Dacia în viziunea istoricului Constantin Cantacuzino-Stolnicul

Author(s): Alexandru Ligor / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 5/1981

Très importantes dans l'oeuvre de l'historiographe Constantin Cantacuzino (et non pas du chroniqueur, tel qu'on parfois affirmé et malheureusement continuent à le faire certains chercheurs) sont les considérations que celui-ci fait sur la Dacie (territoire, habitants, événements historiques, etc.), points de vue qu'il exprimait en prenant comme fondement des sources riches et variées. Les dimensions réelles de ses idées (la continuité ici, sur le territoire de la Dacie des Daces et, après la conquête romaine, la formation du peuple roumain par la symbiose daco-romaine et sa permanente existence dans ces parages situées -entre les Carpathes, le Danube et al Mer Noire, l'unité de notre peuple) sont données par leur durabilité. Les recherches ultérieures aux écrits du „stolnic", et nous nous référons spécialement à celles archéologiques, n'ont pas annulé, mais au contraire, ont consolidé ses grandes idées, succictement y présentées par nous mêmes.

Geographie et environnement d’une Germanie insoumise (Ier siècle av. et ap. J.-C.)

Author(s): Nicolas Ben Mustapha / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2020

Tacitus is still one of the major sources when it comes to the Holy Roman Empire’s history. And, the Roman-Germanic relationship’s really special nature cristallizes, from the first century before to the first after Christ, in the military field. In short, a geopolitical and intellectual context which promotes the Roman-Germanic ties uniqueness. His treaty about germans – De Origine et situ Germanorum – gives a wonderfull sketch of the Germans society’s ethnographic aspects. Our questioning here aims to understand the Roman very contrasted look towards this geographic entity that is Germania, in the first century B.C. This constrast originates in the Tacitus. Hence a hostile definition of Germania at the margins of the Empire. The notion of a gigantic and exotic, boorish society, as well as of an isolated territory. Mentions of Germania find their place in the intellectual reflection among the leaders in Rome at a time when the policy of Romanization gains momentum. Indeed, the territory remains unruly despite the Augustan dream. There is a continuity in the German’s hostility within the territory. At the border, this idea takes the shape of a mostly military occupation also known as the Limes, a porous border to protect the Roman Empire which potentially an asset to isolate the German barbaricum.

ZNAČENJE SENIJE TIJEKOM ANTIKE

Author(s): Miroslav Glavičić / Language(s): Croatian,German Issue: 1/1994

Der Autor versucht die Bedeutung von Senia im Rahmen der gesellschaftlichen politischen, militärischen, wirtschaftlichen und anderen Änderungen im Laufe der Antike zu beschreiben. Wegen ihrer außerordentlich günstigen geographischen Lage wurde die eisenzeitliche Ansiedlung (die urgeschichtliche Senia) zum Mittelpunkt einer großen territorialen Gemeinschaft. Die urgeschichtliche Senia war der wichtigste Hafen und Marktflecken, von dem der kiirzeste Weg aus diesem teil der ostadriatischen Ktiste zum Inneren des Landes ftihrte. Die Verkehrs- und Handelsgriinde verursachten allmählige Infiltration der italischen Handler und Unternehmer in Senia. Die einheimischen Einwohner waren zu den Ansiedlerer sehr wollwohlend, vvegen des großen Nutzens, das die herrschende Schichte aus dem Handel gezogen hat. Durch römische Eroberungen des nordvvestlichen Teils von Illvrik im Laufe des 2. und 1. Jahrhunderts vor Chr. gevvann Senia an Bedeutung, und besonders wichtig war sie als ein Stutzpunkt der Römer in often Gefechten mit den Japoden. Senia diente nämlich als der Ausgang ftir die Heeresziige gegen die kriegerischen illyrischen Stammen im Inneren des Landes, besonders gegen die nähesten übervelebitischen Japoden. Es ist dadurch verständlich, daß der Ausgang des Heereszuges von Oktavian im Jahre 35. vor Chr. gerade Senia war. Die Pazifikation des Inneren des Landes beeinflußte die Stärkung des Handels und Verkehrs. Auf dem Handel und Verkehr fußte die Vorteilhaftigkeit der Einwohner von Senia zur Zeit als sie - mit ihrer organisierten Verwaltung, mit öffentlichen und Glaubensobjekten und mit alien anderen karakteristischen Attributen - sich zu einer römischen Stadt im wahrsten Sinne des Wortes entwickelt hat. Die große Handelsbedeutung von Senia zeugt offenbar die Angabe liber die kaiserliche Zollkanzelei in der zweiten Hälfte des 2. Jahrhunderts nach Chr. (publicum portorii Illyrici). Die Bedeutung von Senia ist mit der Entwicklung der gesellschaftlichen und politischen Umstände auf diesem Gebiet gebunden. Deshalb hatte die durch ofte Gefechte mit den Barbaren an den Grenzen des Kaisertums verursachte Unsicherheit direkte Reperkussion an die oben erwähnte Bedeutung. Der Handel sank, und Senia ging allmählich und unabwendbar zugrunde. Ihre Bedeutung wurde eingeengt. In unruhigen Zeiten der spiiten Antike und der großen Völkersiedlung hat eine kriegerische Gruppe die Stadt geplundert und in Flammen gesetzt, und so beendete die antike Senia.

‘Optimus Civis. A model citizen and ruler of Rome in the republican and imperial periods’.

Author(s): Hanna Appel,Przemysław Wojciechowski / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

Introduction to issue

The plebs contionalis – a perfect popular assembly participant?

Author(s): Hanna Appel / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

The writings of Cicero refer in various ways, often critically, to citizens who par-ticipated in contiones. Contemporary researchers refer to them as plebs contionalis, coined by Christian Meier. Although this term does not occur in the sources, many historians have concluded that it perfectly describes the citizens who regularly attended popular gatherings. The problem, however, is that the issues raised during the contiones were so varied, and these assemblies were held so often that it is hard to imagine that the average citizen could afford to attend them regularly. The author of the article analyses various aspects of this issue and confronts them with the views of other researchers, in order to reach a more general conclusion about the participants in these contiones.

A citizen-soldier of the Roman Republic: Beyond the literary creation

Author(s): Michał Norbert Faszcza / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

The main aim of the article is to draw attention to the distortion of Republican Roman soldiers’ image. Some modern scholars treat the ‘ideal type’ as a reflection of real-ity and attribute to legionaries the features desired by representatives of the social elite. Meanwhile, it seems that less wealthy citizens created their own vision of the qualities that a Roman soldier should have. This leads to the question of whether the officers and their subordinates had the same understanding of obedience and discipline.

The ruler in ‘citizen’s garb’ or the image of dynasts in Trajan Decius’s coinage (249–251)

Author(s): Agata A. Kluczek / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

The article tackles the promotion of Trajan Decius’s family members in represen-tations featured on medallions and coins (249–251). It focuses on images that feature two or three representatives of the dynasty. Such joint representations manifested the stability of the dynasty’s rule, the collaboration of the members of the dynasty and the resulting benefits for the empire and its inhabitants, which is indicated by the following ideas: con-cordia, pietas, liberalitas, promoted by the mint in Rome. What links the imperial coinage with the provincial one is the representation of rulers in togae, seated on sellae curules. This image of the dynasty members was utilised on the coins from Anazarbus. This bears tes-timony to the practical significance of the imperial representations, especially in terms of the rivalry of the provincial elites vying for their position in this region of the empire.

Pietas and impietas as the characteristics of ‘good’ and ‘bad’ citizens and politicians in Rome during the decline of the Republic

Author(s): Henryk Kowalski / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

The article discusses the use of religious elements (the contrast between the con-cepts of pietas vs. impietas) in the characterisation of Roman politicians and citizens during the declining years of the Republic. Pietas symbolised people possessing virtues of divine character, which, consequently, ensured their exceptional position. Accusations of impietascovered a number of cases of violation of religious regulations: inter alia, negligence of rites or sacrifices (neglegentia), profanation of worship or a sacred place, encroaching on or destruction of temples (templa, aedes, fana, sacella), places (e.g. groves – luci) or objects (e.g. altars – arae, statues – simulacra) recognised as holy, as well as tombs (violatio), sacrile-gium (sacrilege), violation of the principles of divinatio (contra auspicia), as well as waging a war contrary to religious principles (bellum impium).

Ad exemplum rei publicae

Author(s): Przemysław Wojciechowski / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

The starting point for these studies is the opinion that Roman colleges were to be a copy of the respublica. I have attempted to prove that 1. with regard to organisation, copying municipal (civic) solutions was usually limited to adopting the nomenclature (names of corporate offices) and some institutions (corporate treasury, gatherings (meet-ings) of corporate members) known from public life. 2. In the sphere of symbols, referring to civic ideals/civic ethos was one of the bases of corporate identity. Both the system of values and the tools used to create the college’s image, founded on this system, were identi-cal for colleges and the community of citizens. In other words, an ideal college member was also an ideal citizen.

Orfeusz, śpiewak mityczny – ani tracki, ani pieryjski

Author(s): Tomasz Mojsik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2021

The article is a polemic with a review by Krzysztof Nawotka (“Klio” 2020, vol. 54, pp. 199–208) and focuses on the issues of source studies, methodology, ancient ethnicity and research on myth.

Aurelii Victoris Historiae Abbreviatae. Note de lectură (IV)

Author(s): Costin Croitoru / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2007

In this article we present two newly published books, both of them related to the ancient historian Aurelius Victor and his notorious work called Liber de Caesaribus. Until the apparition of these two books, in Romanian historiography, from the works of Aurelius Victor, only those fragments regarding the history of the Lower Danube were available. A first translation of Liber de Caesaribus appeared in 2002. The books we speak about are both bilingual editions, recently published by the publishing house of the University „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, from Iaşi, respectively by „Istros”, of the History Museum of Brăila. 1. Aurelius Victor, Liber de Caesaribus / Carte despre împăraţi [Book about Emperors], Iaşi, 2006, edition, introductory study, notes, comments, appendix and index by Nelu Zugravu, translation by Mihaela Paraschiv, 504 p. 2. Sextus Aurelius Victor, De Caesaribus / Despre împăraţi [About Emperors], Brăila, 2006, introductory study, translation, explicative notes and comments by Gheorghe I. Şerban, 295 p.Both books offer to the reader a very suggestive imagine on the life, works and historical conception of Aurelius Victor. The major importance of these books resides in the manner of presentation. Latin and Romanian texts are put together, hence most of the doubts regarding the linguistic aspects being cleared. As a proof for the scientific approach of the authors, the books have plenty of comments and explicative notes.

ТЕХНОЛОГІЯ ЯК ФАКТОР КУЛЬТУРНОГО РОЗВИТКУ ЛЮДСТВА: ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ВИРОБНИЧОГО ХАРАКТЕРУ ПЕРВІСНОЇ КУЛЬТУРИ

Author(s): Tetiana Ihorivna Sovhyra / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2021

Purpose of article. Explore technological progress in the context of the development of a primitive culture. The methodology is based on an integrated approach and relies on analytical (when analyzing philosophical, art history, cultural studies literature on the subject of research), historical (when clarifying the stages of development of primitive culture), and conceptual (when analyzing the role of technology in the cultural development of mankind) research methods. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the fact that for the first time the formative role of technology in the cultural development of mankind is investigated, and also the cooperative nature of the production of artifacts of primitive culture is determined. Conclusions. As a result of the study of archaeological finds of primitive culture, it has been established that in the course of cultural evolution, tools of labor have become cultural artifacts, works of art. The emergence of production technologies (stone processing, fire control, metal melting) radically transformed the specifics of the organization of production activities, and therefore changed the course of cultural development. Therefore, in the course of the study, the formative role of technology in the formation of artistic culture was proved.

SKICE GRAFIČKIH REKONSTRUKCIJA NEKIH DREVNIH SENJSKIH SAKRALNIH GRAĐEVINA

Author(s): Melita Viličić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/1991

Wie es bekannt ist, gibt Valvasor gegen das Ende des XVTI. Jahrhunderts in seiner Beschreibung von Senj an, daß die Stadt zwölf Kirchen und zwei Kirchen mit Hostern hatte, die des St. Franjo und St. Nikola. Bis zu jener Zeit aber waren jedoch einige Kirchen schon zerstört, und zwar diejenigen, die in älteren Dokumenten vokommen; heute wissen wir auch über all die, die Valvasor angibt, nicht bescheid. Binnen der Stadtmauern, urid das interessiert uns hier, besteht eine Rheie von Bauten fur die — aufgrund der Tradition und aufgrund alter Dokumente, Plane und Veduten von Senj — festgestellt wurde, daß es Kirchen gewesen sind. So können wir neben der Kathedrale, den Kirchen von St. Franjo und St. Nikola — gegen das Ende des XIX. Jahrhunderts zerstört — die Lokation und das Originalaussehen einiger Kirchen vermuten: Heiliger Geist, St. Ivan der Taufer, St. Juraj, St. Marija Magdalena und St. Antun der Abt (es gibt etwas weniger Daten über die Kirchen von St. Juraj und St. Antun); wir können sie mindestens als Skizen graphisch rekonsturieren. Für die graphische Rekonstruktion der Kathedrale gibt es viele Angaben, die bedeutendste von ihnen ist die gleiche Profilisation der Ornamente im mittleren Teil der heutigne Front und in der Ecke neben der Kultstätte; das beweist ihr originaler romanischer Einschiffkorpus (dariiber im S. Zb. III). Die Kirche des St. Franjo wurde im XIX. Jahrhundert architektonisch aufgenommen. Nach einer älteren Vedute aus 1749, hatte ihr Turm einen Abschluß, sowie auf anderen Photos; doch, auf Valvasors Vedute ist ihr Turm ohne diesem späteren barocken Abschluß, gebaut einer Warte ähnlich, mit einem Fortifikationscharakter; so wird sie in unserem Beitrag mit dieser Korrektion angegeben. Für die Kirche und das Kloster des St. Nikola gibt es sehrwenig Daten, so daß ihre graphische Rekonstruktion durch eine Skizze fraglich ist; sie ist hypothetisch, aber doch möglich. Das Aussehen der Stadt als Ganzes wurde beachtlich durch kleine Kirchen beeinflußt. Durch ihre bescheidenen, aber immer erkennbaren Formen mit Spindel — und Glocke — an der Spitze der Hauptfront, haben diese Kirchen das Baugewebe der Stadt bereichert. Ihre Religionsfunktion haben sie mit öffentlichen Aufgaben verbunden: ihre Glocken riefen zu Sitzungen im Stadtrat und zu Gerichtsverhandlungen in der Stadtloge, wie es die alten Dokumente von Senj angeben.

Zadržavanja

Author(s): Martin Heidegger / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 26/2021

Gdje, koje se uspinje iz velike napuštenosti, Gdje, koje bolno dozivlje – što ište to pitanje? Što uviđa pjesnik u dozivanju? Bijeg bogova i s njim opustošenje obitavanja ljudi, prazninu njihovih djela, zaludnost njihovih činova. Pritom se pogled usuđuje u bivšu Grčku lišen oslonca zbiljskog iskustva otočkog svijeta. Zašto Hölderlin takvo iskustvo nije trebao? Možda zato jer je gledao još dalje u dolazak dolazećeg boga, tako da je tek u prostoru tog pogleda unaprijed ono bilo [das Gewesene] pridobilo njemu svojstvenu prezentnost. Pjesnikovo dozivanje prema tome nipošto ne proishodi iz puke napuštenosti, nego povjerenja u ono nadolazeće što preskače svekoliku nevolju? Ono se približava i čuva samo za ustrajno dozivanje. Čujemo li mi, današnji, još taj doziv? Razumijemo li da mora biti i slušanje su-dozivanje, napose u ljudskom svijetu koji divlja na rubu samorazaranja. Njegove makinacije nadglašavaju svako dozivanje i potiskuju ga u ništavno.

Обычай искусственной деформации г оловы (черепа) на территории Азербайджана, Кавказа и Ближнег о Востока (неолит-халколит)

Author(s): Dmitriy A. Kirichenko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2021

The aim of this paper is to make a synthesis of the archaeological findings of artificially deformed skulls from the Neolithic and Chalcolithic from Azerbaijan, Caucasus and Near East. Three main methods of artificial deformation of the head (skull) were widely popular in this region: circular, fronto-occipital and parietal. Apart from intentional deformation, there are also cases of accidental deformation: cradle (beshik) and tumpline deformations. Modified skulls were found on the territory of South Caucasus and the Near East in the following Neolithic-Chalcolithic archaeological sites: Polutepe, Ismayilbeytepe (Azerbaijan); Chiaturi (Georgia), Aknalich (Armenia); Ginchi, Velikent III (Dagestan, Russian Federation); Mugharet el-Wad (Israel); Jericho (Palestine); Byblos (Lebanon); Tell Ramad, Buqras (Syria); Ain-Jebrud (Jordan), Tepe Ganj Dareh, Ghenil Tepe, Ali Kosh, Chogha Sefid, Qumrud, Tepe Sialk, Tepe Abdul Hosein, Chogha Mish, She Gabi (Iran); Khirokitia, Mylouthkia, Erimi, Karavas (Yirisma) (Cyprus); Shanidar, Eridu, Tell Arpachiyah, Tell Nader, Telul eth-Thalahat (Iraq); Ashikli Höyük, Salat Jami, Hakemi Use, Sheyh Höyük, Gözlü Kule, Kurban Höyük, Degirmantepe, Baklatepe, Chadyr Höyük, Arslantepe (Turkey). The Polutepe female skull has frontal-occipital deformations combined with cradle deformation. It is similar, considering the methods of deformation, to the artificially deformed skulls from Tepe Ganj Dareh, Tepe Abdul Hosein, Tell Arpachiyah (skull E) and Khirokitia. Most likely, the custom of artificial deformation of the head came to Azerbaijan and Caucasus in Neolithic-Chalcolithic period form the Near East. The skull from Polutepe is the earliest finding of artificially deformed skulls on the territory of Caucasus (the second half of 5th - beginning of 4th millenium BC).

Angelo Poliziano és Niccolò Leoniceno vitája a Naturalis Historia egy helyéről

Author(s): Monika Frazer-Imregh / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2021

Michael von Albrecht: Antike und Neuzeit

Author(s): Ibolya Tar / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2021

Michael von Albrecht: Antike und Neuzeit. Texte und Themen. Band 1: Antike und deutsche Dichtung. Heidelberg, Universitätsverlag Winter, 2019.

Jordanes: Romana and Getica

Author(s): Péter Kovács / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

Jordanes: Romana and Getica. (2020). Translated with an introduction and notes by Peter van Nuffelen and Lieve van Hoof. Translated texts for historians 75. Liverpool University Press, Liverpool. p. 480. ISBN 978-1-789-62810-4.

КРИТИКА АРИСТОТЕЛЕМ ПРИНЦИПА «ПОДОБНОЕ ПОЗНАЕТСЯ ПОДОБНЫМ» (КОММЕНТАРИЙ К О ДУШЕ II 5, 416B 32–417A 20)

Author(s): Svetlana Mesyats / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2021

One of the principles underlying Aristotle’s theory of sense perception is that the sense faculty is potentially such as the sensible object is actually. On closer examination, this statement turns out to be a modernization of the ancient rule "like is known by like", shared by most of the early Greek philosophers, including Empedocles and Plato. The paper shows that though Aristotle criticizes this principle in his treatise On the Soul, he doesn’t really abandon it. On the contrary, he retains it for his own theory of sense perception while using the notions of the possible and the actual. The paper is written in the form of a line-by-line commentary to De anima II 5 416b 32–417a 20, where Aristotle reproaches his predecessors for the inconsistency and contradictions of their theories; shows that the “like is known by like” principle entails certain difficulties, and solves these difficulties by introducing his own theory of being moved and acted upon, according to which the patient is in a sense unlike the agent and in a sense like it.

АНТИФОНТ. ФРАГМЕНТЫ И СВИДЕТЕЛЬСТВА

Author(s): Eugene Afonasin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2021

Antiphon (c. 480–411 BCE) was famous in antiquity for his forensic speeches as well as more theoretical works, such as The Truth and On concord. He is also credited with the invention of logography as a profession. The majority of his heritage is now lost. The present publication contains a collection of scant doxographic evidence about Antiphon’s life and writings. The evidences are based on A. Laks and G. Most’s Early Greek Philosophy (2016).