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The article presents a dozen or so methods of quantifying amounts used in the oldest Polish culinary books. The material is based on the works published for the first time in the Monumenta Poloniae Culinaria series edited by Jerzy Dumanowski. Determining the quantity in the culinary discourse was associated not only with counting, using measures of volume and weight, but also with the use of human body parts, vessels, items treated as a standard to measure products, determining the mutual proportions of products, as well as subjective assessments of quantity resulting from observing the process of preparing dishes.
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In the paper the exact number of entries in a large dictionary of Polish (called Słownik warszawski, 1900–1927) is given, following a computer analysis of a list of its entries. Furthermore, the structure of entries is analyzed, using selected qualifiers, and the data compared to those in a more recent large dictionary of Polish, edited by Witold Doroszewski (published 1958–1969).
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Relative pronouns i- / je- and restrictive particle -le became conflated in concessive conditionals (e.g. No matter how much financial support we get, we will go ahead with our project). This syntactic environment explains, why Old Polish ile functioned in the oldest Polish texts as indefinite pronoun ‘no matter how much’ (so-called free choice determiner). The present paper aims to show, in which way the historical syntax may enrich our knowledge on etymology and language changes.
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In prescriptive studies, the rule of the necessity to agree the form of the number of a personal word with the whole series in the function of the subject is often formulated. It is usually illustrated with the sequence of the type Mąż i żona siedzieli przy stole (‘a husband and a wife sat at the table’). Meanwhile, from the very beginning of the development of the Polish language, even a slight modification of this type of series, for example a change of order, resulted in different syntactic dispositions, see: Przy stole siedzieli / siedział mąż i żona (‘a husband and a wife sat at the table’). The author’s own research on significantly extensive material proved that in quantitative terms, the syntax expected by normativists almost unconditionally occurred only in one type of series, while in others it represented other methods of syntactic accommodation. The aim of the article is to trace the methods of aligning the form of the number of a verb with different types of word sequences and the changes taking place in this respect over several hundred years. This will make it possible to formulate conclusions that will allow for the revision of the normative rules.
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The article is about the film stylisation of grypsera in the 2003 feature film Symetria, directed and scripted by Konrad Niewolski. Grypsera is understood here as (1) a set of rules, a system of values and norms of behavior which exists in prison, (2) the slang of prisoners. The author focused primarily on the linguistic aspect, discussing 80 lexemes and syntactic constructions. In addition, he characterized the basic rules and norms of behavior that are expressed by these lexemes. The analysis included classifying the lexical resource into 9 semantic categories. The discussed words and phraseological units have been juxtaposed with the content of Klemens Stępniak’s Słownik tajemnych gwar przestępczych (Dictionary of Secret Criminal Slangs). As a result, it turned out that the film meticulously reflected the prison reality in the linguistic aspect. What’s more, grypsera in this stylisation contains all the features attributed to sociolects, i.e. secrecy, professionalism and expressiveness.
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The description and classification of linguistic references to the classical (Graeco-Roman) antiquity used in eight M. Krajewski’s crime novels are the main basis for the present paper. The conclusions form an attempt to look in general at the purposefulness of their use and the functions they serve, while referencing certain rules and tendencies related to crime writing and popular literature as such. The research results put forward are mostly based on the body of linguistic examination drawing from lexicology, phraseme studies, including phraseology, and onomastics. In the novels (about 600 fragments), the two-pronged (textual and paratextual) references to classical antiquity materialise in three layers: phraseme-related (polyword constructions in the form of Latin quotations and set phrases – reproductions, innovations and nonce words), lexical (Latin lexemes, eponyms and eponymisms), and onimic (primary and secondary proper names of ancient provenance among them).
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The tendency to simplify texts in public space has been on the rise in recent years in Poland. The idea is now reaching offices, banks, state institutions and the doctor-patient communication. The presented text is concerned with medical communication. It discusses the needs of the patient as a participant of this communication, from the perspective of plain language and the comprehensibility of the messages addressed to him or her. The main aims of the paper are: (1) checking the intelligibility of 16 chosen parent’s informed consent forms for anesthesiological procedure using the Jasnopis tool, (2) creating documentation of informed consent which is intelligible for people with primary education and compliant with legal requirements, (3) comparing new, plain documentation with 16 forms from medical facilities, (4) describing the examples of simplification which are possible to apply in chosen parts of 16 original informed consents.
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Function words have been a widely discussed topic in linguistics in Poland for many years. However, the semantic classification of the whole class of these expressions was a long-neglected issue. In WSJP PAN, for the first time, the semantic qualification of all function words was used. The article examines the concept of semantic description of function words in WSJP PAN in comparison to thematic classification. The dictionary entries were manually parsed to identify the semantic classes of the function words and their grammatical diversities. The author also formulates suggestions for improving the applied semantic division of function words and points out its practical applications.
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The study was aimed at commenting linguistic errors in the discussions on the Internet. Based on the theory of linguicism, it was verified how the Internet users perceive commenting on other people’s errors and what is the motivation of people pointing out errors. The main objective was to determine whether such commenting is a result of one’s negative opinion regarding the intelligence, health, and other resources of the person committing the error. The study comprised two phases: phase one involved the analysis of comments on the Internet in discussion groups and on fan pages, while phase two was devoted to poll surveys in which 387 respondents participated. The results indicate that some comments rely on a conviction that the use of correct Polish language indicates a higher social status, higher intelligence and qualifications, whereas discrimination caused by using non-standard language constitutes a real problem.
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The article briefly presents the history of work on the Polish Academy of Sciences Great Dictionary of Polish (pol. Wielki słownik języka polskiego PAN), its status in April 2022, indicating the important features of the dictionary as a source of knowledge about the contemporary Polish language, and also the plans of the lexicographic team for the years to come.
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