefan Czarnowski, the only Polish member of the school. In this perspective, social memory is closely connected with culture and time. In the first part of the paper, the author explains why the relations between social memory, culture, and social time are important for evaluating the Polish research tradition. The second part is dedicated to the works of Stefan Czarnowski, who started the cultural stream in Polish memory studies many years ago. The third part presents the idea of social time, and the relations between the sociology of time and memory studies in Polish sociology. The specificity of Polish studies on collective memory is little known today, especially to foreign researchers, but the tradition is worth remembering.
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The author considers the issue of time in Jan Szczepański’s works in comparison to the issue in contemporary sociology. She analyses the role of personal experiences as an important inspiration in research into the time issue. She presents the ‘fantasies’ that are typical of Jan Szczepański’s approach to the subject, and the idea of varieties of time, with the associated interdisciplinary view. She writes that Jan Szczepański understands time as a devastating force and ‘dealing with time’ in connection with transience as one of the essential human tasks.
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This paper discusses the ongoing evolution of research into poverty, with the profound and thorough reformulation of the researcher–respondent relationship, which has blurred the distinction between the researcher and research subject. The researcher–respondent roles have merged, turning the research subject into the agent and respondents into researchers inquiring into their own conditions. This process has evolved through the first British ‘second-hand’ inquiries into poverty, analyses of personal documents (diaries), oral history traditions, the family histories presented by Oscar Lewis, personal accounts, monographs of communities, and recent participatory approaches to poverty research such as the ‘Poverty First Hand’ project.
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The author considers unemployment in Poland in the first years of the twenty-first century as a cause of the growth in poverty and the ensuing social exclusion. These phenomena are connected but not identical. They are also defined differently. In contrast to various conceptions of poverty that seek its causes in the values and behaviors of individuals, the category of social exclusion stresses the social dimension—the impacts of a society that excludes and marginalizes. The author writes about the meaning of work in Polish society and gives examples of unemployed people’s feelings in connection with not having work, drawn from their own writings. She would like to see these viewpoints taken into consideration in sociological research.
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This is a chapter of a book containing the results of a study entitled ‘Old and New Forms of Poverty—The Lifestyles of Poor Families,’ which was conducted under the direction of Elżbieta Tarkowska in the second half of the 1990s. The author presents the social world of poor people in Poland, and two of its aspects in particular: the limitation of interhuman contacts to the family circle, and the role of institutions such as parishes, schools, and especially social support, in resolving the ongoing problems of daily life. Social policy, as reconstructed from the statements of people living in poverty, is oriented toward temporary activities and not toward shaping aspirations and behaviors, and yet the sole method of overcoming the apathy and helplessness accompanying long-term poverty is to arouse aspirations in the sphere of education.
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This article is devoted to the relational-symbolic dimension of contemporary poverty, which is personified today in homo sacer, that is, the excluded person. Relations between the world of wealth and the world of poverty are dominated by contempt, rejection, and a sense of alienation. The result is the perpetuation of social inequalities and problems of identity in increasingly numerous spheres of impoverished people. These are challenges that contemporary society must meet. Science and public discourse are thus concentrating less on describing the symptoms of the problem and more on what excluded people themselves think and feel. Researchers are trying to hear the voices of the poor; qualitative research and analyses of memoir materials are useful to this end. In turning to such sources, the author presents the viewpoint of poor people, their feelings and subjective appraisal of their situation, and their strategies for dealing with poverty.
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The article concerns the tragic event in history of śerechowa in1944. śerechowa is a small village in Piotrkow County. After the defeat in September 1939, the Poles formed the resistance movement. Many partisan groups fought with German occupiers. At the same time in France, and later in the UK were created Polish military formations. Polish Armed Forces in the West was formed to fight against Nazi Germany. In May 1944, in śerechowa, partisans waited for „Silent Unseen”. „Silent Unseen” were the polish elite special forces, which were parachuted into occupied Poland. In 9 May partisans fought a battle with German police, killing Germans. In retaliation, the village was destroyed and 5 inhabitantswere killed. Paratroopers landing in śerechowa was canceled. How-ever in October 1944 in this village landed 11 paratroopers. The article is based on scientific literature, memories of wit-nesses and archival sources. The sources used include archival materials from the State Archives in Piotrkow Trybunalski. The article concerns the tragic event in history of Żerechowa in 1944. Żerechowa is a small village in Piotrkow County. After the defeat in September 1939, the Poles formed the resistance movement. Many partisan groups fought with German occupiers. At the same time in France, and later in the UK were created Polish military formations. Polish Armed Forces in the West was formed to fight against Nazi Germany. In May 1944, in Żerechowa, partisans waited for „Silent Unseen”. „Silent Unseen” were the polish elite special forces, which were parachuted into occupied Poland. In 9 May partisans fought a battle with German police, killing Germans. In retaliation, the village was destroyed and 5 inhabitants were killed. Paratroopers landing in Żerechowa was canceled. How-ever in October 1944 in this village landed 11 paratroopers. The article is based on scientific literature, memories of witnesses and archival sources. The sources used include archival materials from the State Archives in Piotrkow Trybunalski
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In 2008 the authors of the article conducted a research commissioned by Roman Catholic Parish in Sołek. The archeological research focused on ground works connected with the rebuilding of the church dedicated to Saint Barbara. The detailed work schedule included ground works done with archeological methods and registering movable and stable archeological objects. Archeological works were conducted within foundation excavations of the church. During the excavation works 206 movable objects were discovered, among them being ceramic, glass or metal objects. The collection of movable objects from Sołek should be placed within generally understood modern times. Taking into consideration the history of the parish and the time of functioning of the church graveyard the monuments can be dated back to the second part of the XVIIth century and the end of the XVIIIth century. The archeological research allowed to recognize stratigraphic situation in the area of church yard in Sołek. It was concluded that culture layers represent late modern times and are connected with the functioning of the wooden church from the second part of the VIIth century and the graveyard around the church. Under the wooden church there had been, unknown until today, crypts containing graves of, probably, the owners of nearby Damujowice. In 2008 the authors of the article conducted a research commissioned by Roman Catholic Parish in Sołek. The archeological research focused on ground works connected with the rebuilding of the church dedicated to Saint Barbara. The detailed work schedule included ground works done with archeological methods and registering movable and stable archeological objects. Archeological works were conducted within foundation excavations of the church. During the excavation works 206 movable objects were discovered, among them being ceramic, glass or metal objects. The collection of movable objects from Sołek should be placed within generally understood modern times. Taking into consideration the history of the parish and the time of functioning of the church graveyard the monuments can be dated back to the second part of the XVIIth century and the end of the XVIIIth century. The archeological research allowed to recognize stratigraphic situation in the area of church yard in Sołek. It was concluded that culture layers represent late modern times and are connected with the functioning of the wooden church from the second part of the VIIth century and the graveyard around the church. Under the wooden church there had been, unknown until today, crypts containing graves of, probably, the owners of nearby Damujowice.
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