Statutul femeii în Letopisețul lui Ion Neculce

Author(s): Mihai Dragnea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2011

This essay analyzes the status of woman in Moldova between the 17th and 18th centuries. The main source is the Moldavian chronicle Letopisețul Țării Moldovei [The Chronicle of the Land of Moldavia], written by Ion Neculce in 1733, covering events from 1661 to 1743. Being a representative voice of local boyars, Neculce knew the Moldavian society very well. Through his humanist writings, in which he adopted critical attitudes against the immorality of the noble class, he managed to emanicipate it. Along with the narratives of Neculce regarding the status of woman, the legal and administrative sources can help us to define real women’s profile in the 17th and 18th centuries. As the documents prove, the dowry was a statuary element of a marriage, a real family obligation. The dowry was from the legal point of view the woman’s property and the husband had only a beneficial right

Women, Crime and the Secular Court in eighteenth Century Cluj

Author(s): Andrea Fehér / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

The purpose of this presentation is to address the issue of female criminality in early modern Cluj, and to analyze women’s position before the law. Our investigation is based on the records of the secular Court from the town Cluj, where we have identifi ed more than 250 cases of women accused of fornication, adultery, witchcraft, infanticide, theft and drunkenness, poisoning, swearing and slander. There were a significant number of female convictions during the century, from which most ended with light sentences, such as banishment, corporal punishments, stigmatizations with hot iron, mutilations and only occasionally death. We would like to analyze in detail the types of crime and their punishments presenting the legal background, the jurisdiction and the habitual practices of the Court. We would also like to underline the importance of the narrative strategies used in these inquisitorial trials, since our documents reveal female criminality from a male perspective, as in these times men ran the legal system, consequently the Court records, in our reading contain moral, legal and sexual elements of a male discourse on female crime.

Visions of the Daughters of Albion: The Influence of Mary Wollstonecraft’s Life and Career on William Blake

Author(s): Ramin Keshavarzian,Pyeaam Abbasi / Language(s): Issue: 40/2014

The present study discussed the influence of one of the eighteenth-century British women of color, the feminist Mary Wollstonecraft, on William Blake. By adopting a biographical and also a comparative approach, the authors tried to highlight the influences of Wollstonecraft’s personal life, character, and career, chiefly her A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), on one of William Blake’s lessreferred- to poems Visions of the Daughters of Albion (1793). The study will help readers to both know Wollstonecraft’s prominence and also to grasp more of William Blake and his poetry. The authors also attempted to show that William Blake was part of the early feminism of the late eighteenth century.

The talent of mature women and their legacy for Humanity

Author(s): Marina Troncoso-Rodríguez / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

This paper is a compilation of facts about women who shone in their youth either for their research, their works of art, or their social and political activities, and who remained active in their later years, when they became what are commonly called senior citizens. It was during these years that these brilliant women managed to crystallise and consolidate the work they had done all of their life, bringing about changes in scientific, artistic, cultural and social fields, and leaving behind a legacy of knowledge for future generations. A small group of women representing different disciplines has been chosen here, and all of these women were active in their later life. Many others who could have been included will not be found, not only because there is not enough space here to mention all of them but also because there is a lack of sources dealing with the millions of senior heroines who are anonymous; elderly women who play a vital role in the development of humanity when they pass on knowledge and values; women who remain active in their later years and who only retire the day they die.

Hereré, Nodzsmet és Henuttaui – az előkelő nők társadalmi szerepe az ókori Egyiptomban a késő Ramesszida kor és a XXI. dinasztia idején

Author(s): Gabriella Dembitz / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 63/2016

Following the death of Ramses XI, Manetho’s Aegyptiaca, the basis for modern periodisation, lists the kings of the New Dynasty, now known as the beginning of the Third Intermediate Period. This long period which lasted until 664 BC was far from homogeneous. It consisted of distinct phases including the initial phase of Dynasty 21, which was characterised by a fundamentally bipartite political situation. The period between Dynasty 21 and 25, also known as the Ethiopian period, ended with Peye’s succession in c. 722 BC. Due to the predominantly Lybian origin of the monarch and the ruling elite, this era may also be referred to as the Lybian period. Following Anthony Leahy and Karl Jansen-Winkeln, a new hypothesis has been gaining foothold in scholarship from 1985 onwards, which suggests that the changes on funerary rituals, new types of names and the increasing social role of women reflect the new Lybian elite’s influence on Egyptian society. The present study examines the purported societal differences between the Ramesside era and Dynasty 21 and the possible impact of the new Lybian military elite’s customs. Although the role and position of women in society is a hitherto neglected area of Egyptology, the lives and careers of Hereré, Nojmet and Henuttawi provide invaluable details for the interpretation of a little known period of Ancient Egyptian history.

A Wohl-nővérek emancipációja

Author(s): Zsuzsa Török / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2015

The paper provides a social historical analysis of the writing career of Janka Wohl and Stephanie Wohl. It proposes that periodicals were instrumental in shaping writers' life work, and that the press of the time requires particular attention when studying the 19thcentury history of authorship. It is based on the analysis of Stephanie Wohl's only letter of biographical relevance and on the wider, contextual presentation of some of the statements in the letter. The paper follows the life of the Wohl girls starting with a description of their family background and their education, until their career as writers and editors. It also discusses their reception in contemporary society and social life. The life of the Wohl sisters unfolds in the context of two significant social historical processes of the 19th-century: assimilated Jewish intellectuals and the emancipation of women. Their ambitions as writers are coupled with a strong assimilation urge, while the roots of this are explained through a presentation of the wider context of their family history. For them, the “life form” of the intellectual, which guaranteed integration into the society of Hungarian language and culture, was attainable through a fellowship with the Lutheran intelligentsia. And the Lutheran environment explains not only their writing activity, but also their skills to get along and act as organizers in the social life of their time.

„Килия 31/ Зад свободата“

Author(s): Olga Chavova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2016

The US Congress debate on Vietnam War: The African American Congresswomen Position

Author(s): Silvia Benussi / Language(s): English Issue: XII/2015

The paper aims to give an account of the positions expressed on Vietnam War by the three African American women that were, at the time, member of Congress: Shirley Chisholm, Yvonne Burke and Barbara Jordan. The focus is mainly on Chisholm stance against the war, because Burke and Jordan joined her only in January 1973, just few days before Paris Peace Accords were signed. The paper fulfills its goal through three steps, in order to: 1) analyse the reasons against the war expressed by African American congresswomen; 2) identify the link between the war and the evolving condition of African Americans in U.S., as it comes to light form their discourses; 3) verify the influence of the Civil Rights Movement on African American congresswomen stances; 4) verify the existence of a gendered perspective in their speeches. The paper shows that the stance against the Vietnam War became a huge part of Chisholm’s congressional politics when she realised the adverse impact that the war had on crucial social programs, and that Chisholm had a “traditional” gendered approach to the protest against the war.

K razumevanju ženskega dela v veliki vojni

Author(s): Urška Strle / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2/2015

The article deals with the intersection of war economy and women’s workforce during World War I and pays a special attention to the Slovenian population. Using a variety of sources, the author tries to synthesise the generalities and specifics of the women’s involvement into the war economy in the so-called Slovenian lands. War economy is understood in the broadest sense and includes not only armament and war-related production, but also the acute issue of supplies for the military and civil sphere. The economic role of the Slovenian lands, peripheral within the Habsburg Monarchy, and the social structure of the Slovenian population profoundly affected the way how women were being included into the activities at the home front. The author argues that the sensational images from Western Europe, presenting a massive inclusion of women into the war industry, are not typical for the Slovenian space. However, the role of women in the war economy should not be underestimated, for they represented the majority of economically active population, supporting not only the civil society but also the army.

Položaj žensk in otrok v programih političnih strank v Sloveniji v letih 1918–1929

Author(s): Dunja Dobaja / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2/2012

The following contribution presents the attitudes of the Slovenian political parties in the period between 1918 and 1929 towards the social and health issues, especially the position of women (mothers) and children. Despite the ideological-political differences the parties of all three traditional ideological-political camps – Catholic, liberal and socialist – strived for a more just society, which would ensure an efficient system of social and health protection, also of women and children.

Privatni i javni patrijarhat

Author(s): Milicia Jerončić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 19/2015

This paper represents a social analysis of the social role and position of women in Yugoslavia in the period 1945–1990 in the context of (changes in) global society, and/or the level of its patriarchality. Relying on the terminology and theoretical contribution of Sylvia Walby, the author points out the existence of private and public patriarchy which, through its joint action, (re)produces gender inequalities within the society. Namely, the egalitarian ideology, changed legislation and modernization processes during the socialist period really promoted greater presence of women in public sphere, but that sphere obtained the form of public patriarchy, while the social position and role of women in it become characterized by segregation, marginalization and lack of privileges. Conversely, the new social order did not destabilize the traditional family model – private patriarchy was present and women remained “in the chains of tradition,” trapped in their role of “wife, mother and housewife”. The analysis of the above mentioned social– cultural and historic framework indicates the subdual of women in both social spheres, which has resulted in their being overburdened. The so-called “socialist” emancipation of women is seen here as a process mainly characterized by the contradiction between the proclaimed ideals of equality and changes arising from the above mentioned reason, on the one hand, and reality in which women, unrelieved from their traditional role, are far from becoming equal members of society on the other hand.

Yugoslav Feminists in Socialism

Author(s): Biljana Kašić,Sandra Prlenda / Language(s): English Issue: 19/2015

Our impulse to probe the concept of women’s heritage of the socialist past in the former Yugoslavia comes from the concern for enriching both theoretical and activist endeavors of contemporary feminists with a novel perspective and knowledge of the past. Starting from discussing epistemological questions related to the concepts of heritage, time, and memory, we briefly outline main problems of the historiography of women’s experience during socialism in Yugoslavia, including the emergence of feminist theory and activism, and proposing some theoretical tools for further debate. These theoretical tools could help to account for multiplicity and complex temporalities of feminist paths, interplay between Marxist and feminist agency in socialist Yugoslavia, and, finally, they could reposition the debate on the feminist and socialist past in the complex reality of the post-Yugoslav space/time.

Przemilczane i zapomniane. O zjawisku Matyldy, czyli systemowym umniejszaniu roli kobiet w nauce

Author(s): Aleksandra Derra / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2016

In late 1960’s the famous sociologist Robert Merton pointed out that the system of institutional science functions in a very peculiar way, namely, it distributes merits to scientists who are already known. As a result, their papers are cited more frequently and their research is highly evaluated already in advance. Merton called this tendency the ‘Matthew Effect’ and showed its advantageous results for institutionalized science. More than twenty years later the American historian of science Margaret Rossiter noticed a complementary phenomenon which consists in a division of the recognition of scientific achievements in relation to gender. According to Rossiter, women scientists have been ignored, denied appreciation and sometimes forgotten. She has labelled this phenomenon the ‘Matilda Effect’ in order to honour the suffragist and feminist critic Matilda Joslyn Gage. The aim of the present article is to examine specifi c mechanisms responsible for the systematic erasing of women from the history of science, which is connected with devaluation of their scientific achievements and with a reduction of their role in the development of certain scientific domains. Generally speaking, the ‘Matilda Effect’ amounts to silencing women in scientific culture. Additionally, the author refers to the ignorance of the gender factor as a significant issue in the critical approach to science. In the article Merton’s analysis is juxtaposed with Rossiter’s observations. In order to describe the functioning of the ‘Matilda effect’ in a more detailed way, I discuss the history of the scientific activity of two prominent female scientists: Rosalind Franklin, a chemist and crystallographer, and Ruth Hubbard, a biologist.

Női páciensek: a kolozsvári Női Kórház története a két világháború között

Author(s): Zsuzsa Bokor / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 66/2016

The paper explores the structure and modes of operation of a venereal hospital known as the Women’s Hospital in interwar Cluj. The study goes beyond the approach traditionally employed by the history of institutions, and analyzes the extent to which these mechanisms were linked to a series of medical measures and contemporary policies of institutionalizing healthcare in Romania at the time. Local history reveals other correlations too, both on national and on local level, raising issues ranging from the professionalization of prostitution in the 1930s, to how venereal diseases became part of the nation state’s biopolitical program and, in turn, that of nationalist discourse.

THE PALAEOLITHIC DISCOVERIES FROM MITOC, MALU GALBEN (ROMANIA). THE AURIGNACIAN I AND I INFERIOR LAYERS

Author(s): Vasile Chirica,Diana-Mariuca Vornicu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

The paper makes a presentation of the two oldest archaeological layers at the Upper Palaeolithic site of Mitoc - Malu Galben: the Aurignacian I and I Inferior assemblages. The study provides a geographic and geologic characterization of the area, by pointing out that the main reason for the prehistoric human communities to install their encampments here was the availability of the rich flint resources. The pedo sedimentary stratigraphy of the site is also presented along with the distribution of the archaeological layers in the sedimentary units and the established climatic cycles. Among the Aurignacian layers, the Aurignacian I (subunit 10b Inferior – 11 Superior) provided the richest archaeological material: flint workshops concentrated around hearths, faunal remains and hard animal tissue artefacts (Mladeč spearheads). The lithic typology is specific to the classical old Aurignacian (carenated endscrapers and burins, nosed endscrapers). The absolute chronology data indicate a first occupation of the site around 32.730 ± 220 BP (Aurignacian I Inferior – subunit 12 b) and the 30.000 BP for the end of the Aurignacian I occupation. The final part of the text propounds a framing of the Aurignacian discoveries from Malu Galben in the context of the Early Upper Palaeolithic from Europe.

„A rendszerváltás előtt titokként kellett megélni”

Author(s): Péter Hanzli / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 66/2016

The book entitled Hot Men, Cold Dictatorships was published along the documentary of the same title in 2015. This is the first collection of interviews that presents the lives of older gay men who were socialised in the Kádár era. Thirteen participants, their photos and names supplied, relate their lives and experiences living as gay men in the Kádár regime. The paper shows that although their lives are very different, they also show similarities. It gives an insight into the process of self-acceptance of homosexual men in the 1960s and 1970s, the type of information at their disposal, as well as the terms they used to describe themselves. In addition, the study also sheds light on the typical life strategies of closet homosexuals and men who came out at least in certain circles, as well as their most popular ways and places to meet and socialise. The paper also examines the establishment’s attitudes towards homosexuals and vice versa, police monitoring and the beginnings of the LMBT movement in Hungary.

БИТОЛА ВО ДЕНОВИТЕ НА ИЛИНДЕНСКОТО ВОСТАНИЕ ВО СПОМЕНИТЕ НА ЦАРЕВНА МИЛАДИНОВА-АЛЕКСИЕВА

Author(s): Ljiljana Gushevska,Natasha Kotlar-Trajkova / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 2/2023

Carevna Miladinova-Aleksieva was a teacher and writer who holds a significant place in Macedonian literary and cultural history of the second half of the19th and the beginning of the 20th century. This article analyzes her recollections of the Ilinden Uprising (1903) recorded in two texts that were included in the book Epoch, Land and People, which was edited and posthumously published by her son Vladislav Alexiev. These documents are very interesting because they represent a personal, subjective view of one of the most notable events in Macedonian history, as well as the author’s experience as a contemporary of the events. They contain her memories conveyed with a degree of dramatic intensity and expressed with a lot of emotions. These chronicles do not insist on any strict factography, and even contain certain inaccuracies in that regard. Thus, the author depicts the atmosphere in the city of Bitola, where she resides in the period before and during the uprising, and speaks enthusiastically about the courage and sacrifice of both the insurgents and the people, as well as about the mass involvement in the uprising and the determination of the common people to fight for their freedom at the cost of their own lives. Despite the devastating consequences of the suppressed uprising, she emphasizes the indomitability of the people's spirit and expresses her desire for Ilinden 1903 to never be forgotten.

The Roles the Women Had within the Family, in the Traditional Romanian Society. Considerations of the Feminine Hypostases in the Rites of Passage

Author(s): Anca Ceaușescu / Language(s): English Issue: XXIV/2023

From the great diversity of female roles, in the present work we have proposed to review some important aspects that define the role of women in the Romanian traditional family, with special attention to the important biological thresholds that man crosses throughout his existence his (birth, marriage, death).It is known that in the essential moments of life, man undergoes a transition, a translation between two special existential modes, between two states or between two human conditions. These changes in the state of the man, within the family or the wider social group, presuppose an imbalance in the system of social relations. In this context, the customs, rites and rituals of the rites of passage have the role of restoring the affected balance and protecting the individual against the malevolent forces that are triggered during these periods. In practicing the ritual and ceremonial acts occasioned by these moments in human life, the woman has the essential role, and it is her responsibility to carry them out.

WOMEN’S EMANCIPATION IN MONTENEGRO BEFORE SOCIALIST YUGOSLAVIA: THE ROOTS OF RETRADITIONALIZATION IN MONTENEGRIN SOCIETY

Author(s): Jovana Djuric / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

The unenviable status of women in Montenegro is well documented in recent years. Research done by different NGOs, official statistics, as well as Council of Europe reports the inequality between man and women in different spheres of life. In order to understand why this is, the article examines the specific path of women’s emancipation in Montenegro. The retraditionalization that took place in the 1990s, both in the former Yugoslavia and in other socialist countries, brings a return to traditional values as well as renunciation of the ideas that Communism brought. However, the unenviable position of women in these countries is not as pronounced as in Montenegro. Hence, it is important to investigate what is “the traditional” when it comes to women in Montenegro. What ideas and perceptions about women did Montenegrin society return to in the 1990s, when it renounced most of its Communist legacy?

„NA RATUNEK DZIECIOM” – OCHRONKA PRZY LUBELSKIM ZWIĄZKU KOBIET ŻYDOWSKICH W ŚWIETLE LUBELSKIEJ PRASY JIDYSZ Z OKRESU MIĘDZYWOJENNEGO

Author(s): Marta Kubiszyn / Language(s): Polish Issue: 53/2024

Previous research regarding the culture and history of the Jewish com- munity in Lublin in the interwar period only to a small extent covered issues re- lated to the nurseries for Jewish children. Since little archival documentary mate- rial is available, texts published in Lublin’s Yiddish press in the 1920s and 1930s serve as a valuable source. The article discusses particular aspects regarding the nursery run by the Zionist Association of Jewish Women which had its headquar- ters at 41 Krawiecka Street, in the middle of the Podzamcze Jewish district of Lublin. Analyzing articles written by Bela Dobrzyńska, a local Zionist activist who was also a co-founder of the nursery, as well as other texts, the author discusses issues regarding educational work carried out by this institution. A broader in- terpretative and comparative context for the analysis is provided by press articles regarding the orphanage for Jewish children at 11 Grodzka Street run by the Jewish community, as well as by studies on pedagogical ideas developed in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.