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The article is a reconnaissance. The author of the paper aims at providing a comparison of mathematical and empirical results of research on the evolution of language. The content of the paper focuses on issues relating to the emergence of language. The author seeks to answer the question: What differentiates human and animal communication?
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The article presents the main types of synonymous prepositions in the Russian literary language of the first half of the 19th century. The author provides the examples of each type based on literary texts of the period under consideration and in accordance with the existing scientific classifications. The paper reveals such trends in the development of prepositional synonymy as the flexibility of the rules of using morphological synonyms and the stylistic reassessment of the components of synonymic rows.
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The article reveals certain language peculiarities of one of the unexplored manuscripts, Zakhariinskii Parimeinik of 1271. On the one hand, the manuscript reflects the Pskov-Novgorod dialect features: the mixing of affricates w and Ÿ as well as sibilant and hushing sounds, a particular type of the reflexivity of TъrT groups, the use of ;u along with ;l, etc. On the other hand, there are many spellings of South Slavic origin in the manuscript. All this makes it possible to state the appearance of obsolete orthography in Zakhariinskii Parimeinik and to specify information about the number and territorial belonging of the scribes, who worked on the text.
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The article studies semantic development of Russicisms borrowed by the Persian language in the 19th–20th centuries. Based on the analysis of Russian and Persian lexicographic resources (including dictionaries of foreign words, explanatory and etymological dictionaries, and Internet data resources) and using the method of continuous sampling, around 300 lexical units have been revealed. Two structural and sematic types of Russian borrowings are described: 1) Russicisms the meaning of which undergoes no or insignificant changes when borrowed from the source language; 2) lexemes the semantic structure of which undergoes quantitative, qualitative or categorial changes in the Persian language.
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The article contains a comparative analysis of paroemias with the conceptual meaning “family” in Russian and Polish. Special attention is paid to the transformation of the concept “family” in the Slavic sphere of concepts (lexemes “marriage”, “wife”, “husband”, etc.). The conceptological approach to linguistic phenomena and culture contributes to the solution of the problem under investigation. As a result of the research, the universal and specifically national content of the “family” concept in the Russian and Polish languages is determined.
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SLOVENSKÝ ŠTÁT 1939 – 1945, PREDSTAVY A REALITA. ČESKÉ, SLOVENSKÉ A ČESKOSLOVENSKÉ DĚJINY 20. STOLETÍ IX. ARS MONTANA. UMĚLECKÝ A KULTURNÍ TRANSFER V OTEVŘENÉM PROSTORU ČESKO-SASKÉHO KRUŠNOHOŘÍ NA PRAHU RANÉHO NOVOVĚKU (1459–1620). 19th BIENNIAL BALKAN AND SOUTH SLAVIC CONFERENCE ON LINGUISTICS, LITERATURE AND FOLKLORE. HOSŤOVSKÉ PREDNÁŠKY NA KA TEDRE HISTÓRIE FF UP JŠ. XVIII. ARCHÍVNE DNI V SLOVENSKEJ REPUBLIKE. HOLOKAUST NA ÚZEMÍ DNEŠNÉHO JUŽNÉHO SLOVENSKA. DISKUSNÉ VEČERY ÚSTAVU PAMÄTI NÁRODA A KATEDRY HISTÓRIE FF UPJŠ V KOŠICIACH. VÝUČBA REGIONÁLNYCH DEJÍN NA ZÁKLADNEJ ŠKOLE – FORMY, METÓDY, KONCEPCIE, SKÚSENOSTI. THE GREAT WAR: REGIONAL APPROACHES AND GLOBAL CONTEXTS. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THE OCCASION OF THE FIRST CENTENNIAL OF THE BEGINNING OF WORLD WAR ONE.
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The paper considers the features of interaction between philosophical and literary reminiscences in one of neomythological texts – F. Sologub’s book of poems “The Fiery Circle”. It is argued that the philosophical ideas of Heraclitus are often expressed indirectly in F. Sologub’s book of poems, through the mythologization of A. Pushkin’s leitmotif tropes with the semantics of fire, burning, as well as through the explication of their hidden meaning. The parallels between Heraclitus’ doctrine and the Greek mysteries drawn by the philosophers of the 19th century are reflected in the mysterial aspect of Sologub’s “fiery” images connected with the symbolist concept of magic art, thereby creating a new artistic reality as an analogue of the universe structure.
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The development of meanings similar to philosophical ideas is revealed in the first chapter of “Eugene Onegin”. A.S. Pushkin based them on the complex and contradictory relationship between the protagonist and the way of his life. Onegin’s dependence on the latter and attempts to assert his individuality in the whirlwind of everyday life give rise to a number of artistic problems, which are close to philosophical reflections on the meaning and purpose of human existence, happiness and its sources, true and false values, as well as their ability to fill life with genuine or illusory sense. The paper proves the thesis that such artistic and philosophical ideas organize the internal artistic unity of the first chapter, turning it into an exposition of “Eugene Onegin” as a philosophical novel.
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Representation of the Soviet past in modern Russian prose still demands comprehension. This paper is devoted to the analysis of the Soviet discourse in M.Yu. Elizarov’s novel “The Librarian” (2007), the 2008 “Russian Booker” winner. The study is performed using a complex method, which combines discourse, cultural-historical, structural-semantic, and conceptual types of analysis. The Soviet discourse is considered in relation to the national Russian one, which is also presented in the novel. It is demonstrated that Russian and Soviet concepts come into collision. The conflict is realized in a cryptological plot through the image of library, which is emblematic of postmodern literature. The national Russian discourse is embodied in such traditional feminine images as elemental force, proximity to the nature, destructive orientation, and provinces. The Soviet discourse is based on such traditional masculine images as aspiration for orderliness, orientation to logic, and capital. Female and male personifications stand in a symbolical relation with each other. M.Yu. Elizarov introduces the sacral image of the Protection of the Holy Virgin, which is urged to unite the Soviet discourse with the national Russian one. The conclusion is made that the Soviet utopia does not unite with the national Russian tradition despite the introduction of the Protection. The Divine Union declared in the novel remains unrealized.
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Bibliologiczne metody analizy procesów komunikacji literackiej odwołują się do treści książek rozumianej globalnie, do form uobecnienia utworów w druku. Edytorska sztuka obrazowania słowa w publikacji, choć pozornie ma niewiele wspólnego z istotą utworu, jako technika utrwalania ostatecznie wpływa na ukształtowanie przekazu i jego społeczne funkcjonowanie. W procesie historycznym komunikaty piśmiennicze w postaci książki zdominowały wymianę myśli i wyzwoliły kreatywność ludzi. Książka, oprócz miana nośnika, zyskała także status czynnika promocji utworu. Inlibrizacja jako podporządkowanie przekazu kulturowego wymogom określonego medium stała się jednym z najdonioślejszych procesów dziejowych (Ladorucki,2009, 214-224). Badanie historii książki jest więc sposobem poznawania kultury i poszerzania dyskursu humanistycznego z perspektywą uzyskania nowych interpretacji społecznej roli druku jako medium dominującego w przeszłości i dominowanego współcześnie (Munari,2014, 57-82).
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The presence of a particular journalistic thinking, spiritual syncretism, was detected in F.M. Dostoevskii’s “Writer’s diary”. The literary analysis and specific keywords were used for this detection. According to the results of our study, F.M. Dostoevskii’s spiritual syncretism is characterized by spiritual solutions of the political, economic, and social problems, as well as by the fusion of Enlightenment and religious ideas.
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The paper, for the first time in Russian history, considers the journalistic and literary critical statements of M.N. Katkov, a leader of the traditional conservative trend in political journalism during the late 19th century, devoted to A.S. Pushkin. M.N. Katkov’s journalistic Pushkiniana is the most significant one among other contemporaries and covers the period from 1838 to 1880. M.N. Katkov numerously appealed to the figure of A.S. Pushkin throughout his journalistic activity. The interpretations of A.S. Pushkin by M.N. Katkov in different years are analyzed.
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The paper is devoted to the study of euphemization and as a pragmalinguistic category and also an indirect communication strategy with the ameliorating intent, i.e., as a means of ensuring the communication comfort and eliciting cooperation with the receiver. In the present study, a specific euphemistic device, “euphemization through negation”, in the Polish and Russian linguocultures is analyzed. Explicit and implicit models of euphemistic negation implemented in various structures and at different language levels (words, phrases, and sentences) are distinguished. Comparative analysis of this type of understatement is carried out. Its fundamental structural characteristics are indicated. The analysis reveals significant structural parallels between the Russian and Polish languages with respect to the type of euphemisms under consideration, although certain differences can also be observed. The use of negative structures in the euphemistic function is motivated by the intention to tone down the categorical character of statements.
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The paper regards comparative studying of the semantic devices of euphemization used in Russian and German political texts. Based on the public speeches of the political leaders of Russia and Germany, the distinctive features and general functions of political euphemisms as effective means to conceal the genuine sense of utterances are revealed. The most frequent semantic means of negative meaning reduction are found in both languages. They are the usage of lexemes with diffusive semantics, metaphors, diplomatic clichés, and collocations, as well as the introduction of lexemes with positive connotations, etc. The differential and common for both languages tendencies of political discourse euphemization are determined.
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This paper analyzes the structure of the media discourse by the example of a release of the TV program (“Rules of Life”) on the Russian TV channel “Culture”. The communicative strategies of TV program participants, model of linguistic identity, and ways to express emotional attitudes to situations are discussed in detail. The analysis of the media space arrangement demonstrates that the structure of statements made by TV program participants labels them as bearing a certain type of speech culture.
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The paper analyzes the aesthetic meaning of adjectives in A.S. Serafimovich’s prose. The most typical groups of adjectives are singled out based on their semantic and functional features, which are analyzed considering the main idea and problems of the prose works, as well as the author’s view of the world. Special attention is paid to the syntagmatic relations between adjectives and dependent nouns. The influence of a particular linguistic context on the semantic and emotional contents of adjectives is investigated. The semantic relations between parts of complex words are discussed. Occasionalisms used by A.S. Serafimovich are distinguished.
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The paper discusses verbal manifestation of the concept of wealth in F.M. Dostoevskii’s novella “Uncle’s Dream”. The content of the concept in the novella is studied in accordance with the field structure of the concept: core; close and far peripheries. It is proved that the peripheries reflect the peculiarities of F.M. Dostoevskii’s concept of wealth and the specifics of the artistic image of reality in the novella “Uncle’s Dream”. The implementation of the concept of wealth in the novella indicates F.M. Dostoevskii’s individual perception of the phenomenon expressed by it. The study of the concept allows to reconstruct the artistic image of the world in the novella and the idiostyle of the author.
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The paper presents a comparative analysis of the German-Russian Dictionary of 1834–1835 and its foreign sources (the explanatory dictionaries by J.Ch. Adelung, J.H. Campe, and T. Heinsius that were well-known in the 18th and 19th centuries). The purpose of this study is to find out the lexicographic value of the German-Russian Dictionary of 1834–1835 and analyze the contribution of its authors to the development of German-Russian lexicography. On the basis of the developed method of lexicographic analysis, similarities and differences in the concept and composition of the studied dictionaries are revealed. The comparative analysis is focused on the following aspects: principles for arrangement of headwords; principles for selection of entry words; techniques of meaning discrimination; sources of phonetic, grammatical information; and illustrative examples.
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The life of V.G. Korolenko was connected with different regions of Russia. His artistic, journalistic, and epistolary heritage reflects his impression from visits to the capital, central cities, and provincial towns. The paper reviews manifestations of the imagery in “urban texts” of the local author from the point of social and literary discourse. V.G. Korolenko is characterized as a “genius of locality”, who artistically created detailed “portraits” and sketches of St. Petersburg, Moscow, Glazov, Simbirsk, and Poltava. The writer also expressed his own view on various toposes of the Volga Region in literature: Nizhny Novgorod, Pavlovo, Gorodets, and Arzamas (“God’s town”). V.G. Korolenko’s literary works devoted to urban description are analyzed using the comparative approach rather than separately: by contrast with the understanding of loci in folklore, as well as works of other writers (I.A. Goncharov, N.N. Zlatovratskii, L.N. Tolstoi, and P.I. Melnikov-Pecherskii) and regional ethnographers (N.P. Antsiferov, S.N. Durylin, N.E. Mednis, etc.). Biographical, sociological, historic-cultural, and linguistic methods are used in the paper for analysis of the author’s literary works in the local aspect.
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Science fiction studies is a relatively young branch of the humanities that has emerged in the middle of the 20th century. Currently, science fiction studies is a vast network of interdisciplinary research that concentrates on functionality and poetics of fantastic (or, as John Clute has promoted since 2007, ‘fantastika’) literature, cinema, video games, comics etc. Search for genre identity is one of the main concerns of the genre theory in both academic methodology and science fiction studies. Scholars commonly single out three main approaches in the genre theory: essentialism, structuralism, and pragmatism. None of the approaches is universal, i.e., they are all characterized by both benefits and certain limits. While the former two approaches are influential and established analytical paradigms, the latter one is a recent analytical invention. Pragmatism of the genre theory is interdisciplinary per se – its methodology is based on social sciences, sociology of literature, cultural studies, and discourse studies. Pragmatism derives from a number of branches of the humanities in order to solve fundamental problems of the literary theory, particularly the problem of genre genesis. This paper is an attempt to delineate contours of the genre theory in science fiction studies from essentialism to pragmatism.
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