Suwerenność Rzeczypospolitej czy suwerenność „państw” magnackich? (z doświadczeń bezkrólewia 1733 roku)

Author(s): Jerzy Dygdała / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2020

The article indicates, thanks to the analysis of the sources from the period of the interregnum of 1733, that the issue of sovereignty of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, did not find a wider resonance among the noble masses, and especially among the magnates, despite being emphasized by Stanisław Konarski’s journalistic writings. To a large extent, this was due to the specific “autonomy” of individual provinces and lands of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, as well as the existence of vast magnate estates that is latifundia. Individual magnates felt more and more sovereign on their property and successfully conducted their own internal and even foreign policies. The facts discussed in the article confirm the thesis presented recently by a cultural anthropologist Jan Sowa. He attempted to explain the phenomenon of the functioning of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as a specific, amorphous aristocratic community, different from the then-emerging modern, absolutist European states. In line with this theses, it can be said that the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 17th and 18th centuries can hardly be regarded as a modern, sovereign state. It was rather a federation of selfgoverning units (voivodeships) and territorial governments (Polish władztwo terytorialne) of individual magnates. To some extent, therefore, the Res Publica of that time can indeed be treated as an unrealistic entity (imaginary, phantom).

DAT18 DATABASE: A PROSOPOGRAPHICAL APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF THE SOCIAL STRUCTURES OF RELIGIOUS DISSENT IN MID-EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY TRANSYLVANIA

Author(s): Radu Nedici / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

Drawing on the many records created by the Habsburg state during the confessional troubles in Transylvania from the 1740s to the 1760s, the DaT18 project merges digital instruments and prosopography to arrive at sketching the social pattern of the Orthodox leadership. This article briefly discusses the technical choices involved in building the relational database that my approach centres on, before talking in more detail about the challenges faced when transposing the information in the primary sources into digital format. First, the question of making use of structured vs. unstructured data, as most of the documents I work with already present some form of tabular layout, while the more narrative ones require different strategies to mitigate losses when converting them. Secondly, the difficult process of record linkage, with many of the persons only mentioned by their first name and no surname to help label each individual entered in more than one source. Lastly, the daunting task of estimating economic resources, since there was no reliable standard in an age that saw four different fiscal systems in use and many regional flavours within the same scheme.

ESTONIAN MODERN HISTORY IN THE TWENTY­-FIRST CENTURY

Author(s): Bradley Woodworth / Language(s): English Issue: 26/2020

This article presents a short overview of Estonian and international research on the nineteenth century in Estonia during the decades since the re­establishment of independence in 1991, with a focus on work published in the twenty­first century. The authors discuss the most important directions of re­ search – socioeconomic history in rural and urban environments, Estonian nationalism and the devel­opment of ethnic milieus of Baltic Germans and Russians, the history of Estonia as part of a larger empire and, albeit very briefly, also cultural history. The authors also identify a number of topics still in need of attention by scholars.

O viață închinată comunității − Josef Bacon, întemeietorul Muzeului de Istorie Sighișoara

Author(s): Nicolae Teșculă / Language(s): Romany Issue: 27/2020

The History Museum of Sighișoara celebrated 120 years of existence. On this occasion we try to evoke the personality of the founder of the institution, Dr. Josef Bacon. Coming from a family of Austrian officials arrived in the eighteenth century in the city on the Târnava Mare River, at the beginning of the twentieth century he was fully affianced to the Sighișorara elite. Professional physician, civil servant, with a rich activity in public work, with a unrelenting activity in improving public hygiene, he was active serving the community as a curator of the Evangelical Church, as founder of the baths in Vlăhița/Szent-Kerestbanya/Karlshütte, in the Harghita Mountains. He was also professionally involved in the eradication of tuberculosis and especially of alcoholism, by being member of the Order of the Good Templars. Last but not least, he became the founder of the local History Museum, succeeding in 42 years of activity to gather most of the institution's current heritage, to exhibit it and to show it in accordance with the museological norms of its era, managing to illustrate the secular history of the old medieval town upon the Târnava Mare River. He guided the visitors personally,regardless of their nationality or their educational degree, and he received no payment, for all his activity, which today seems inconceivable.

MEDICUL ALCIBIADE TAVERNIER ȘI ACTIVITATEA SA ÎN PRINCIPATELE ROMÂNE

Author(s): Violeta-Anca Epure / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 39/2020

Pour la période antérieure a l’année 1820, on a peu d’informations sur les médecins étrangers, sur leur activité scientifique et professionelle, comme ceux-ci n’ont été point les employés de l’Etat. Le médecin Alcibiade Tavernier fut docteur officier dans l’armée de Napoléon. Celui-ci tomba prisonnier en Russie pendant la campagne de 1812. Alcibiade Tavernier arriva dans les Principautés vers 1820, premierement en Moldavie, ou hantait la peste. Il resta a Iași, Focșani et Galați entre 1819-1824, ou participa a l’application des mesures sanitaires contre la maladie. On sait qu’au début de l’année 1829, Alcibiade Tavernier partit pour Bucarest. Avant le départ du général Kiseleff des Principautés, qui l’appréciait et meme lui donna a réaliser quelques ouvrages sur le choléra, le médecin français qui avait beaucoup d’ennemis en Bucarest et qui resta sans emploi, partit pour Brăila, ou il demeura presque une année. Le 1er janvier 1843, Tavernier devient le médecin du département Ialomița; malheureusement, il n’occupa longtemps cette fonction parce qu’il mourut le 25 juillet.

PORTRETE DIN COLECȚIA FAMILIEI DOMNITORULUI MIHAIL STURDZA

Author(s): Sorin Iftimi / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 39/2020

The present study brings back into the scientific circuit portraits from a private collection, but of a special public interest. We are talking about the portrait gallery of Prince Mihai Dim. Sturdza (1934-2020), the descendent of Mihai Grigore Sturdza, ruling prince of Moldavia. Among these portraits, there are the portrait of emperor Nicolae I of Russia, protector of Moldavia; the portrait of general Paul Dim. Kisseleff, governor of the Romanian Principalities (1828-1834); the portrait of the great boyar (logothete) Grigore Sturdza, the prince's father; the portrait of Mihail Sturdza, the ruling prince of Moldavia (1834-1849) and the portrait of his eldest son, Prince Dimitrie M. Sturdza, great hetman, leader of the Moldavian Army (1845-1848). The portraits found at the residence of Sturdza family in Paris are completed by a portrait from Bucharest and another one found in a private collection in London. We have articulated various considerations concerning the dating of these portraits and the painters who painted them, completing the family's memory with information offered by the historic and genealogical research.

COMPANII GERMANE DE NAVIGAȚIE PE DUNĂRE ȘI MAREA NEAGRĂ

Author(s): Cristian CONSTANTIN / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 39/2020

For the economic and business historians, the Russian – Turkish Peace of Adrianople (1829) marks the true beginning of market competition on the Danubian hinterland. During the 19th century and the first half of the next one, the Danubian and the Northern Black Sea areas were the largest markets for grain in Europe. Using the above-mentioned hypothesis, this paper analyses the main aspects related to the rivalry between the Great Powers and the German company in the battle of integration in the international grain deposit-ports. This rivalry contributed to the establishment of the Deutsche Levante Linie navigation house which competed with other foreign companies. In addition to the economic benefits achieved with its shipping activities, the German company had access to detailed information on various aspects of the Romanian ports. At the end of the first part of the 20th century, the Romanian cereals trade that ruled for a century lost its ground with respect to oil trade. The relevant references used in this paper (bibliographies, statistical publications and scripts) are from The National Archives of Romania, Galați Branch, The European Commission of the Danube Fund and the Diplomatic Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

REVOLTA DIN SASUN ȘI MASACRELE ARMENILOR DIN 1894

Author(s): Remus Tanasă / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 39/2020

Most of the Armenian historians believe that the Sasun massacre represents the starting point of what came next during First World War, namely the genocide to which the Ottoman Armenians were subjected. The authorities’ violence marks the reaction of a dying regime, discontent with the unfolding of modernity – the principle of nationalities –, with the hopelessness of controlling the outer territory, especially the one inhabited also by Kurd tribes and with the incapacity of offering a minimum standard of living to the Muslim populations from Anatolia. The Armenians have been deemed a scapegoat to distract the empire’s reformist emerging forces, hence the regime has sacrificed them for an impossible return in time, not being possible to go back to the times of the millet system and to the cusp of certain subjects ruling over others, specifically Muslims ruling non-Muslims.

Miroslav Bertoša, Historabilije XVI. - XVIII. stoljeća: Mali svijet Istre u doba Venecije

Author(s): Ana Cerovac / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2020

Review of: Miroslav Bertoša, Historabilije XVI. - XVIII. stoljeća: Mali svijet Istre u doba Venecije, Udruga Susreti na dragom kamenu - Povijesni i pomorski muzej Istre, Marčana, 2019.

Statutul boiernaşilor din Basarabia în prima jumătate a secolului al XIX-lea

Author(s): Valentin Tomuleţ / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2020

In this study, the author explores the issue of the social status of boierinaşi in Bessarabia under Tsarist rule. The author notes that after the annexation of Bessarabia to the Russian Empire, the imperial authorities equated the boierinaşi with Russian personal nobles, granting them various privileges. The Regulations of the administrative organization of the Bessarabian region of April 29, 1818 says that “under the name of boierinaşi is meant a social class that is not of noble origin and has not reached the highest boyar posts, but who received the lowest ranks below the vel şătrar”. Paying attention not only to holding senior positions, but also to the role in the administrative institutions of the region, the Russian authorities from the very beginning did not approve of this social status, despite the fact that although the boierinaşi had not performed important administrative functions until that time, some of them belonged to very old families. In accordance with the Regulation on social status rights of the inhabitants of Bessarabia of March 10, 1847, the tsarist authorities equated the Bessarabian boierinaşi with the personal nobles of the Russian Empire, later calling them personal nobles. Consequently, the number of Bessarabian boierinaşi gradually began to decrease. If they did not perform any administrative functions, they were required to enter the category of mazili. Small boierinaşi were often seen as a kind of patriarchs of the peasant community. However, with the disappearance of the generations that witnessed the annexation of Bessarabia to the Russian Empire, their descendants replenished the ranks of mazili, and after the elimination of mazili as a social stratum and rutaşi as a fiscal category in 1847, they were considered odnodvortsy. Thus, the tsarist authorities, trying to eliminate the dissimilarity or inconsistency with the Russian social system, unified part of the Bessarabian social categories with the Russian ones, which led to the disappearance of the boyars as a social category.

Emigraţia populaţiei din Basarabia în Caucaz, Crimeea şi nordul Mării Negre (anii ’70-’90 ai secolului al XIX-lea)

Author(s): Viorel Bolduma / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2020

In this article, based on archival and published sources, the author considers the issue of population emigration from Bessarabia to the Caucasus, Crimea, the Northern Black Sea Region and Dobrudja in 1870s-1890s. The sources used allow the author to conclude that the main causes of emigration were the negative consequences of the Crimean War (1853-1856), the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878), epidemics, droughts, the policy of colonization and denationalization pursued by the tsarist authorities, and the consequences of agrarian reform in Bessarabia, approved on July 14, 1868. This process affected the main social categories of the population of Bessarabia: răzeşi peasants, townspeople, state peasants and colonists.

Pozsony centrális szerepköreinek hatásai és jellegzetességei a magyarországi városhálózatban

Author(s): István H. Németh / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 02/2018

The study explores the emergence and consolidation of Pressburg’s central role within the urban structure of Hungary in the 16th and 17th centuries, as well as its characteristics from an urban historical perspective, paying special attention to those urban political and social changes that were caused by the basic characteristics of early modern urban development. It approaches the role of Pressburg az a chief city from two directions. The first two chapters examine the medieval roots of the transformation of the free royal town into a national centre, its economiccommercial situation, and its political importance in early modern Hungary, thereby highlighting the role of Pressburg from an administrative and geopolitical perspective. The second part of the study, on the other hand, analyses the main junctures in the early modern history of the new capital of the kingdom, tracing the major restructuring of the local population: the increasingly intensive urban presence of bureaucrats, soldiers and nobility, and the conflicts of confession and power that opposed to each other the old and new members of the urban community.

In memoriam Константин Косев

Author(s): Anisava Miltenova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 41/2020

Schimbări sociale într-un stat nou. Conştiinţa de clasă şi muncitorii din România la sfârşitul secolului al XIX-lea

Author(s): Alin Burlec / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XVII/2020

The 19th century was one of profound change in Romanian society and while the process was not yet as intense, slowly but surely the main cities started to look like modern urban centers and spurred by the beginning of the industrialization, workers began to appear in these places. At this time the working class was not numerous and their problems did not occupy an important place on the political agenda but nonetheless some of them started to develop a unique understanding of the society around them, based by their common experiences. This sense of belonging to a certain group or class consciousness as it is more widely known, was an important part in labor studies during the new social history of the ´60’s and ´80’s. The theoretical basis for such a study also appeared at the same time and with the help of new findings and methods of research in the last decades, we can start to research apart of the Romanian social history that was largely neglected in the last years.

Wyobrażenia na pieczęciach władz i urzędów miejskich w Księstwie Warszawskim.

Author(s): Marek Adamczewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 56/2020

In 1960 Marian Gumowski described the content of the regulation of April1811. The ordinance – as Marian Gumowski claimed – contained the order to introducethe state coat of arms on the fields of all city seals. Currently conducted research did notconfirm the thesis of 1960. In 1809, the Minister of the Interior issued an ordinanceregarding city seals. The minister ordered that the mayor’s seals be marked with the coatof arms of the state, and the seals of the cities councils – with the coat of arms of the city

Két lépés előre, egy lépés oldalra

Author(s): László Z. Karvalics / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2020

Pruzsinszky Sándor: A rettegés gyermeke. A cenzúra Európában 1478–1918. Fakultás Kiadó, Budapest, 2018. 385 oldal

Rezistență anticomunistă și represiune în satul Romos din jud. Hunedoara. Studiu de caz: Arderea ariei

Author(s): Adela Emanuela Ordean / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2019

The present study brings to light an unusual topic about the issue of collectivization ofagriculture at the level of Romos village in Hunedoara country. After the establishment of thecommunist regime in Romania, the new political power was interested in materializing the communistideology following the Soviet model. In this sense, in 1949 starts the process of collectivisations ofagriculture, the first massive movement of communist, wich affected the peasants both economicallyand socially.Transformations initiated by the regime have resulted in waves of anti-communist resistanceof the peasants, always followed by repression. The same scenario, but with others actors, also occursin Romos. Here, in the context of agricultural collectivisation, or how the communist authoritiesimposed the collection of wheat quotas, in the summer of 1950 has been one of the biggest disasters ofthe peasants in the locality: the burning of the Aria, the place where the villagers were forced to taketheir harvested wheat. The event was marked by an explosion of violence between the villagers andcommunist authorities, followed by repression and arrest.Reconstituted on the basis of oral history, the day when Aria burned, remained alive in thememory of the elderly.

Medale koronacyjne Augusta II Wettyna w konfrontacji ze współczesnymi dziełami sztuki malarskiej i graficznej oraz ze spuścizną medalierską pozostałą po Janie III Sobieskim. Uwagi ikonograficzne

Author(s): Jan Gustaw Rokita / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2020

The author describes sixteen examples of works of medal-making, painting, graphic and sculptural art related to the title medals. As the author shows, the aim of the medals described in the article was to justify the rights of the former Saxon elector to the Polish throne. The recipient, after even a cursory glance With the presented medal material, he could prove himself convinced of the excellent origin of August II and his ancestors (e.g. the medal, dated 1697 and signed on the obverse: C. W. [Christian Wermuth?]), the numerous qualities of the reigning Hercules (e.g. the medal by Georg Hautsch from 1697) or the heraldic connections between the Wettyn coat of arms and official emblems of the Crown and Lithuania (e.g. an unsigned medal from 1697). The author also distinguished and analysed in detail medals of heraldic, mythological-alegoric, emblematic and genealogical character. He also explained the reasons why in the preserved medallic legacy of Augustus II the medals on which the Saxon ruler was perpetuated prevailed in Western European costume, and not – as in the case of medal-making works carried out at the order of the Sobieski royal court – in the dress modelled on antiquity.

Érzelmek és mostohák: Mozaikcsaládok a régi Magyarországon (1500–1850)

Author(s): Gábor Koloh / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

Érzelmek és mostohák: Mozaikcsaládok a régi Magyarországon (1500–1850) [Emotions and stepparents: Mosaic families in old Hungary, 1500–1850]. Edited by Gabriella Erdélyi. Budapest: Research Centre for the Humanities, 2019. 307 pp

Magnus Barefoot — the Last Viking King of Norway?

Author(s): Jakub Morawiec / Language(s): English Issue: 16/2020