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Примена западног законодавства на Балкану: упоредна анализа увођења радничког законодавства у Краљевини СХС и Бугарској

Author(s): Jelena Rafailović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2014

The paper describes the introduction and implementation of labor legislation in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Bulgaria after the First World War. Labor legislation, covering the working time of eight hours, the Act on Hygiene and the Protection of Workers and the Law on Social Security, that was established under the pressure of international institutions in most cases was not respected, but represented a major step towards the development of economic and social institutions in these two countries. Protest and resistance of businessmen due to the introduction of social and labor laws reflected on underdeveloped and weak industries, just as the Bulgarian and Yugoslavian were. It could be concluded that the social legislation existed, but was not applied. The Western forms of legislation applied to the Balkan states had the fate of the majority of other institutional modern innovations – remaining only on paper, and being the subject of circumvention as often as possible.

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Kasnosrednjovjekovna obiteljska struktura hrvatskoga plemstva

Author(s): Ivan Majnarić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 48/2015

The article focuses primarily on the current conclusions concerning medieval family structures in the Croatian medieval studies. These conclusions are then compared with the familial/social reality as described in the sources from the second part of the 14th century by using the term genus. Accordingly, the author first offers a critical overview of the previous historiographical conclusions, while in the second part, based on the abovementioned 14th-century examples, he suggests that the historians have not distinguished clearly enough between genus as a family structure and genus as a legal category in the Kingdom of Croatia during the reign of Louis the Great and afterwards. Appended there is a table overview of the usage of the term genus along with the family names as given in the sources from the 14th and early 15th centuries. Although this article is primarily about the family structures, the correct understanding of these issues indirectly affects the understanding of the late medieval Croatian noble society as a whole and especially the attitude of the nobility towards the Angevin king at the time of thorough reorganization of royal authority in the Kingdom of Croatia.

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Към историята на детския труд в Гърция: общ преглед

Author(s): Maria Papathanas(s)iou / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1-2/2016

This essay is a short review of the modern Greek literature on the history of child work /child labor. Since the mid-1980s scholarly studies on the history of children and childhood have been proliferating, albeit with an emphasis on the history of education as well as social policies. A few works have been written on the history of child and/or youth work/labor per se, though chapters on it or references to it are to be found in scholarly books dealing either with the history of childhood, or with the history of social welfare, poverty and work. Research concentrates on the period after rather than the period before the foundation of the modern Greek state, on child labor in urban rather than rural space, on industrial rather than other forms of child work. State and town archives, statistical sources, inspectors’ reports, contemporary newspapers and periodicals are scholars’ main sources on the subject – less so (oral and written) autobiographical records or local school archives. But the few valuable works on the history of child labor constitute a solid basis for further research on the subject, whereby comparisons within the Balkans as well as between the Balkans and other European regions could broaden scholarly perspectives.

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О проблеме выживания сирот геноцида армян в Oсманской империи

Author(s): Karine Bazeyan / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1-2/2016

In 1915-1923 as a result of the Armenian Genocide thousands of the Armenian children were left orphans and converted to Islam. Many of them had died of hunger and various epidemics raging at that time. In autumn 1918, after the end of the World War I, the Armenian associations, the Armenian Church, different individuals, especially soldiers of the Armenian Legion and the Armenian Volunteer Regiments, foreign relief organizations (the American Committee for Relief in the Near East, the Lord Mayor’s Fund of London, the Danish Women's Union, the Russian "Red Cross", the Union of Russian Cities, etc.), as well as international organizations (the “Red Cross”, the League of Nations) carried out active operations to save the Armenian orphans from inevitable loss. The Armenian orphans were gathered from different parts of the Ottoman Empire, Syrian deserts, freed from the Muslim families and Turkish state orphanages. As a result of the orphan gathering operations in 1918-21, more than 77.000 Armenian children were gathered and sheltered in the orphanages of the Armenian and foreign relief organizations of Turkey, Caucasus and the Near East as well as state orphanages in the territory of the Republic of Armenia.

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Организация образовательного процесса западноармянских сирот в Александропольском уезде (1915-1922)

Author(s): Karine Alexanyan / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1-2/2016

In 1915 during the Armenian Genocide thousands of Western-Armenian children became orphans. In the course of the World War I and further years the Armenian people displayed great energy and ability for struggling against the greatest disaster. In spite of the terrible crime realized towards the humanity and civilization, the Armenain society began to care for children and preserved Christian and national values as well. In the province of Alexandrapol, where a great number of refugees and orphans got shelters, at the same time refugee schools were established and there the orphans could preserve their national and human values. In parallel with the orphanage activity of the province, the Near East Relief acting in Armenia in 1918-1930, carried out some educational activities. It is worth mentioning the fact that though the Armenian authorities had passed the care of orphanages to the Americans, they were following the educational activities of the orphans. The ministry of public education had provided the central Caucasian office of American Committee with state schools, subject plans and educational programs making them more convenient for the orphans.

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Женски роли, професионални дилеми и обществено служене: акушер-гинеколожки, педиатърки и учителки-лекари в България (края на ХІХ-средата на ХХ в.)

Author(s): Zhorzheta Nazarska / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1-2/2016

The paper is dedicated to the creation and activities of three major professional subgroups formed among Bulgarian female medical doctors in the late 19th century, the pioneers in the Bulgarian healthcare - obstetrician-gynecologists, pediatricians and teachers physicians. Main aims of the text are: 1. study of the opportunities that female gynecologists and pediatricians had had to make a career in public health care and reconciling it with traditional views on the place of women in the profession, and 2. study of power networks (the “glass ceiling ") of public prejudices and professional negative stereotypes who directed them to exercise traditional social roles of mothers and educators (teachers). The paper is based on analysis of archival documents, published sources, press materials and historiography. The prosopographic analysis is applied.

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Социалистическото семейство като биополитически диспозитив

Author(s): Rositsa Lyubenova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1-2/2016

The author researches socialist family in order to outline its characteristics as biopolitical construct. My main thesis is that the socialist authority exercises biopolitical control primarily through the new role of women and the mobilization of childhood. The archive to which I refer is the product of the official discourse, i.e. official documents of the socialist institutions. I considered some specific target points of the biopolitical dispositive by analyzing archival materials which are inherently presetting the construction of new socialist identities.The issues on which I would like to emphasize are related to the nature and intensity of the government measures involving the socialist family in implementation of biopolitics during the period between 1945 – 1968. I tried to answer the questions what were the reasons for the state to take these measures and what were the envisioned and actually realized consequences of this politics.

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Пътешествия в комунистическото бъдеще на страниците на детския периодичен печат в България (1961 – 1963)

Author(s): Kristina Popova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1-2/2016

The paper is focused on the time of the 22th Congress of the The Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1961 and the 8th Congress of the Bulgarian Communist Party in November 1962 and the first years as the Directives for the building the communist society till 1980 was accepted. The Pioneer media in Bulgaria - “Septemvrijche”, „Plamuche”, “Druzhinka” and others spread in a very intensive way the ideas of the 20 years plan. The editing board encouraged children to dream about the time after 20 years. The newspaper asked questions to the young readers about their own views about the future life in 1980. New rubrics were introduced: “Are you ready to step in your future home - the communism?”; “Pioneer expedition 1980”; “Our youth is for you, communism“; „Eleven questions for you” (about the images of 1980 - K.P.); “To meet 1980” and others. Descriptions of virtual trips to 1980 were published. In the mid 1960es the symbolic deadline for building communist society in 1980 was given up in a silenced way. The main conclusion is that despite of the optimistic visions of the future propagated in the children media, the expectations were marked by fears of exclusions, repressions and distrust to others.

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Aspecte din viaţa şi activitatea unui doctor de la Curtea lui Grigore al III-lea Ghica. Doctorul Fotache

Author(s): Sorin Grigoruţă / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 51/2014

Reconstructing the biographical portrait of “doctor Fotache” proved to be a bit more difficult, as the inaccuracy of the historic testimonies regarding the name of this doctor made it difficult to identify him. We presuppose that there were two doctors bearing the same first name. The one we have considered here was the son of Neculai Vartolomei, boyar in charge of war tents and camps. His fate seems to have been closely related to his patron’s, Grigore III Ghica, to which he seems to have been close “from childhood yet”. Having been unable to key out the ruse which the Sublime Porte’s chamberlain used in order to entice Grigore Ghica into the chambers of the bey manor, doctor Fotache would be forced to leave Moldavia for a while. After the return in his “homeland”, it is difficult to identify his medical activity, as he dedicated himself sooner to administrating his parents’ estates.

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SOCIOLOGIA ISTORICĂ A LUI HENRI H. STAHL (THE HISTORICAL SOCIOLOGY OF HENRY H. STAHL) BY ȘTEFAN GUGA. CLUJ-NAPOCA: TACT PUBLISHING HOUSE, 2015, 387 PAGES

Author(s): Călin Cotoi / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

In the last few years, inside the institutional landscape of Romanian social sciences, the history of Romanian sociology has gained a paradoxical position. On one hand, it is present, through a substantial number of people and presentations at any local conference or workshop, and displays a coherence and persistence that seem to be lacking in all other recurrent themes of contemporary Romanian sociology. On the other hand, it is uninteresting for the vast majority of individuals claiming sociological credentials, from universities and research institutes to the more business-oriented parts of the profession. The history of Romanian sociology mostly means, for the right or wrong reasons, the history of the sociology school from Bucharest, the so-called “Gusti School”. The concomitant visibility, and lack of importance of this kind of history for the mainstream Romanian sociology is rooted in the workings of a mechanism for symbolic legitimacy, and historical reconstruction linked to the interwar period. This hallowed period in the history of Romanian culture works as an important source of cultural relevance in today’s cultural fields and arenas. Present day intellectuals are able to create interwar ancestors, lines of continuity are still being built and carefully managed. The legitimizing link to Western culture is gained, safely, in an indirect way. As the interwar period is considered the highest point of cultural integration into European modernity, by constructing a reliable path to the interwar culture, modernity can be reaffirmed and the troubling Communist past can be easily set aside.

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Oбштe блудницe: прoституциja у Бeoгрaду у првoj пoлoвини 19. вeкa

Author(s): Ivan Janković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2015

The paper presents the customary law on prostitution in Serbia until 1850, when it was statutorily criminalized. As elsewhere in the Ottoman Empire, there was no difference in law between a prostitute and a promiscuous woman. Both were „strumpets” and were punished as such, as were their male partners. This infringement was called smešenije or bludodjejanije and it corresponded to the notion of zina in Ottoman law. To denote those „strumpets” who received remuneration, the qualifiers „publick” or „common” were used. The data on 130 common strumpets active in Belgrade before 1851 show that most of them were married (56%) or widowed (28%). Many widows had been married to respectable men, such as tradesmen and, less frequently, merchants and civil servants. Most prostitutes lived in misery, but a few had substantial incomes, often invested in real estate. Some enjoyed the protection of powerful men and/or the police. The paper includes the biography of a well-known prostitute of the time. Born to Christian parents in 1811, she was enslaved and Islamised in 1813, but reverted to Christianity in 1830. For a few years she was married to a high-ranking official.

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Pillantás Erdély fejedelemség kori társadalmára

Author(s): Gusztáv Mihály Hermann / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 03/2013

After having become independent, subsequently to Hungary’s splitting into three parts, Transylvania has kept its feudal structure. The privileged orders were the aristocracy, the Saxons and the Szeklers. There were few aristocratic families, and only 15% of the aristocracy had as many as 1–3 villages. The principal property was very large; the ruler of the country was prince and squire at the same time for the majority of the villeins. The greatest part of the villeins were Romanian, their number grew continuously due to resettlement from the neighbouring principalities and due to natural reproduction. The Saxons still kept their economic superiority; however, they had some competitors amongst the merchants of certain Balkan peoples and amongst the Armenians settled in from Moldavia. Certain groups had privileges, in return for military services, which descended from the time of the monarchy. The significance of these was gradually decreasing, due to military and geopolitical reasons. Among these groups the Szeklers persisted most in keeping their privileges, but were gradually giving in to feudalization.

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Ignacy Dominik Radziszewski (1782–1853) i jego familia

Author(s): Wiktor Z. Łyjak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 65/2015

Polish landed gentry was once the backbone of national tradition. Every family had among its members land owners, officers, priests, lawyers, and public servants. Ignacy Dominik Radziszewski (1782–1853) followed this tradition. He lead the life of a typical nobleman, though enriched by numerous events connected with the stormy history of Poland. Ignacy Radziszewski was above all a patriot ready to serve the highest values. This is why he took part in Napoleon’s campaigns, in the uniform of a Polish officer, and later helped to mobilise the armed forces during the November Uprising. Earlier, he studied law, which later in his life allowed him to achieve the honourable title of magistrate in his district. The author of this article also mentions other people connected with Radziszewski in different ways, beginning with friendly and familiar relationships, and ending in the professional ones. The historical sources which constitute a base for these reflections have been examined very carefully. This has allowed to display some genealogical intricacies concerning also persons who were not the protagonists of the events here related. These discoveries may result useful to the authors of future studies on the history of the land gentry of the Solec district.

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Lectură și cărți în Timișoara secolului al XVIII-lea

Author(s): Sandra Hirsch / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3/2023/2023

Interest in reading can be an indicator of literacy or, in general, of the whole educational process. On the other hand, the books owned by the citizens of Timișoara reflect their connection to the Central European world, to which Timișoara belonged in 1716. At the same time, they represent evidence of the material culture and activities of the emerging bourgeoisie. The present study started from the statement of a traveler who visited Banat towards the end of the 18th century, who stated that there was not much reading in Timișoara. By discovering some landmarks related to reading in Timișoara in the 18th century, it is possible to qualify the despairing image sometimes left by travelers’ writings. The article is structured on three levels and briefly describes the school system, the printing presses that operated in the city, and the books in the homes of the bourgeoisie of yesteryear.

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ПРАВИЛА О МЕШЕЊУ ХЛЕБА У КАЗНЕНИМ ЗАВОДИМА

Author(s): Vladimir M. Jovanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 44/2023

The Bread Making Regulations in Penal Institutions constitute an interesting document. They point to the great importance of this food staple when it comes to the daily diet of prisoners in the Kingdom of Serbia. The daily portion of one kilogram of well-baked whole-wheat bread was the embodiment of the welfare state and a pillar of stability for the regime itself. In other words, tranquillity and peace among the inmates of Serbian penal institutions were bought with generous daily portions of bread. These Regulations also reveal that Serbian prisoners received higher quality bread than most prisoners in other European countries. The Regulations included, among other things, technical instructions on the process of manufacturing a specific type of bread intended for penal institutions. One kilogram of well-baked whole-wheat bread was the standard ration for every Serbian prisoner.

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A contribution to the study of meat consumption by the wealthy burghers of Słupsk (Middle Ages to modern times)

Author(s): Urszula Iwaszczuk,Maciej Marczewski / Language(s): English Issue: 91/2023

During archaeological research of the Old Market Square in Słupsk, cultural strata and architectural relics related to various phases of the market’s development were discovered. The oldest remains date back to the pre-location period; the youngest come from the beginning of the 20th century. The original Gothic town hall was made of brick in the 14th century, accompanied by small wooden annexes. The structure was significantly damaged by the great fire of 1477, after which it had to be partially demolished, renovated and expanded. At the end of the 18th century, all existing buildings were destroyed, the area was lowered, and a new, smaller town hall was built. The last reconstruction of the town hall took place in 1901. The excavations in this area documented 1,179 fragments of animal remains. Due to the complexity of the area’s history and high number of uncovered structures, the remains were analysed chronologically. Their analysis aims to understand the burghers’ meat diet and briefly examine the state of animal husbandry in and around the city from medieval to modern times. The research showed the high importance of livestock, mainly species such as cattle and pigs that provide a large amount of meat. Remains of poultry, especially chicken and geese, were also relatively abundant. Discovery of the remains of the domestic turkey Meleagris gallopavo domesticus in 17th- and 18th-century contexts appears to be of great interest, as they were the leftovers from the luxurious meals at the tables of the burghers. Additionally, a surprising assemblage of corvid bird bones was found in a layer of decayed wood dating to the 18th–19th century, which consisted almost exclusively of the tarsometatarsus bones of a rook (Corvus frugilegus) and a raven (Corvus corax), found along with a skull of a passerine. This find could be associated with some unknown magical rituals; the bones may have also been collected as trophies.

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Jan W. Guthke – numizmatyk z Harbina (zarys biografii)

Author(s): Bartłomiej Czyżewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2024

The article describes the life and career of Jan Waldemar Guthke (1886–?). He was born in Komadzyn in a family of former German colonists. When he was a child his family moved to Łódź, where upon graduation he started working as a teacher and then he obtained an engineering degree. In the first years of the 20th century Jan W. Guthke often travelled abroad where he worked as specialist in agricultural machinery. During one of his trips he probably met his future wife Aniela née Hryniewicz. In 1911, he and his family presumably moved to the Far East oblasts of the Russian Empire and then, in approximately 1930, to Harbin in Manchuria. While he lived there he undertook to prepare a monograph about Polish coins from 1922–1938. He finished his work in November 1938, but he never published it. Jan W. Guthke is known to have still lived and worked as an engineer in Harbin in 1941. His further fate is not known.

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EL AMAZONAS DE TRES VIAJEROS CARTÓGRAFOS: ENTRE LA EXPERIENCIA Y LA IMAGINACIÓN GEOGRÁFICA

Author(s): Daniel Esteban Unigarro / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 1/2024

Since the first half of the 16th century, the Amazon River began to be represented cartographically, initially by sighting its mouth and, later, by the journeys that were undertaken. The first of these occurred by chance in 1542 when a Spanish expedition that left Quito reached the Atlantic. A century later, the Portuguese went up the great river from its mouth to the Andes. The records of both voyages served as the basis for some European descriptions and representations of this part of the New World. This article recounts the experience of three travelers who crossed the ocean, but, in addition, they were cartographers who left recurring maps in atlases, compendiums and historiographic works on the region that has probably most aroused curiosity and also the imagination in America. By reconstructing the context of cartographic production and observing the geographic information and representational content, three maps are analyzed, ranging from the sketch of a river estuary on the Atlantic coast to an aerial view of the river's course, passing through a serpentine figure. Finally, it is concluded that the three representations are the product of both the experience of the cartographer travelers, with different ways of perceiving and approaching reality, and of the geographic imagination that moves between the cosmographic, the mythical and the pragmatic.

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Climate and Society in Europe: The Last Thousand Years

Author(s): András Vadas / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

Climate and Society in Europe: The Last Thousand Years. By Christian Pfister and Heinz Wanner. Bern: Haupt, 2021. 400 pp.

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Gregory Clark: The Son Also Rises. Surnames and the History of Social Mobility

Author(s): András Keszei / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 86/2021

Clark, Gregory: The Son Also Rises. Surnames and the History of Social Mobility. Princeton University Press, Princeton – Oxford, 2014. 359 p.

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