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Svođenje računa – tranziciona pravda u istorijskoj perspektivi
This book offers an analysis of transitional justice - retribution and reparation after a change of political regime - from Athens in the fifth century BC to the present
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This book offers an analysis of transitional justice - retribution and reparation after a change of political regime - from Athens in the fifth century BC to the present
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Provinciale vetus sive Ecclesiae universae provinciarum notitia is a complex source in which one of the oldest catalogues of the Catholic bishoprics can be found. The source was dated in the period of Charlemagne (768-814) and grouped together with documents and codexes from his era, inspite the fact that some data are from the later centuries. It is evident that content and structure of this source is very complex, including the data form different periods: we can identify several authors and redactors of the source. Also, we can compare this source with the Liber censum Romanae Ecclesiae, a list of the bishoprics, abbeys, chapters and some lay institutions subjected to the Roman Church, which had the financial and other obligations towards it. This document was written in 1192 by papal chamberlain Sabellus Cencius. Provinciale vetus sive Ecclesiae universae provinciarum notitia is rich with data form early-medieval Christian history. The analysis of its content shows that this source contains documents from different periods. It is evident that already in the early-medieval period the author who was not really a connoisseur of religious and political history revised it. This conclusion was made already by an editor who published Medieval sources in the mid-19th century. The publication was equipped with rich critical apparatus, but remains unclear why the source Provinciale vetus sive Ecclesiae universae provinciarum notitia, containing documents from later periods, was published together with the documents and codexes from the period of Charles the Great. Some authors have been ignoring this source, or have used its information in a negative sense. This source, however, should be used by researches of the Late Antiquity and Early medieval History in comparison with other sources and using critical methodology .
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Obwohl die Dardaner der römischen Herrschaft erst in dem Jahre 200 vor Chr. unterlagen, dank derer geographischen Position, die eine Brücke zwischen verschiedener Völker und Kulturen, besonders derjenigen in der Welt des Altertums, in der ersten Reihe des Ägäischen Raums, darstellte, begann die Zeit der Antike dort, unterschiedlich von anderen Stämmen Illyriens, schon im V. Jahrhundert vor Chr. Es ist nun verständlich, dass dies vom wesentlichen Einfluss auf die Bereicherung, Änderung und sogar Synkretisierung verschiedenartiger Kulturen sowie des materiellen und geistigen Lebens war. Diese Erscheinung wurde gerade in der Sphäre des geistigen Lebens, der Religion und der Kulte sichtbar. Es ist klar, dass dort, wo der Durchbruch der kulturellen und geistigen Güter leichter war, wie es in Dardanien der Fall war, und zwar in den Bereichen die Flusstäler (Vardar, Morava, der Weiße und Schwarze Drim, Ibar) entlang, sowie in den Kontaktzonen, bzw. in den Grenzgebieten - dort war auch der geistige Reichtum verschiedenartiger Kulte, sowie die verschiedenen Formen des religiösen Ausdrucks vielartiger. In diesem Sinne verstehen wir die Tatsache, dass, wenigstens wenn wir von dem zentralen, südöstlichen und südwestlichen Gebiete des Territoriums der Dardaner sprechen, dieses Gebiet, sozusagen, unter dem unmittelbaren Einfluss des Hellenismus stand. Der Ziel des ersten Teils dieser Studie wäre, auf Grund des epigraphischen und archäologischen Materials einen Überblick aus dem religiösen Leben verschiedener Kulte während verschiedener Zeiträume im Leben der Dardaner und auf dem dardanischen Territorium zu geben, und zwar seit der Urgeschichte, konkreter, vom Neolithikum biz zur Spätantike. Es ist klar, dass ein so großer Zeitraum sowie die Größe des Territoriums, das geographisch betrachtet groß und räumig ist, nicht nur die Unterschiedlichkeit der verschiedenartigen Ausdrucksformen des religiösen Lebens mit sich bringt, sondern auch die Erscheinung des Synkretismus verschiedenartiger Kulte und Glauben. Andererseits aber ermöglicht die geographische Unterschiedlichkeit dieses Gebietes auch die Bewahrung und Resistenz der epichorischen Kulte und einheimischen religiösen Phenomäne.
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Sections in the book: A descriptive text section (pp. 7 – 28) about history of coin forgery as well as technical observations and conclusions; Catalogue (pp. 29-77) with 121 high resolution photos of coins and coin dies including magnified imagery; Lab analysis (pp. 78-79) of the metal dies are made of.
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The principal research question pursued by this work is as follows: How do the Republic of Moldova, Romania, and Ukraine present one another in their history curricula and textbooks? How do the history textbooks of each of these three countries present the relationship between majorities and minorities?This book is thus focused on two main objectives: first, to generate improved understanding of the state of the discipline of history in these countries via discussion of reforms to and debates around history curricula in each country, and second, to shed light on the ways in which history textbooks in each of the three countries represent the other two and their peoples.Curriculum development and textbook production in all three countries still remain centralised. Textbooks are produced by state and private publishing houses. Most textbooks are curriculum-based and developed according to the guidelines issued by the Ministries of Education. Through their textbook publishing policy, these ministries control the content and quality of textbooks. History curricula and textbooks in all three countries have progressed, but we still encounter many problems. Among them are the following:• the content of curricula and history textbooks continues to place too much emphasis on national aspects to the detriment of the world, regional, and local dimensions of history;• it reflects the history of wars and violence instead of giving more space to periods of peaceful coexistence, cooperation and cultural communication, or of mutual enrichment between various social groups as well as between nations;• it neglects regional history and cultural and historical links with neighbouring countries;• as it stands, it causes problems in history education and the development of ethnic identity, as well as the relationship between “Us” and “Others”;• it leads to or accepts poor textbook design.The relationship between national and European history remains a closely debated topic in all three societies. Their shared reality, as evidenced by this study, is that all three countries are currently not presenting one another in any meaningful way in their history textbooks at all educational levels. In all three countries, history education and textbooks are dominated by political history and narratives of victimisation. National histories do not pay attention to their neighbours.History textbooks play an important part in the process of collective identity formation, building a relationship with the past and creating an image of the “other”. The content of textbooks determines, in many cases, students' attitudes to their neighbours. Therefore, in order to improve the situation in history education and to develop a tolerant approach to “others” in history textbooks, there is a great need for joint efforts by politicians, professionals and members of civil society in Moldova, Romania and Ukraine.
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This book presents the everyday life in the 19th century, in Europe. The author goes back to ancient times, to medieval age to present the changes of the everyday life. In the first chapter he deals with the food situation in Europe and the food revolution in the second part of the 19th century. The author presents the epidemics from the ancient time to the end of the 19th century and he deals with the healing and the drugs too. The book presents the situation and the changes in the life of the women. The last chapter presents the leisure time situation in Europe.
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U organizaciji Franjevačke teologije u Sarajevu održan je 14. i 15. listopada 2005. godine Međunarodni znanstveni skup posvećen uglednom arheologu i povjesničaru dr. Pavlu Anđeliću (1920-1985). Gotovo cijeli svoj radni vijek Anđelić je posvetio istraživanju bosanskoga srednjovjekovlja. Prvotno je studirao pravo, a po završetku studija radio kao kotarski sudac u zavičajnom Konjicu. Već za vrijeme sudačke službe počeo se zanimati za povijesno-kulturno nasljeđe. Po prelasku u Sarajevo (1956), ubrzo je, kao uposlenik Zemaljskoga muzeja, upisao studij povijesti i sasvim se okrenuo proučavanju prošlosti Bosne i Hercegovine. Bavio se pitanjima arheologije od prethistorije do srednjega vijeka. U svojim se istraživanjima s posebnim interesom okrenuo srednjovjekovnim gradovima bosanskih vladara, te pitanjima arheološko-historijske topografije, sfragistike, heraldike, epigrafike i diplomatike. Sam je vodio iskopavanja na više arheoloških lokaliteta: grad Bobovac, vladarski dvori u Kraljevoj Sutjesci, crkva Sv. Marije u Jajcu, grad Blagaj kod Mostara, krunidbena i grobna crkva u Milima (Arnautovićima) kod Visokog. Zapaženi doprinosi rasvjetljavanju povijesti bosanskoga srednjovjekovlja, akribija u znanstvenom radu, utemeljenost i visoka pouzdanost rezultata istraživačkoga rada Pavla Anđelića, razlozi su koji su nas potaknuli da znanstvenim skupom obilježimo dvije njegove obljetnice: osamdeset pet godina od rođenja i dvadeset godina od smrti. Pritom smo se vodili i činjenicom da je on, kao franjevački đak, osam godina pohađao Franjevačku klasičnu gimnaziju u Visokom gdje je stekao klasičnu izobrazbu. Skup je inicirao Dubravko Lovrenović s ciljem da se njime oda ne samo počast uglednom znanstveniku, nego također svrati i pozornost na njegove znanstvene doprinose na polju arheologije i historiografije Bosne i Hercegovine. U Zborniku je sabrano i objavljeno ukupno devetnaest referata. Jedan dio njih bavi se Anđelićevim doprinosima na polju arheoloških istraživanja, a drugi dio zahvaća tematiku koja prostorno i vremenski ulazi u okvir njegova istraživačkoga područja.
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Professor Małgorzata Dąbrowska, a distinguished scholar dealing with the history of Byzantium in the Middle Ages, belongs to the few Byzantinists who have become internationally acclaimed. A considerable part of her output concerns Polish-Byzantine relations which are hardly known to foreign scholars because of the language barrier, and yet they attract the interest of scholars all over the world as a new aspect of Byzantine studies. The publication of English and French works by Małgorzata Dąbrowska will thus facilitate better understanding between the Latin and Orthodox milieux in the European world. The author’s style is absolutely superb, regardless of the fact whether her texts are written in Polish or in other languages. This adds another quality to her oeuvre. // From the review by Professor Maciej Salamon
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How did language begin? The question, then, is how the properties of human language got their start. Obviously, it couldn’t have been a bunch of cavemen sitting around and deciding to make up a language, since in order to do so, they would have had to have a language to start with! Intuitively, one might speculate that hominids (human ancestors) started by grunting or hooting or crying out, and “gradually” this “somehow” developed into the sort of language we have today. (Such speculations were so rampant 150 years ago that in 1866 the French Academy banned papers on the origins of language!) The problem is in the “gradually”' and the “somehow”. Chimps grunt and hoot and cry out, too. What happened to humans in the 6 million years or so since the hominid and chimpanzee lines diverged, and when and how did hominid communication begin to have the properties of modern language?
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Geographical position of Prokuplje varied, depending on the importance of the region in a particular historic period. At the time of the Roman Empire Prokuplje was situated on the road connecting Lješ and Niš. A fortress (castellum) manned with soldiers securing peace and order, and protecting transportation of commodities and armies in the area was arected on the nearby hill Hisar. During the Turkish reign Prokuplje was again located on the important communication way between Dubrovnik and Istanbul, and this is the reason why between Dubrovnik and Istanbul, and this is the reason why some of the most significant Dubrovnik colonies were concentrated in Prokuplje and in Novi Pazar. Once the railways Doljevac-Prokuplje in 1925 and Prokuplje-Kuršumlija-Priština in 1948 were constructed its position continued to gain in importance. It should be added that a motor road connecting Niš and Pristina passes through Prokuplje and that Prokuplje and the adjacent towns are all connected ba a network of modem roads. Its favorable geographical position has had a definite impact on its demographic development. Archeological investigations in the region confirm that it was populated already in the prehistoric times. Its first inhabitants were members of the Illyrian tribe Dardanians followed by the Celtic tribe Scordisci. At the time of the Roman conquest severe battles were fought with the Celtic inhabitants and those who remained were resettled in Pannonia. Slavic settling in the area was completed by the seventh century. Serbs remained to live there in peace and in war with Byzantium all the way up to the Ottoman conquest in 1454. The region played an active and important part at the time of Stefan Nemanja as well, which may be deduced from the fact that his palace was located in Kuršumlija. The oppressed Serbian population, taking advantage of each and every opportunity, frequently rose up against Turkish slavery. Massive Serbian uprisings against the Turkish rulers took place at the time of Austrian-Turkish wars in 1690 and 1737. After these wars, fearing Turkish revenge, the Serbs, emigrated to the lands north of the Sava and the Danube, leaving behind their centuries-lond homeland. A powerful and successful uprising took place in 1876-1878 when the Toplica region was finally liberated and joined to the state of Serbia. After the liberation from the Turkish reign Prokuplje, finally free, became a strong immigrant point of attraction once again. Prokuplje and its environs were this time populated by immigrants from Montenegro, Herzegovina, Kossovo, Metohia, Kopaonik, environs of Užice, the Vojvodina, Crna Trava and other regions. The result of these migrations was the extremely heterogeneous population structure of Prokuplje, namely its members originated from many different regions. Demographic and socioeconomic development of Prokuplje was disrupted by the 1912-1918, and 1941-1945 wars. These wars had extremely negative effects on population and household growths in Prokuplje. After the Second World War an accelerated development of urban settlements continued in general and this was also true for Prokuplje. These processes invoked the rural-urban migrations because peasants could rather easily find employment in towns. This process was so pronounced in Prokuplje that 60% of its population are the rural immigrants. Prokuplje became the center of daily commuters: workers and pupils. The existence of so many commuters is conditioned by various factors: traffic development in Toplica, underdeveloped economy so that workers have to engage themselves in agricultural production as well, housing shortages in the town and so on. After the Second World War immigration of Serbian inhabitants from Kossovo and Metohia became more intensive. These migrations were provoked by the actions of Albanian separatists and nationalists, further by the bad policy of the Yugoslav League of Communists leadership, and by the failures of the state agencies and institutions. Population and household increase in Prokuplje after the liberation from the Turkish reign was the result of the influx of Serbian population from various directions, while after 1960 rural-urban migrations were the chief factor in population growth. Population increase due to birth rates is extremely modest, the average rate being 9% for the period of the last ten years. Population structure (gender, age, education, nationality, confession, economy) of Prokuplje is influenced by the complex socioeconomic factors effective in the past. Gender structure was disturbed by the intensive immigration of male migrants up to the Second World War and their emigration later on, by the economic structure of the town, by wars and other factors. Age structure is on the other hand effected by decrease of birth rates which is seen from the following aging index: in 1948 0.19.1953 0.18.1961 0.21. 1971 0.22, and in 1981 0.28. Literacy is on the low level (in 1948 15.22%, 1961 12.48%. 1971 11.07%, and in 1981 7.02%) for an urban settlement with more than 25000 inhabitants. Percentage of inhabitants with collage and university degrees is increasing (1948 1.41%. 1953 2.71%. 1971 4.91% and in 1981 7.35%). This increase is in accord with the economic, cultural, medical-care and communication development of Prokuplje, the center of Toplica. National structure in the periods after the liberation from the Turks was quite homogeneous. From 1948 (89.5%) until 1981 (86.47%) the percentage of Serbs decreased. The second largest group are the Gypsies amounting to 5.34% in 1981. More than 99% of the total population in Prokuplje are of the Serbian Orthodox creed. The economic structure of the population in Prokuplje changed in correlation with the development of economic life in the town and its environs. The general activity rate in the after-war period is quite stable: in 1953 31.1%, 196132.29%, 197134.95%, and in 1981 36.44%. Increase of the general rate of activity is the consequence of the aging of the population, decrease of natality rate and the number of pupils and students as supported persons. The number and percentage of self-supporting people is increasing because of the increasing number of retired persons who return to their home town after retirement. The absolute and relative number of people employed in primary sector is in decrease, while those in the secondary and tertiary ones is in increase. The rate and type of change that has occurred in the population economic structure in Prokuplje may be seen from the following data: the number of employees in economic activities increased in the period 1953-1961 for 84.74%, from 1961 to 1971 for 72%. and from 1971 to 1981 for 30.5%, and in other activities: from 1953 to 1961 for 19.5%, from 1961 to 1971 for 25.95%, and from 1971 to 1981 for 56.08%. In the following period both the population growth and the changes in population structure will be moderate for it is not expected that the town would experience abrupt changes in its development.
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Gorski kotar i Ogulinsko-plaščanska zavala nalaze se na području zapadne Hrvatske. Na sjeveru je međa Gorskog kotara istovjetna s linijom državne granice između Hrvatske i Slovenije. U najvećem svojem dijelu ta se granica podudara s tokom rijeke Kupe i rječice Čabranke. Radi se o povijesnoj granici koja postoji od 17. stoljeća i koja je u vrijeme Habsburške Monarhije dijelila pokrajinu Kranjsku od Hrvatske, kasnije, ujedno i austrijski dio od ugarskog dijela Monarhije.
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Plato, Cicero and Machiavelli are considered the classics of political philosophy. Their research constantly stimulates the imagination of researchers and provokes further interpretations. What seemed particularly interesting to me was to illustrate, by dint of deliberations focused on the ethos of a political leader, a certain continuity of thought that can be noticed in the views of these thinkers, and also to indicate the differences appearing in them, resulting from the personal nature of their perceptions and individual understanding of state reality. Despite a keen interest in the writings of Plato, Cicero or Machiavelli, and in the few works that compare ancient thought with the opinions of Renaissance authors, there is still a shortage of this kind of study. My sense of unsatisfaction was augmented by the realization that the work of Francesco Guicciardini – which is a valuable source of information about the social and political situation of Renaissance Florence and offers an additional reference point for Machiavelli's opinions, in this way painting a more complete picture of the era and allowing a better understanding of the contemporary trends – has not been properly recognized in the Polish literature.
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The notes were taken in Lviv by Ryszard Gansiniec, a classics professor at Jan Kazimierz University and at the Soviet Ivan Franko Lviv State University from July 1944 to June 1946, when the scholar left the city for good. It is a unique source material concerning everyday life in the city at the end of the Polish period in Lviv and the fate of Polish intelligentsia after the end of the Second World War. It is the second, enlarged and supplemented edition of the book, first published in 1995.
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The books presents the results of research on negative images of women in different historical periods. The authors deliberate whether the attitudes associated with “evil” women change throughout history and if the same actions taken by men and women are judged in the same way. The research is based on the variety of sources: from ancient philosophy to contemporary press.
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This volume is a contribution to the decipherment of Ptolemy’s universal map, with focus on the territory known as Dacia. The information provided by Ptolemy was translated into modern data considering local features and complying with certain general principles. The difficulty of this task consisted in the way the ancient manuscripts transmitted the original location coordinates, as well as in the way Ptolemy patched together information from ancient itineraries and other sources. The author of this volume conceived a general formula for mapping Dacia based on the information found in the two oldest sources he used. Furthermore, he determined local patterns with the help of the other sources – therefore, defining locations resulted in a better determination of the surrounding relative positions. This information, as well as the correlation of the Ptolemaic locations with archaeological findings, provides an increased recognition of Ptolemaic Dacia, while also contributing to exposing the Ptolemaic universal map.
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The lexicon contains a complete list of spiritual beings (“powers”) mentioned by name in Nag Hammadi and related texts. They are presented against a broad background of ritual magic texts: “magical” papyri, defixiones, lamellae, and amulets of precious and semi-precious stones. The whole is also supplemented by extracts from patristic literature. The main part of the Lexicon is preceded by an introduction, in which the fundamental originality of the demonology of the Nag Hammadi texts is demonstrated. The book is addressed primarily to researchers interested in late antique Christianity, especially Gnosticism. Specialists in late antique magic will also benefit from it, as the lexicon juxtaposes two source corpora, which are generally considered separately. It is the first comprehensive undertaking of its kind in the world literature on the subject.
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The term ‘solar theology’ has been used in the study of Greco-Roman polytheism for over a century. The aim of this volume is to establish to what extent and in what cultural context solar theology can be viewed as a historical-religious phenomenon.
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