Спекулативната граматика

Author(s): Jan Pinborg / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/2022

Jan Pinborg’s article Speculative Grammar traces in a historical and problematical way basic questions of the semantic doctrine of modes of signifying (the theory of speculative grammars). Speculative grammars are investigated: (1) from their appearance and historical and conceptual ground (Aristotle and his Arabic commentators, Donatus, Priscian); (2) through the development and sophistication of the system of modes of signifying (considering in the same time its ontological and logical aspects); 3) to the theoretical criticism against them and the appearance of alternative semantic conceptions (Roger Bacon, Ockham, Buridan…). The importance of the modistic doctrine for the further development of the logic and theoretical grammar is pointed out. A particular emphasis is put on the semantic character of the speculative grammars, together with its systematical account.

За смисъла и значението в речевата комуникация

Author(s): Elena Tsvetkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/2022

In this article, I consider certain types of presupposition and quantitative implicatures, the interpretation of which is based on the usage of scalar expressions. The aim is to explain how presuppositions and implicatures are processed by showing the commonalities and differences between them. Solving this task will shed light on the question of the relationship between language and context. The “scalar implicature approach to presuppositions” is reviewed as a prerequisite for explaining cases in which presuppositions and implicatures are treated in a similar way. The question of consideration is that even when scalar implicatures are understood automatically and independently of context, we have preliminary pragmatic models that predetermine context and influence the way we interpret such statements and how we arrange the terms on the scale. This approach is used as a prerequisite for the possibility of talking about degrees in the scales – i.e., cases of an utterance involving scalar expressions, where the same expression – both in presupposition and in an implicature – can mean something different to a certain degree, and yet the hearer grasp that degree of meaning without much additional effort in processing.

Normatywne aspekty komunikacji inkluzywnej

Author(s): Ewa Kołodziejek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 21/2022

The author of the article describes problems a participant in a language communication must encounter if he/she obeys the principles of inclusiveness and wishes to act in accordance with the linguistic norm. Linguistic inclusiveness refers to individuals and social groups discriminated against for features beyond their control, including sex, race, skin colour, sexual orientation, national minority membership, physical fitness, mental condition. Normative problems connected with talking and writing about these groups are considered at various levels of the text organization: semantic-pragmatic, lexical, inflectional, and syntactic.

ЗА ДИВАТА И ПИТОМНАТА МАСЛИНА: БЪЛГАРИТЕ В ХРИСТИЯНСКАТА ОЙКУМЕНА СПОРЕД ВИЗАНТИЙСКОТО СЛОВО "ЗА МИРА С БЪЛГАРИТЕ”

Author(s): Kiril Marinov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 22/2022

The conclusion of the Byzantine-Bulgarian peace in 927, ending the long-lasting conflict of the Empire with the state of Simeon I the Great (893–927), gave an opportunity to a summarize the history of relations between both the states. An anonymous member of the Byzantine court of emperor Romanos I Lekapenos (920–944) prepared an oration on that occasion in which he characterized, e.g., the place of Bulgaria and the Bulgarians in Byzantine political and religious views. In the light of this speech, until the time of their official Christianization, the latter were miserable wagon-dwellers and nomads, deprived of their own land and wandering in the world without purpose or knowledge of God. The Byzantines, on the other hand, constituted the New Israel, the Chosen People of the New Covenant, hence Byzantine-Bulgarian mutual relations were marked by deep division and conflict. The situation changed radically with the reception of the Holy Baptism by the Bulgarians, because now united in one spiritual body of the Church, worshipping God together, both ‘nations’ flourished. The Byzantines then became the spiritual fathers and teachers of the Bulgarians in the faith. Any violation of God's order of family and brotherly relations, expressed in the rise of spiritual sons against their spiritual fathers, was considered as a sign of arrogance and impiety.

ИНОВАЦИОНЕН АСТРОНОМИЧЕСКИ И ФОТОГРАМЕТРИЧЕН ПОДХОД ПРИ ИЗСЛЕДВАНЕ НА КРЪГЛАТА ЦЪРКВА ОТ ПРЕСЛАВ

Author(s): Bozhidar Stoyanov,Emanuil Stoyanov,Greta Stoyanova,Pencho Markishki / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 22/2022

The article offers the results of an interdisciplinary study, in which an innovative astronomical and photogrammetrical approach is applied for the study of the Round Church of medieval Preslav. A well-grounded hypothesis is presented for the beginning of the construction, as well as the specification of the saint to whom the temple is dedicated. It is proposed that the day when the orientation of the temple was determined in relation to the directions of the world was September 26, CE 893. Respectively, the saint to whom the Round Church is dedicated is St. John the Apostle. The proposed method of dating the medieval construction of a church by applying photogrammetrical photography and building a digital altitude model and ortho-photo plan, combined with the conducting of archeo-astronomical simulations, could also be used in the research of other temples for which it is initially clear which saint they are dedicated to.

O etymologii leksemów legawiec oraz wyżeł w języku polskim

Author(s): Beata Malczewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 21/2022

This paper puts forth and examines hypotheses regarding the etymology of the Polish words legawiec (pointing dog) and wyżeł (gundog), both used to denote pointing dogs. The origin of the first name is documented and fairly uncontroversial. It has been subject to numerous analyses. On the contrary, the origin of wyżeł is uncertain. In the paper, various linguistic, breed- and hunting-related hypotheses are discussed. They suggest either Slavic or Hungarian origin of the term. Examples of folk etymology are also discussed. In spite of a rich literature of various types (linguistic, cynological, and related to hunting), the proper etymology cannot be established. Likewise, the precise motivation for wyżeł cannot be reconstructed. From among a multitude of linguistic proposals, derived from cynological writings and those of the history of hunting, the Hungarian origin seems most probable and best confirmed by the existing documents.

Uwagi o koncepcji czasu i przestrzeni w poezji Jana Pawła Woronicza

Author(s): Katarzyna Sobczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 15/2014

This article introduces the poblematic aspects of time and space in poetry of the priest Jan Paweł Woronicz (1757 – 1829). The above – mentioned categories in this poetry serve as awakeners of the national consciousness and identity with the purpose of integrating the nation in the difficult historic perid following the third partition of Poland. The output of the poet is full of references to historical abd biblical figures thanks to whom he performs a kind of synthesis – a prophetic vision of the rebirth of national identity. The concept of time and space is enriched and complemented with references to situations from the personal life of the author and his knowledge of travels. He was also sensitiveto the beauty of the landscape and made references to a mythical pleasent place, otium of nature. He expressed this in different genres of occasional poetry, among which there are songs, panegiryc poems and pastorals.

Word Order and Discourse: the Case of the Balkan Languages

Author(s): Iliana Krapova / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

The paper investigates word order in three Balkan languages (Bulgarian, Greek and Romanian). It is argued that Balkan languages are discourse prominent and variations with respect to discourse notions like topic or focus are examined from a comparative perspective and in view of their hierarchical ordering in the left periphery of the sentence, which corresponds to that portion of the sentence which hosts topicalized and focalized constituents.

Les objets du dégoût

Author(s): Bilyana Mihaylova / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2022

This article examines the etymological relationship between disgust and other emotions and is the first part of a more extensive study analyzing the etymologies of words denoting disgust in Indo-European languages. We have established that a considerable part of the words denoting disgust come from primary notions related to other emotions. The origin of words of disgust is also linked to words having the meaning of fear (5 roots), boredom (3 roots), hatred (2 roots), sadness (2 roots), anger (1 root), pride (1 root), and discontent (1 root). Fear is the emotion most often etymologically linked to disgust: 5 of 15 roots show a semantic evolution from a primary meaning of ‘fear’. Basic disgust, that of pathogen avoidance, and the fear of disease and death are very closely related, and this fact is reflected in the history of the words.

Remoteness markers in Kalajdži Romani as spoken in Montana (Bulgaria)

Author(s): Giulia Meli / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Romani imperfect and pluperfect are built by the agglutination of the same morpheme to the inflected forms of the present and the perfect, respectively. This morpheme, labelled as “remoteness marker” (Matras 2001:35) by the literature on Romani varieties, conveys a temporal value of distance towards a determined point of reference excluding at the same time any overlapping with the moment of speech, and thus its meaning approaches the “temporal discontinuity” highlighted by Plungian and Van der Auwera (2006). The remoteness marker is quite homogeneous in Romani varieties and the main recorded forms in the different dialects (-as/-a/-e/-s/-ys/-ahi, cf. Matras 2002: 152) allow to reconstruct a single Proto-Romani form *asi (cf. Bloch 1932, Bubeník 1995) or *sasi (Scala 2020), both going back to the Old Indo-Aryan as ‘to be’, maybe through the third person Middle Indo-Aryan form āsi or āsī ‘he/she/it was’. Nevertheless, some dialects show a greater complexity and a certain level of internal variation, and suggest that the general uniformity displayed by Romani varieties may have been preceded by a more composite situation. In particular, the paper analyses the remoteness markers of Kalajdži Romani of Montana (Bulgaria). Besides the widespread as, this dialect shows the previously unnoticed remoteness markers asa and asta, which have the same distribution of as, but a different origin. The objective of the study is to propose a reconstruction of the genesis of the two variants. While the remoteness marker asa can be explained as the outcome of recent internal innovation of Kalajdži, the remoteness marker asta seems to be connected to the OIA root sthā- and, pointing to a more ancient phase of the language, suggests a higher complexity of the Proto Romani strategies to build the imperfect and the pluperfect.

Дрок (Spartium, Genista L.) в фитонимии Адриатического и Ионического побережий

Author(s): Marina V. Domosiletskaya,Alexander A. Novik / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2022

The paper analyzes local Balkan phytonyms used for broom and spread on the territory from the Adriatic coast to Greece. In the past, broom was used for weaving and manufacturing rough textile. One can notice a strong influence of Romance (including Dalmatian) on the Serbo-Croatian plant names for broom (Lat. juncus, Ital. giunco, Venet. zunco). In the northern Albanian dialects, especially in the Albanian-Slavic contact areas, a great role was played by the borrowed Serbo-Croatian word žukа (and probably Venet. zunco as well). South of Northern Albanian Ghegnia – in the middle Gheg and Tosk territories – loan-words from different times can be found: Lat. genista, genesta and Ital. ginestra. Further south, in the Albanian dialects of Labёria, in Greece and Italy (Arbёresh), there is a clear influence from the Greek σπάρτο. The research is based on long-term field observations (the fieldwork was conducted in 2009–2019), as well as on the previously published phytonomastical and ethnological data.

Цветообозначения в устойчивых сочетаниях со значением благопожелания и проклятия в балканославянских языках в сопоставлении с албанским и румынским

Author(s): Alexandra Chivarzina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2022

The peoples living in the Balkans significantly have been influencing each other, borrowing numerous cultural and linguistic phenomena. In the course of convergent development it determined the formation of the Balkan cultural and linguistic landscape. The idioms with the meaning of blessing and curse in the Balkan Slavic languages in comparison with the non-Slavic Albanian and Romanian ones are in the centre of the analysis. The correspondences demonstrate a high degree of interlingual and intercultural interaction of the neighboring peoples, although there are significant differences in the forms of the corresponding idioms in different Balkan languages.

The Essence and Purpose of Intertext in Hagiographic Works Translated by Euthymius the Athonite

Author(s): Irakli Orzhonia / Language(s): English,Greek, Modern (1453-),Georgian Issue: 12/2022

The scope of the present article is hagiographic texts translated from Greek by Euthymius the Athonite, and the aim of the research is to find out the essence and purpose of their intertext. The study of the material revealed that the authors of the hagiographic works, describing the life-martyrdom of a particular saint, are based on three types of sources: the Scripture, historical sources and patristic sources. While citing the Bible, they use three forms: analogy with the Scripture, paraphrasing the Scripture, quoting from the Scripture. As a rule, the authors by no means offer a specific reference to which book of the Bible they used because the texts about saints were written for the community within the church, and implied that the readers would understand all the analogies, paraphrases or quotations. Intertexts, connected with the most authoritative book – the Holy Scriptures, obviously, did not have only an artistic purpose. Their role should also be appreciated in the cultural-religious context: the writers of the lives of the saints tried in this artistic way to show the continuity of the divine works conveyed in the Scripture and their close connection with modernity, the spiritual unity of the heroes of the hagiographic writings with the biblical saints, whose ultimate goal was to strengthen the Christian faith and address the broad masses. Using historical sources, the authors provide additional material to the reader, while referring to the patristic monuments; they offer a deep, thorough and theological discussion of the events or facts conveyed in the work enriched with appropriate terms.

Narratives of Hegemony and Marginalization: Deconstructing the History Legends of India

Author(s): Sabina Zacharias / Language(s): English Issue: 12/2022

Myths and legends as local sources of history reveal their implicit assumptions and demonstrate the way in which events are filtered through the interpretations of their authors. By examining a variety of these interpretations, we might piece together a refracted image of the past which will ultimately present a history of “what actually happened”. There is also an attempt to create a single narrative supported by various sources that claim to reveal the truth in political and social terms about what may have happened there. I have substantiated my arguments by drawing examples from the compilation of legends, Aithihyamala (Garland of Legends), a pioneering and exhaustive collection of 126 legends of Kerala (India), compiled and published between 1909 and 1934 by the Sanskrit-Malayalam scholar Kottarathil Sankunni. My contention in this paper is that there is a politics behind the subversion of “other histories” (local or subaltern) to establish a hegemonic history. One finds a "politics" behind the legend-making, a deliberate attempt at compiling an elitist record of legends and through it the homogenizing of the cultural past of a region.

Rukopisi rječnika i leksikografska tradicija u Bosni od 16. do 19. stoljeća

Author(s): Dželila Babović / Language(s): Bosnian,English Issue: 27/2022

Dictionaries in Arabic, Turkish, Persian, and Bosnian that were created and used in Bosnia from the 16th to the 19th century are an indispensable segment of the Bosnian lexicographic tradition. Based on the researchers and analysis of the form, language, methodology, questions of authorship, and reception of the dictionaries stored in the institutional manuscript collections of Bosnia and Herzegovina, it is possible to talk about the dominant lexicographic trends and practices during the Ottoman rule in these areas and to determine the contribution of these manuscripts works and their authors to the development and continuity of the lexicographical tradition. The research base for this work was manuscript collections stored in public cultural and scientific institutions of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Gazi Husrev-bey Library, National and University Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosniak Institute – Adil Zulfikarpašić Foundation, Oriental Institute of the University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo Historical Archives, The Cantonal Archives Travnik, The Cantonal Archives Tuzla, The General Library of Tešanj, Herzegovina Museum Mostar and Herzegovina Archives Mostar.

ЕЗИКЪТ НА ЕДИН РАНЕН РЪКОПИС НА СТОЯН РОБОВСКИ ОТ 1852 ГОДИНА

Author(s): Ivo Bratanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 21/2022

The report shows the linguistic peculiarities of an early manuscript written by the Bulgarian Revival teacher and writer Stoyan Robovsky. It is a draft contract between Stoyan Robovsky and the chorbadzhii (rich members of the rural elite) in the village of Bebrovo. The manuscript is kept by Veliko Tarnovo State Archives. The report examines the graphic and spelling features of the text.

THE PERSONAL NAMES OF THE BULGARIANS FROM THE VILLAGE OF LIPNITSA, KYUSTENDZHA1 COUNTY, ACCORDING TO THE ARCHIVAL DOCUMENTS, CREATED IN CONNECTION WITH THE TREATY OF CRAIOVA (1940)

Author(s): Snezhanka Gencheva / Language(s): English Issue: 21/2022

Статията анализира личните имена на 1 417 българи от севернодобруджанското село Липница, както са вписани в опис-декларации от 1940 г. – по групи, честота на употреба и като източник на допълнителна информация за етно-демографските процеси в Добруджа и България.

ДЕСАКРАЛИЗАЦИЯ НА ИМЕНАТА В БЪЛГАРСКИЯ И РУСКИЯ ЕЗИК

Author(s): Krasimira Petrova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 21/2022

The desacralization of lexemes such as Бог, Господ ‘God, Lord’ in interjections and figurative meanings in Bulgarian and Russian is studied within the framework of the linguоcultural concept of linguistic picture of the world, or worldview. According to the Bulgarian spelling norms, in sacred texts Бог, Господ, Божията Майка ‘God, Lord, Mother of God’ are written with capital letters as a sign of their sacredness, and in figurative meanings, inserted and interjected phrases it is recommended to write with a small letter, probably as a sign of desacralization. There are similar prescriptions in the Russian language.

ИЛЮСТРАЦИИ

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 21/2022

ИДЕОЛОШКА РАСЛОЈАВАЊА И КОНСТРУКЦИЈЕ ПОЛУИСТИНА У "ЛАГУМУ" СВЕТЛАНЕ ВЕЛМАР­ ЈАНКОВИЋ

Author(s): Miljana Pešić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 78/2022

The subject of this paper is a new historicism reading of the novel Lagum by Svetlana Velmar-Janković. The chronotope of post-war Belgrade and the desti- nies of characters of various profiles in the communist environment are suitable for analyzing the dynamic model of culture and ideological traces in the narrative. The paper deals with the dominant ideologies of the literary template, narrative instances as important elements of the ideology of the text, as well as the problem of the relationship between literary material and its artistic transposition. Narrator Milica Pavlović writes memoirs in her old age, offering a personal view of the past, aware that she cannot present it objectively, which makes her view of the Truth as an unattainable ideology unusually close to the understanding of new historicism. Lagum is a work in which ideological inscriptions can be said to be inconsistent to the extent already announced by its motto, and the notion of the authentic past is revised during the complex processes of writing and reception. The search for a great History, as an objective Truth about the past, remains at the intersection of small, personal histories and their semi-truths.