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The frontier defense system of the Kingdom of Hungary, which consisted of guard settlements, gates and border fortifications-made of piles of stone and earth, rows of fallen trees, artificial hedges – as well as ditches (gyepű in Hungarian) was establiThe frontier defense system of the Kingdom of Hungary, which consisted of guard settlements, gates and border fortifications-made of piles of stone and earth, rows of fallen trees, artificial hedges – as well as ditches (gyepű in Hungarian) was established in the 11 th century. This so-called “gyepű line” was guarded by special troops called speculatores, consisting mainly of Hungarians, Siculs, Pechenegs and Cumans. It surrounded the territory of the state from all sides like a hoop. On the northern border of Hungary, in present-day Slovakia, a defensive system was built on road crossings leading to Moravia, Poland and Galicia. It used the mountain ridge of the Carpathians, which formed a natural barrier between the countries mentioned, and disappeared during the 13 th century. But it is from this period that most written data is available, when some frontier guards were promoted and reached the ranks of nobility, while others left their guard posts and moved to another location. Most of them were bestowed by the king together with the settlement upon new aristocratic owners. It was also the case with frontier guard sites located toward the Polish border. Many of the frontier settlements manned with border guards were deserted by their former inhabitants (Fintice, Slivník). The Tatar invasion of 1241 showed that this system was ineffective. Therefore, Hungarian crown began the construction of new stone castles, a few of which had already existed before and proved their worth. New stone fortresses had been erected throughout the country, but especially near the borderline. A whole chain of castles was established in the Little Carpathians, the valley of the Váh River, as well as the Orava Castle, Liptov, Spiš, Stará Ľubovňa Castle, etc., which better suited the new requirements of the Kingdom’s defense.
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This article considers the actions of migrant recruiters who organised the movement of people in Europe in the early modern period and thereafter. Recruiters were responsible for the systemisation of migration and their actions resulted in a competition in the European labour market which prompted state-level responses to emigration and immigration, and to people on the move. Europeans encountered opportunities to emigrate through their interactions with recruiters and by reading about life abroad; travel and travel writing brought people face to face with curiosity and wonder. Stories of life abroad were collected, categorised, and brought home and migrant recruiters exploited the growing curiosity about the wider world. Recruiters aided migrants in reaching a decision to leave and an examination of their actions and motivations aids in understanding the origins of large-scale migration in the nineteenth century and after.
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By an ordinance of 25 August 1950, the Minister of Culture and Arts created the State Studios for Conservation of Cultural Property (PP PKZ) based in Warsaw. The company carried out conservation works of monuments, prepared technical documentation of historic buildings and conducted architectural and conservation supervision during various works. One of the first branches of the Enterprise was the Branch of PP PKZ in Gdańsk, established in March 1951. Its territorial coverage extended across the area of northern Poland from Szczecin to Olsztyn. It was subordinated to the branches of “Works Group Management” in Szczecin and Koszalin (1958), Toruń and Elbląg (1959), Malbork (1960), and Słupsk (1977). From 1961, there was a branch in Olsztyn: PP PKZ Branch in Gdańsk, Olsztyn Department. This operated in the then Olsztyn Province and partly in the neighbouring provinces (Suwałki, Elbląg and Ciechanów). In 1980, the General Director of PP PKZ in Warsaw created PP PKZ Branch in Olsztyn, which began work from 1 January 1981. Its main task was to prepare technical and historical documentation needed for the conservation of monuments, exercise architectural and conservation management during the implementation of works, the conservation of monuments, perform security works, ongoing repairs, the repair, reconstruction and adaptation of monuments, and to perform specialised situational - height and inventory measurements. The Olsztyn branch ended its operations in 1990. Its functions were taken over by a company established after privatisation under the name the Polish Labs for the Preservation of Monuments Sp. z o.o. in Olsztyn.
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The presented text is a report on the scientific seminar entitled. "The past and contemporary significance of landed gentry in creating cultural identity among the local community," which took place on February 18, 2022 at the headquarters of the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Heritage Center.
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The British Monarchy is one of the most remarkable remaining monarchies in the world and a prototype of constitutional monarchies. During the 20th century, it became a potent symbol of British national unity, consensus and stability, and in the second half of the century, a reminder of Britain’s former imperial grandeur. The funeral of Queen Elizabeth II displayed once again the power of the symbolic meaning of the monarchy for many Britons. However, the British monarchy, which has become highly mediated, has to act within a deeply divided society, face its colonial legacy in an international framework, and endeavour to overcome social, political and age-based differences in terms of its popularity.
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The article discusses long-term research made by a Polish outstanding historian Henryk Samsonowicz (1930–2021) on the Baltic economic zone. The publication is divided into three parts. The first part presents the historiographical tradition in which Samsonowicz’s research was embedded, as well as the research background that was contemporary with him. The second part features a chronological description of the historian’s findings, with a particular focus on the subject matter undertaken by Sam- sonowicz as well as the intensity of the research and its place in the broad spectrum of his interests. It has been established that the research on the economy of the Baltic zone in the period from the thirteenth to the sixteenth centuries was an important area of Samsonowicz’s output. Samsonowicz conducted his research on the issue from the mid-1950s to the 2010s, although his interests greatly expanded from the late 1960s and early 1970s. He particularly focused on the issues of long-distance trade, financial turnover, institutions and the socio-cultural context of economic life in the Baltic Sea basin. The third part of the article presents Samsonowicz’s theoretical and historical reflections on the theory of large economic zones, including the Baltic region, which he shared with Antoni Mączak. It provides an analysis of the findings on the changing composition and boundaries of the Baltic zone, and a comparison of Samsonowicz’s theory with Marian Małowist’s concept of dividing the economic space of Central and Eastern Europe. The article highlights Samsonowicz’s ability to combine the analysis of details and his synthetic approach to the issues under study, not only with regard to the Baltic Sea region, but entire Europe north of the Alps.
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This paper analyses the population censuses on the Polish area, particularly, the subject of censuses and their thematic scope. the study refers to the censuses in the 19th and 20th centuries (the study closes with the 1988 census). The paper consists of three parts. The first one presents the origins of censuses and the first censuses conducted in Europe in the 18th century. This part also shows the efforts of international statistical institutions to normalise and standardise national censuses. It allowed for building international standards to make national censuses comparable. The second part shows censuses in the 19th century, and the third part discusses censuses in the 20th century. A fundamental feature of the censuses is a set of questions common to demographic and social issues. This makes it possible to carry out comparative analysis in different regional cross-sections on a secular basis. It should also be provided that census categories are not always comparable, hence various conversions and estimates are necessary. The universality of the censuses have made them a huge organizational challenge each time. The greatest effort was borne by the statistical institutions responsible, not only for conducting the censuses, but also during the compilation and publication of the data.
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In Germany, the recording of the causes of death has had a long tradition and goes back a long time in history, but remained unsystematic and nonuniform as it was an autonomous matter of the different German states. This article pursues the question of how the cause-of-death statistics developed in Prussia, the largest territorial state of the later German Reich. It is asked how these statistics, organized by the Prussian Statistical Bureau, have been related to the nationwide health policy since the 1870s. The historical development of official statistics in Prussia reveals that it is neither self-evident which information was collected, nor the criteria according to which this was done. Rather, the data actually recorded are the result of complicated negotiation processes between different actors, not only within the statistical offices, but also between the most diverse interest groups from science, politics and the state.
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Providing valuable research on social history is, nowadays, impossible without the use of complex digital tools capable of providing, through appropriate interrogation, comprehensive answers to the researchers' increasingly varied research questions. The development of Historical Population Database (HPDT) has brought us closer to other research problems that require the input of digital tools in order to be investigated as widely as possible. One of these is the process of medicalization of Transylvania, a historical topic about which there are relatively few and rather narrow approaches. On the basis of administrative and sanitary directories, various other sources referring to the allocation of doctors' posts in the communes and the filling of these posts, medical reports, press, publications, statistics, parish registers and other sources related to the medical situation, we have built the Transylvania Health Database (THD), a research tool that is expected to be released for public use by the end of 2022. THD is a method-oriented database, built in MySQL, whose presentation can be used for the implementation of similar projects in the Eastern European area, which is still underdeveloped in terms of digital tools useful to researchers.
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We can conclude that epidemics in the 19th century reached historical populations in a new way. Sources from this period increasingly show a growing proportion of childhood as well as the arrival of a new strong epidemic of the adult population. It was cholera that decimated the adult population of the European continent, primarily, in several waves. These epidemics can be studied on the basis of different types of primary and secondary sources. In this article, I will present the possibilities of analyzing the primary statistical sources created by churches and the state. Reactions to the course of infectious diseases, applied measures or recommendations for treatment.
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During the industrialization period of the city of Lodz, one of the most important industrial centres in the Kingdom of Poland (the former Russian Partition), experienced a dynamic population growth caused by migratory movement from rural areas to the city. The population registry cards for inhabitants of Lodz contained information on dates of birth (sometimes on dates of death), place of birth, religious denomination, nationality, and address of residence in the city, as well as the number of children born in a family. The aim of this paper is to present population registry cards of permanent and non-permanent residents of the city of Lodz deposited in the State Archives in Lodz, as a source for research on urban society during the period of industrialization. In this work, the use, quality, and reliability of population registry cards, as well as their research limitations for studies are discussed.
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The present work introduces the scholarly community to a database containing information about the invalids, orphans, and widows of the First World War in Transylvania—the IOW database, which uses data extracted from the files relating to pensions awarded to these social categories as its main sources. These consist primarily of civil status documents, reports on the personal characteristics of the enrolled soldiers, data relating to war participation and testimonies proving disappearance or death in addition to medical records, as well as information regarding the situations of the beneficiaries’ families and the amounts of money they received, and evidence attesting changes in the status of pension beneficiaries. Next, the details were entered into a relational database that will enable multiple scientific investigations in the fields of humanities, social sciences, and legal studies, as well as medicine and history of medicine, and offer the possibility of having a social and cultural impact among the general public and local communities. The preliminary results, drawn from the table relating to widows, illustrate the negative consequences of war on the lives of men, women, and children in Transylvania. Finally, the paper outlines further development of the database and future lines of research.
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Population censuses have been organised sporadically since antiquity, but in the 19th century they acquired a universal character. These censuses are a good source of information on the rural population, but it was not until the introduction of systematic national agricultural censuses that a broader picture of the countryside and agriculture was obtained. In the censuses conducted after 1918 in Poland, there was a fixed catalogue of questions on the characteristics of farms, but each time new questions were also introduced to reflect the specificity of agriculture in a given historical period. The censuses were conducted on a fairly regular basis and, therefore, they provide valuable information for comparative analyses. Due to their universality and thematic scope, they also collect data on demography and socio-professional and economic relations that are not available in other sources.
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In the interwar period, as Romania crystallized its conception of a national state, the options for political, economic and social development matured. The two decades (1919-1939) represented an era full of vitality and creativity, in which Romanians from all social strata experienced new ideas in most areas of life. But, at the same time, it was also an era of disputes and divisions, because the Romanians were forced to reorganize institutions established a long time ago and to face the problems of a bourgeois society on the rise, on the way towards urbanization, a phenomenon common to all of Europe.In politics, the main concern was the survival and strengthening of parliamentary democracy faced with serious challenges from the forces of authoritarianism.From an economic point of view, agriculture remained the basis of the Romanian economy, continued to be the main occupation of the majority of the population and provided significant amounts of money through exports. At the same time, industry has made substantial progress, constantly increasing its contribution to national income. Regarding the social structure, as before the First World War, the peasantry constituted the majority of the population. The urban working class continued to grow as industry and commerce increasingly attracted the interest of politicians. However, the social category that left its mark on the interwar period was the bourgeoisie, which, although it was reduced in number during this period, managed to become the leading force in both political and economic life.
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Activities of the Polish Diabetes Association in the Zduńska Wola district
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Interview with Father Maciej Korczyński - priest of the Włocławek diocese, parish priest of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary and Saint. James the Apostle in Szadek and dean of the Szadek deanery
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