Canis familiaris in Olbia Pontica: Shepherds, Hunters, Pets, Pariahs

Author(s): Alexander Odrin / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

The present article explores dog breeding in one of the biggest ancient Greek states of the northern Black Sea shore, the polis of Olbia. It outlines the species composition of dog breeds kept by the Greeks: shepherds, scent hounds, greyhounds, toy dogs as well as pariah dogs. The author demonstrates that dog breeding in Olbia generally reflects all the trends common to the Greek world with some specific features, such as presence of breeds of Scythian or forest steppe origin.

Despre tentativa de sinucidere în Țara Românescă în prima parte a secolului al XIX-lea, pe baza unor documente din fondul arhivistic Vornicia Temnițelor

Author(s): Alexandra Mărășoiu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 31/2019

In the first half of the 19th century, people in Wallachia who tried to kill themselves were arrested and tried, as it results from seven judicial files dated between 1834-1838 (the only ones with this subject out of a total of 4,117), preserved at the National Archives of Romania, in the fund “Vornicia Temniţelor” (The Administration of Prisons). However, the legislation in use at the time, adopted in 1818, did not condemn attempted suicide and, by analyzing the documents, it seems that this was the main reason the defendants were eventually declared innocent. One other argument for acquittal which some of the documents mention is the fact that the people in question had only harmed themselves. Taking this into consideration, it may be presumed that trials for attempted suicide were meant to determine whether the act had affected others apart from the author.

Câteva bilete de vaccin din secolelel XIX - XX

Author(s): George Trohani / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 31/2019

Shortly after the discovery of the smallpox vaccine by Ed. Jenner, May 14, 1796 and the law of the compulsory vaccination in France, introduced by Napoleon, the vaccine and used the same in Romanian countries. In 1815 the first doctors from Bucharest were mentioned who had to deal with this.The proof that a person has been vaccinated consists in the presence of a "Vaccine ticket" issued for him. Thus, 13 such tickets are presented. The oldest dates from 1849 and the most recent from 1921, mostly from various families (Pilidi, Petcu, Eremie) from the city of Brailla, related to each other and sometimes having ancestors around the city of Brasov (Kronstadt) from Transilvania - one of the banknotes, from 1857, originating there and being written in German.Interesting is also the fact that during a trip abroad, for education, the "Vaccine Ticket" had to be translated, from other documents.

Metamorfozele sărbătorii sub impactul sensibilităților moderne (secolele XVI-XIX)

Author(s): Simona Nicoară / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 7/2005

După Reforma din secolul al XVI-lea, raportul individual cu timpul creștin a fost liber în lumea protestantă, care nu agrea excesul festiv și celebrările, pe când Biserica catolică a purces la o codificare colectivă a sărbătorilor, pentru ca, după secolul al XVII-lea, numeroși episcopi să propună reducerea timpului religios comunitar. Biserica catolică a fost tentată să balizeze strict timpul și spațiul sacrului, definind interdicțiile, normele, sprijinindu-se pe autoritățile civile în acest sens. Toate confesiunile au încercat să elimine aspectele profane, etichetându-le drept superstiții, să curețe regimul și disciplina sărbătorilor, prin configurarea unui calendar strict creștin. Din veacul al XVIII-lea, sărbătoarea a devenit un obiect al bătăliei ideologice, un mijloc tentant și eficient prin care se puteau impune în mentalitatea colectivă noile viziuni seculare despre lume, societate și Stat. Sărbătorile civile deveneau o miză a criticii sărbătorilor religioase tradiționale, considerate pline de „prejudecăți” și de un simbolism obscur. Timp forte al noilor sensibilități secularizate, sărbătoarea revoluționară din vremea marii revoluții franceze (1789-1794) a reprezentat un fapt social global (ca orice sărbătoare!), dar a devenit o armă de luptă politică, a cărei miză însemna răsturnarea raportului de forțe și de dominație în spațiul simbolic.Secolul al XVIII-lea a însemnat pentru spațiul românesc o scădere a timpului festiv, mai ales din inițiativa Statului, care a dorit un mai bun control asupra timpului social. Atmosfera festivă politică și spiritul creștin s-au regăsit într-o formulă aparte cu prilejul revoluției de la 1848 în Transilvania și Țara Românească! Pentru eterna memorie a acelor zile „sfinte” de sărbătoare revoluționară, câmpurile Libertății, de la Blaj și Filaret, au devenit, după 1848, locul celebrării idealurilor pașoptiste. Din 1850 până în 1876, când au fost interzise de autoritățile austro-ungare, oficierile festive ale zilei de 15 mai la Blaj au semnificat ancorarea generațiilor post-pașoptiste în acel moment revoluționar întemeietor, pentru refacerea voinței regeneratoare românești. Conform Regulamentelor școlilor din 1835, 1837, serbările școlare din capitale sau orașe de provincie ale Principatelor deveneau o manifestare de prestigiu și amploare, la care participau solemn, uneori, și domnitorii de la Iași sau București, precum și autorități școlare, religioase, notabilități și reprezentanți diplomatici. Festivismul ce a însoțit instalarea în fruntea Principatelor Unite a lui Al.I. Cuza în 1859, dar, mai ales, aducerea în țară și instalarea ca domn a lui Carol în 1866, apoi proclamarea sa ca rege în 1881, a însemnat un nou model de sărbătoare politică, ce îmbina sincretic protocolul politic cu obiceiurile populare. Expansiunea culturală, angajată în construirea identității naționale a încurajat o prioritate a manifestărilor festive național-folclorice și politice, care aveau rolul să exalte imaginea profetică a unei vieți naționale ideale și a unei ordini politice mântuitoare.

Giovanna Motta

Author(s): Andrea Carteny / Language(s): Italian Issue: 8-9/2006

Jocul de cărţi şi politica în epoca modernă

Author(s): Nóra G. Etényi / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 10-11/2007

Playing cards was one of the most popular forms of entertainment in the early modern ages. In spite of the prohibitive orders by the magistrat and the church, it was very wide-spread in the society. Innovative methods of printing made cards even more popular. Cards that helped teaching Latin appeared at the beginning of the 16th century. These teaching cards became really well-known when a special type of cards was designed for Louis XIV, representing the most important personalities and prominent figures of World History as well as Ovid's Metamorphoses. Afterwards, several cards were published with maps, images of castles, and the most important facts of astronomy. The court of Sigismund of Luxembourg was introduced on cards, later Ferdinand II published a series of cards as a visual pamphlet against Friedrich of Pfalz. Cards made positive propaganda for electors fighting against the Turks. The political situation of England also appeared on cards. From 1515 onwards playing cards also had allegorical meaning: the elite of the European Policy makers, the wins and losses of the countries were often shown by figures around a card-table.

Problema morţii animale şi modernitatea

Author(s): Constantin Barbulescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 14/2009

Autorul îşi propune în studiul de faţă să urmărească modul în care începând cu secolul al XVIII-lea apare în Occident o nouă sensibilitate faţă de animalele domestice şi implicit faţă de moartea animală, ajungându-se la ceea ce se poate numi astăzi moartea ocultată: ca şi moartea umană, moartea animală dispare din spaţiul public. Această nouă sensibilitate face aproape insuportabile pentru occidental imaginile ce descriu uciderea porcului în gospodăriile ţărăneşti din România contemporană. În ultimele două secole au loc o serie de schimbări ale atitudinii oamenilor faţă de animale. O să le trecem pe scurt în revistă: 1. Condamnarea cruzimii faţă de animale. Dintr-o dată în secolul al XVIII-lea, dar cu rădăcini mai vechi în Marea Britanie, elita descoperă la alţii, dar uneori şi la sine, un comportament violent faţă de animale. Vedeta secolului următor va fi calul, animal utilitar prin excelenţă, şi deci supus abuzurilor. Corelativ, se dezvoltă: 2. Primele organizaţii şi legi de protecţie a animalelor. Pentru secolul al XIX-lea este avut în vedere, mai ales în Franţa, aproape exclusiv calul; iar în secolul următor atenţia se va concentra pe animalele de companie. 3. Dispariţia de pe străzile oraşelor occidentale a ceea ce Maurice Agulhon numea „spectacolul sângelui”. Cu alte cuvinte, ceea ce denumeam mai sus ocultarea morţii animale. 4. Dezvoltarea fenomenului animalelor de companie, care este mai vechi, dar în epoca contemporană a luat o amploare extraordinară. 5. Industrializarea creşterii animalelor dedicate consumului. Astăzi animalele domestice se împart grosso-modo în două mari categorii în funcţie de raporturile pe care oamenii le întreţin cu ele. Pe de o parte, avem mult iubitele animale de companie care adesea fac parte integrantă din familie, cu consecinţele afective de rigoare. Pe de altă parte, sunt animalele crescute în vederea consumului, „animale ascunse” cum le numea Dominique Lestel, transformate în adevărate „maşini animale” şi care contează doar din perspectiva rentabilităţii financiare.

What if Comenius had stayed home?

Author(s): Michal Černý / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

The phenomenon of internationalization is almost inseparably connected with the existence of universities. Butthis connection is still complicated. These were universities that had counted on mobility and firm internationalization since the Middle Ages, and which strongly supported male religious orders (especially Franciscans, Dominicans and, in the modern period, Jesuits). The quality of education was directly related to the ability of the university to function in a more cultural environment of intense exchange. It was the universities that built the phenomenon of humanism in the modern sense.

Доктор Иван М. Панов – живот и дело

Author(s): Dragomir Georgiev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2020

One of the main tasks facing the restored Bulgarian state is to build up the country's armed forces as soon as possible. Activities in the establishment of the military medical unit of the princely army play an important role in this process. Their realization is possible thanks to the activities of a number of Russian and Bulgarian doctors and specialists. This paper examines the life and work of one of these doctors – the grantor Dr.Ivan M. Panov. The article presents some little known moments from his life and war biography.

Buhara Hanlığı ve Afganistan

Author(s): M. Bilal Çelik / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 26/2020

The Khanate of Bukhara, which reigned between 1500 and 1920, was the longest surviving Turkish-Islamic State after the Ottoman Empire. The Khanate, founded in Ma Wara al-Nahr, had the opportunity to spread in the northern Afghanistan. The territory of Afghanistan was divided into three zones of influence after the complete dissolution of the Timurid Empire at the beginning of the 16th century.The west was under the control of the Safavid State, while the east was subordinated to the Baburid Empire. The northern part was dominated by the Khanate of Bukhara. As Muhammad Shibani Khan,the founder of the khanate, acquired Balkh in 1505 and Herat, the capital of Timurids, in 1507, he conquered a large part of the territory of Northern Afghanistan. However, with his death, although these lands were abandoned, the city of Balkh and its environs were subjected to the Khanate of Bukharaby Kistan Kara Sultan, son of Janibek, in 1526. Since then, Balkh has been one of the four main administrative regions of the Khanate of Bukhara, together with Bukhara, Samarkand and Tashkent.During the reign of Abdullah Khan II (1583-1598), Badakhshan, Qunduz, Talukan and Qulab were captured and the khanate borders were almost extended as far as Kabul. However, the dominance of the Khanate of Bukhara on the territory of Afghanistan has been fluctuating, and it has not been possible to keep it uninterruptedly. The longest ruled place became Balkh, especially during the reign of the Tuqai-Timurids (Astrakhanids, Janids). Here, the heir, relatively autonomous from the capital, has weakened quite the central administration. In this article, it will be discussed the Bukharan hegemony in Northern Afghanistan, and its conflicts with the Safavid State and the Baburid Empire from time to time in order to avoid losing that hegemony until Nader Shah seized Balkh in 1737 and Badakhshan in 1738.

Feridun M. Emecen műveinek válogatott bibliográfiája

Author(s): Feridun M. Emecen / Language(s): Turkish,English,Hungarian Issue: 4/2018

КАК НАЧИНАЛАСЬ ЯЗЫКОВАЯ РЕФОРМА ПЕТРА I

Author(s): Guriy Vasilievich Sudakov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2020

The reform of the Russian way of life in the Petrine era also affected the rules of verbal communication. Peter’s language reform began with his instructions regarding verbal abuse. The analyzed source which contains a list of the most common negative assessment lexemes is interesting precisely because of Peter’s attention to various aspects of oral and written communication in Russia of that time, and his attempts to improve speech etiquette in accordance with the challenges of the time and bring it closer to the European communication practice. The relevance of the study is determined by the need to more fully take into account the whole range of activities aimed at the formation of a single norm of the national Russian literary language. The novelty of the study is the attraction of a new source that is directly related to the speaking practice of the era and demonstrates the attention of the government to oral etiquette,the norms of which did not meet the demands of the time. Words and phraseological units with negative meanings are semantically connected with the culture of the era, their interpretation is based on linguistic and cultural commentary.“Dishonorable words” did not constitute a separate obligatory variety of speech etiquette, although they could fulfill the function of a deliberately negative appeal. By structure, “dishonorable words” could consist of one element, less often – of a simple sentence, with one option framed by a complex sentence. The analyzed texts fit into a number of documents and guidelines designed to influence the formation of a new culture of oral and written communication.Production of an official document on this score is one of the first conscious reactions of the authorities to the specifics of verbal communication, which is one of the signs of the beginning of a new, national stage in the formation of national norms of the Russian literary language.

Lupta pentru independență - permanență a istoriei poporului român

Author(s): Mircea Mușat / Language(s): Romanian Issue: IX/1977

Autorul prezintă viziunea asupra luptei pentru independență în istoria poporului român.

Activitatea Regimentului 50 Cezaro-Crăiesc „Mare Duce de Baden” în Alba Iulia

Author(s): Stefan Borza / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2019

The history of the Austrian Imperial and Royal military forces (in German called Kaiserliche und Königliche Heer) is an important part of world military history. After the integration of Transylvania in the Habsburg Empire, the imperial authority from Wien tried to facilitate the inclusion of the province through five important elements: the cult of the Emperor, the Army, the Catholic Church, the German language and the administration. In this article, I expose a small part of the military history of the Habsburg Empire by presenting the history of a regiment from the K.u.K., the 50th Line Infantry Regiment „Großherzog von Baden”, which begins in 1851, after the disbandment of the Romanian and Szekler border regiments. The 50th Regiment continues the tradition of the Second Border Regiment from Năsăud, through the inheritance of its patrimony. The short history of the 50th Regiment contains important events such as receiving the gold medal in 1851, Ceneda celebrations in 1863 and Custozza celebrations in 1906 and 1908, the military campaigns (Romanian Principalities in 1854-1856, Italian campaign from 1866- Battle of Custozza and the Great War campaign - description of the Ivangorod, Arsiero and Monte San Gabriele Battles). A detailed presentation of the patrimony and the distinct signs of the 50th Regiment (golden medal, the scarf from Empress Elizabeth, distinct color- parrot-green and the kappenabzeichen, from World War One). Before presenting the actual case of my study, I am indebted to present the historians that wrote about the 50th Regiment (Karl Klein, George Barițiu, Alphons von Wrede and an unknown author), as their work has been a very important part of the historiography of the subject. The final pages of the study are reserved for a table with the places the regiment stationed between 1889 and 1914, as well as images and ilustrations depicting different aspects and elements concerning the patrimony or the places where the regiment has fought.

Solidaritate națională și politică în Gazeta Transilvaniei (1865-1895)

Author(s): Florentina Sas / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2019

Gazeta de Transilvania was one of the first Romanian newspapers with a political content. It appeared in a period corresponding with the birth of the Romanian journalism, in Brașov, a town located in Transylvania. One of the main subjects analysed in this gazette was the one referring to the national and political solidarity of the Romanians inhabiting Transylvania, which was at that time, „part of the Habsburgic Empire, and after 1867, of Austria-Hungary”. Its editors were supporters of the national unity of the Romanians, so the articles published in Gazeta encouraged it in different ways, like discribing the aspects which define the national solidarity, presenting and solemnizing the moments when the Romanians were united (like in the Revolution of 1848) or even trying to identify the main causes that obstructed the solidarization (like the lack of interest showed by the Romanian „intelligentia”). On the other hand, Gazeta Transilvaniei encouraged the political solidarity between the Romanians. Its editors were members of The Romanian National Party which included in its programme that Romanians should remain passive regarding the political activity of the Budapest Parliament. Although, there were some newspapers and Romanian politicians who supported the activist political attitude. They attracted the critics of the editors from Gazeta Transilvaniei, which endangered the national unity of the Romanians by conditioning it to the political unity, consisting in the adoption of the passivist attitude. Anyway, Gazeta Transilvaniei and its political ideas are very important for analyzing the political thinking of the XIXth century and also for discovevring the main sources that inspired the political actions of the Romanians from Transylvania at the beginnning of the First World War, which created the necessary historical context for the unification of all Romanians.

Schitul Hagi Dina – Schitul Maicilor, Bucureşti

Author(s): Grina-Mihaela Rafailă / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XII/2019

The Hagi Dina Hermitage Church, the current Hermitage Church in Bucharest, with the patronage of the Annunciation, was founded in 1726 during the reign of Nicolae Alexandru Mavrocordat, by the Russian noble woman Tatiana, who took the monastic name of Timothea, after St. Timothyʼs name. The worship place has the shape of a ship with only one tower on the narthex. The facades feature finishes in the pavement, pierced to the bottom of the carved stone frames. Over time, the church was metoh of the Metropolitan Church and the Gypsy Monastery; it then depended on the White Posta parish, it was a hermitage of the Antim Monastery and it is now a parish of its own.

Smuta v Rossii i Potop v Reči Pospolitoj: opyt preodoleniâ gosudarstvennogo krizisa v XVII stoletii. Materialy Rossijsko-pol’skoj naučnoj konferencii. Moskva, 24–26 oktâbrâ 2012 g., otv. red. Andrej Viktorovič Ûrasov, red. Aleksandr Vital’evič Malov,

Author(s): Tomasz Ambroziak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2019

Francisco José Alfaro Pérez, Zaragoza 1564, el año de la peste, Institución „Fernando el Católico”, Colección de Letras, Zaragoza 2019, ss. 151+ kolorowe ilustracje, grafiki

Author(s): Filip Kubiaczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

Międzynarodowa konferencja naukowa „Twierdze osiemnastowiecznej Europy. Spotkanie 3: Rola fortyfikacji w systemach obronnych państw”, Częstochowa, 13–14 września 2019 r.

Author(s): Mariusz Balcerek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

Gheorghe Bichicean, Le Colonel Nicolae Haralambie et le detronement d'Alexandru Ioan Cuza

Author(s): Gheorghe Bichicean / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2019

The present study contributes to the knowledge of less known aspects regarding the dethroning of Prince Alexandru Ioan Cuza and of the important role that the army had in the plot. It highlights the personality of a great officer, Nicolae Haralambie, who was attracted to the conspiracy through a woman.