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Pavo Anđelić (1920.-1985.) je, uz ostalo, bio i jedan od vrsnih bosansko-hercegovačkih diplomatičara. Iz toga su mu područja najznačajniji radovi: Povelja bosanskog kralja Stjepana Dabiše u britanskom muzeju; Originalni dijelovi dviju bosanskih povelja u falsifikatima Ivana Tomke Marnavića; Svjedoci u bosanskim poveljama te Povelja kralja Dabiše Čubranovićima i velikaški rod Hlivljana, ali i drugi. Ponajviše na temelju isprava, Anđelić je dokazao da je toponim Bosna do početka XV. st. podjednako označavao i područje bosanske države i uže područje okolice Visokog. O tom je pitanju današnja historiografija otišla puno dalje, ali joj je temelje udario Pavo Anđelić sa svojim istraživanjem bosansko-humskih srednjovjekovnih isprava i drugih izvora. Analizom triju falsificiranih isprava, povelje kralja Dabiše od 2. travnja 1394., povelje kralja Tvrtka II. Tvrtkovića od 7. listopada 1426. i njezinog dodatka, isprave djeda Crkve bosanske iz 1427. godine, koje je Ivan Tonko Mrnavić prvi put objavio u svome djelu pod naslovom “Indicia vetustatis et nobilitatis familiae Martiae, vulgo Marnavitiae Nissensis, Rim, 1632. i njihovom usporedbom s drugim izvorima, Anđelić je dokazao da ej Mrnavić koristio originale za izradbu falsifikata. Diplomatičko-povijesnu analizu dijela isprave, nepoznate datacije, kralja Dabiše livanjskim velmožama Čubranovićima, osobito njezinu formulu svjedoka, Anđelić je kao i za prethodne isprave detaljno sastavio u svome radu “Povelja kralja Dabiše Čubranovićima i velikaški rod Hlivljana”. Dio te isprave donio je učeni dubrovački benediktinac Mavro Orbini u svome djelu Il regno de gli Slavi, a sadrži, osim prezimena destinatarova roda i popis jedanaestorice bosanskih velmoža Dabišina vremena. Taj su izvod pojedinci smatrali falsifikatom, a neki pak originalom. Anđelić se svrstao na stranu potonjih i donio povijesnu analizu velmoža koji se spominju u izvodu navedene isprave. Vrhunac Anđelićeve analize navedenog dijela te Dabišine isprave je dokaz da su splitski patriciji de Ciprianis i hrvatski knezovi Čubranići iz Livna isti vlastelinski rod, koji se još do početka XIII. stoljeća zvao rod Hlivljana. Na temelju isprava i ostalog diplomatičkog materijala, Anđelić je sastavio kratku povijest srednjovjekovne Usore, jedne od srednjovjekovnih državica koje su postale osnovne sastavnice kasnije višejedinične srednjovjekovne Bosne. Prije toga isto je to učinio još detaljnije za Bobovac i Kraljevu Sutjesku. Slično je uradio za srednjovjekovne gradove na Neretvi, zatim za srednjovjekovnu župu Večerić, administrativnu jedinicu Trebotić, srednjovjekovnu župu Kamenicu, za Bišće i Blagaj, za srednjovjekovnu župu Primorje, za srednjovjekovnu župu Popovo, za srednjovjekovnu humsku župu Žaba i za druge. Kralj Dabiša, Tvrtkov nasljednik na bosanskom prijestolju, izdao je 15. travnja 1392. u svojoj kraljevskoj kuriji u Sutjesci povelju kojom vojvodi, duxu, Hrvoju Vukčiću Hrvatiniću dodjeluje selo Kakanj u župi Trstivica i selo Hrast u župi Lažane na “vječna vremena” sa svim dobrima koja pripadaju tim selima, za zasluge stečene u borbi protiv Turaka koji su zimi 1391. na 1392. godinu provalili u Bosnu. Na temelju te isprave Anđelić je dokazao, između ostaloga, da je župa Trstivica, u kojoj se nalazilo navedeno selo Kakanj, dobila naziv po istoimenoj rijeci, a obuhvaćala je otprilike područje današnje općine Kakanj. U svom je kratkom radu pod naslovom “Povelja bosanskog kralja Stjepana Dabiše u Britanskom muzeju” Anđelić obradio ćirilsku darovnicu izdanu 17. svibnja 1395. velmožama braći Semkovićima, kojom im taj kralj dariva u feud selo Kolo kod današnjeg Duvna, s egdotičkog, paleografskog i općenito diplomatičko-povjesničarskog stajališta. Prije njega tu je ispravu objavio Pavao Solarić. Njezino ponovno objavljivanje je opravdano iz razloga što je Solarićevo izdanje rijetkost i što nije izdano po suvremenim normama egdotike. Kratko rečeno, dobar dio Anđelićeva znanstvenog opusa temeljen je na bosansko-humskih srednjovjekovnim ispravama.
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Ovaj moj rad bavi se “zemljicom Bosnom”, odnosno značenjem sintagme “το χωρίον Βόσονα” u djelu “De administrando imperio” Konstantina VII. Porfirogeneta. Car-pisac tu navodi sintagmu u poglavlju o Srbima - pošto je spomenuo šest “naseljenih gradova” u pokrštenoj Srbiji, pridodaje da se “zemljica Bosna nalazi unutar pokrštene Srbije”, te onda imenuje dva grada u njoj. Riječ “χωρίον” je u središtu naše analize - uglavnom se u literaturi prevodi kao “zemljica” ili sličnim izrazima, ali takav prijevod i dalje izaziva dvojbe.
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Dejinám stredovekých miest patrí v slovenskej historiografii čestné miesto. Túto pozíciu si mestá vydobyli celkom spontánne svojim zástojom v hospodárskom a kultúrnom vývoji. Pritom sa privilegované mestá v stredoeurópskom priestore objavujú pomerne neskoro, až v samom závere 12. a v priebehu 13. storočia. Na území Slovenska existovali veľmi vhodné podmienky pre ich vznik. Existovalo tu niekoľko miest starého typu a veľké množstvo trhových osád, kam už pred tatárskym vpádom začali prichádzať hostia z cudziny. Vďaka prajnému postoju nového uhorského kráľa Bela IV. udeľovanie privilégií pre budúce mestá začalo už koncom 30. rokov 13. storočia. Počas ničivého tatárskeho vpádu tento proces načas ustrnul a znovu sa rozbehol v 50. a 60. rokoch a plynule pokračoval až do konca 13. storočia. Výsledkom týchto snáh bolo vytvorenie relatívne hustej siete miest v Uhorskom kráľovstve. K najurbanizovanejším regiónom v jeho rámci sa stalo územie dnešného Slovenska a Sedmohradska. Mestá sa už v priebehu 14. storočia stali dominantnými centrami obchodu a remesiel a samozrejme aj vzájomnej komunikácie. Tá veľmi skoro prekročila ľahko prestupné hranice stredovekých štátov. Pre naše územie sú v dôsledku toho mestá omnoho významnejším činiteľom vývoja v porovnaní s ostatným uhorským územím, ktorý podstatne ovplyvnil obraz Slovenska.
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Našim hlavním cílem bude topografická analýza jednotlivých staroměstských hostinců, krčem a šenků. Zároveň se zaměříme na zařazení osob zabývajících se vykonáváním povolání hostinského, krčmáře, šenkýře nebo medníka (tzn. člověk zabývající se přípravou a prodejem medoviny) do sociální struktury Starého Města pražského na základě vlastnictví jejich doloženého nemovitého majetku v časovém horizontu od první třetiny 14. století až do roku 1434. Dané vymezení má své opodstatnění související s dochovanou pramennou materií. První časový horizont vyjadřuje dobu, kdy se zástupci těchto živností poprvé začínají objevovat v pramenech. V druhém případě právě výše zmiňovaným rokem končí záznamy Berních knih Starého Města praž- ského, které představují pro sociotopografická bádání hlavní pramen tzv. hromadné povahy.
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In the Middle Ages, the New Forest was a royal hunting ground, in which deer and other game were protected by strict Forest Laws which restricted farming, enclosure and other use of the land. Local people were, however, permitted to depasture livestock on the “wastes”. Certain “Common Rights” became established, which are still in existence today. Ponies would graze the heaths and woodlands until they were needed for work, and their offspring sold. Today, some 5,000 ponies still range free over the open Forest, seeking out food, water and shelter according to prevailing conditions. They are all in private ownership, but live wild with minimum intervention, just as they have for the last thousand years and more. Many brood mares spend their whole lives fending for themselves on the Forest, while the stallions which are turned out are carefully selected, and premiums are offered for the best stock. The young ones are rounded up for sale or use, providing an income for the Commoners. Five Agisters – whose office can be traced back to medieval records - supervise their welfare, ensuring that any which are not thriving are removed to the owner’s holding. Legislation is still upheld and conflicts resolved in the traditional Verderers’ court. With a greater emphasis on bloodlines and pedigree and the opportunity to exhibit their stock at horse shows, today’s Commoners are rightly proud of this ancient, versatile and hardy breed. Knowledge of the best type of animal to maintain condition over the winter, where to find the herds when they are wanted, and how to catch, handle and train the ponies, is passed down through the generations. Pony breeding and management in the New Forest have changed little since records began, representing a continuation of medieval practice.
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The monograph shows the history of the Dahlak Archipelago, located in the Red Sea, near Eritrea. On the basis of written sources (Greek, Arabic, Judeo-Arabic, Ethiopian, Turkish and Portuguese) and the research conducted at the Dahlak Kebir archeological site (including Arabic funerary inscriptions from the island), the author analyses political and economic nature of Dahlak between the 7 th and 16th century.
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In the years from 1935 to 1960, it was mainly archaeological research that predominated in the studies of the protohistory of the Slavs on the territory of the Czechoslovak Republic, and it was the archaeologists who made the most important contributions to the solution of the various outstanding issues. (See above the report of the archaeological work). On the other hand, given the fragmentary nature of the written sources, the proper historical investigations have been able to make little progress in the exploration of this period. Let us mention at least the article by V. Chaloupecký devoted to Samon1 where the author tried, with more or less success, to bring a new interpretation to the term "negotiator" used by Frédégaire, then a new commented edition by the author, known as a “Bavarian geographer”,2 the articles analyzing the description of Prague by Ibráhím-ibn-Jakúb,3 finally isolated attempts to make use of Hebrew sources that can be used for the study of Czech protohistory.
More...Między recepcją obcych wzorców a tworzeniem oryginalnego modelu
The monograph offers an analysis of chief convent foundations set up in the thirteenth century by benefactors from Piast dynasty circles. The foundations are shown in a comparative perspective which looks both at the idea of the convent in Western Europe of the early Middle Ages and its receptions in Central Europe. The (somewhat different) origins of female monastic communities in Poland are also presented, with an additional focus on major aristocratic foundations.
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Rasho Rashev’s book does not have a monolithic character. It does not comprehensively reveal the time and activities of King Simeon the Great, but consists of several studies, which the author himself defines as “touches to his personality and work”. In them a very interesting and largely successful attempt has been made to seek answers to questions that have remained outside the attention of previous researchers or have been little addressed by them. Among the themes he discusses are: the notion of the king as a “vassal peacemaker”, a “new Moses”, a “new David”; Simeon’s nature as the “last proto-Bulgarian”; his activities as a historian and his attitude to the Name Book of the Bulgarian Khans and to the pagan past of his ancestors. Rasho Rashev’s interpretation is not only original and attracts with its new ideas, but also predisposes to reflection. It greatly enriches the image of the great Bulgarian king.
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Priest Kozma is an eminent Old Bulgarian cleric and scribe of the 10th century. Hhis famous work “Discourse against the Bogomils” is one of the earliest and most important testimonies of the struggle of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church against Bogomilism. The author acad. Dimitar Angelov (1917 – 1996) was a well-known medievalist, he was among the greatest experts and researchers of the Bogomil heresy in the Bulgarian lands and of its spread in Europe.
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One would imagine an attempt must have been made at something like The Czech Lands in Medieval Transformation. This was part of a trend in our medieval archaeology and medieval studies, which was encouraged after 1989 by a contemporary context characterized by a belief in the restart of Czech society and its return to Europe. However, all of this would have easily led nowhere had it not been for a reckless promise, following which The Czech Lands in Medieval Transformation found itself in the publication schedule of the Nakladatelství Lidové Noviny Publishing House, where it would remain for a long time, gradually losing credibility.
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Lalka Pavlova's book contains two monographs: „The Asen People and Bulgarian Statehood in Fanny Popova-Mutafova's Tetralogy“ and „The Epic Monument of Liberty in the Novel "The War Ended on Thursday“ by Neda Antonova".
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Kondakarnoie pienie is one of medieval music's enduring mysteries. The nature of its repertory and the deciphering of its musical script are beset with complex problems. The key to the direct transcription of Kondakarian musical notation has not survived, had it ever existed in the first place; an exact rendering of the Kondakarian neumes into modern staff notation is for now impossible owing to the peculiar nature of the signs. Aside from the contrasting cultural climates of the Byzantine Greeks and Medieval Slavs, local customs produce variants within a common manuscript tradition, and the considerable chronological differences separating the surviving corpus of manuscripts further complicates the situation. While those who have examined the Kondakar have universally acknowledged the Byzantine origins of its notation, the absence of a transcribable Byzantine intermediary has kept the decoding of the enigmatic script elusive, with the result that the bulk of its richest repertory, i.e., the kontakia, has remained indecipherable.
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The collection of articles explores the issue of the beginnings of inhumation in Poland perceived as a testimony to the adoption of Christianity. The discussion focuses on determining at whichmoment in our history the use of skeletal funeral rite begins: around 966, after the baptism of Mieszko I, in the second half of the 10th century, or during the times of Mieszko’s successor, Bolesław Chrobry in the 11th century? This is crucial for dating the beginnings of Christianity in Poland, the medieval skeletal cemeteries and the progress of Christianization of Polish lands.
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Usually, when it comes to the Bulgarian contribution to the Sts Cyril and Methodius’ oeuvre, we are used to think about the Cyrillic alphabet. In the Bulgarian narrative of history the Glagolitic script is almost completely absent at the expense of discussing the significance of the Cyrillic alphabet which was invented in Preslav towards the end of the 9th or the beginning of the 10th century. The neglect of Glagolitic script as a site of memory and as one of the most important traces of Cyrillo-Methodian tradition in mediaeval Bulgaria is at some extent due to a prevailing and long-standing thesis of the prominent Bulgarian scholar Vasil Zlatarski. He established that in 893 a Council was held in Preslav and that one of the decisions of this Council was to replace the Glagolitic script with Cyrillic. However, modern historical, archaeological and philological studies have proved that such a Council has never been held. What is more, but also Cyrillic and Glagolitic script were both known and used by Bulgarian scribes for a long period until the middle of the XIV c. The present article is an attempt to trace the Glagolitic scripts in different monuments – manuscripts and inscriptions, which are important site of memory as concerns the history of the Cyrillo-Methodian tradition and the Bulgarian national identity.
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The article examines the early medieval settlement located in the Roman and early Byzantine town of Ulpia Oesus next to the present-day village of Gigen. Archaeogical excavations show that it is the largest in the area, there was a church and probably a small monastery. The settlement is known for the anti-heretical inscription discovered in the church. In the 11th century, it was destroyed by the Pechenegs, who made a large camp here. This camp is mentioned in Byzantine sources, as here in 1059 the Pechenegs were defeated. An Оld Bulgarian text mentions a battle on Gigovo Pole, in which the Pechenegs were defeated, and this allows this toponym to be associated with the settlement in question.
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Oblicza Wojny is a series published by the Lodz University Press since 2020, dedicated to military conflicts throughout the centuries. The ninth volume of this series is titled Tools of War. When thinking about tools used during wars, various types of weaponry and armament come to mind, and this is precisely the subject matter of the texts published in this volume. The discussions include fortifications in the Battle of Dyrrachium in 48 BCE, the armament of knights from the royal retinues of Polish kings in the second half of the 15th century, and the weaponry amassed in the arsenals of Krakow in the 17th century. Subsequent articles concern the 20th century, highlighting the use of armored trains in the Polish-Bolshevik War of 1919-1921, the fate of the Polish 1st Tank Regiment at the end of World War I, Irish guerrilla warfare in the years 1919-1921, armament production in Poland before 1939, and aircraft used during World War II. The volume also includes an article on a rarely discussed topic by historians, which is the equipment of the Polish military from 1945 to 1989. The volume concludes with an article dedicated to attempts to create an army of the League of Arab States in 21st century. The authors are professional historians, and their texts are based on thorough analysis of sources.
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