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The Spelling, Phonology and Morphology of the "Međimurje Language" in the Newspaper Muraköz - Megyimurje between 1941 and 1944

Author(s): Đuro Blažeka,Vladimir Legac / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

By applying the results of the latest research findings on the Međimurje dialect, the paper analyses the language (spelling, phonology and morphology) of Kajkavian texts (one of the three major Croatian dialects) in the newspaper Muraköz that was published by occupying Hungarian authorities during World War II in the Međimurje region. The spelling is rated as moderately root-based. Although the vowel systems in the Međimurje dialect are very complex and with many units, the proofreaders and the editor of the newspaper opted for only five vowels recorded in the Croatian standard language. The morphology of Kajkavian texts in that newspaper was very carefully harmonized, which proves that the standardization of the Međimurje dialect was taken very seriously by Hungarians. It is concluded that the authors of Kajkavian texts in the researched newspaper tried to make a choice of language features that would be acceptable to most speakers of the Međimurje dialect.

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Révolutionner l'apprentissage du français: la puissance des outils numériques dans la création d'un environnement de classe dynamique

Author(s): Mădălina TOADER / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2023

Digital tools have become increasingly popular in education. They are user-friendly, engaging and offer students an interactive way to learn. By integrating these tools into the classroom, teachers can enhance the learning experience and create a dynamic, stimulating environment for their students.In today's world, digital technologies are widely used to enhance teaching and learning in the classroom. Digital tools such as Kahoot, Quizlet, Duolingo and others have become popular in French language teaching. These tools offer practical and pedagogical advantages for both teachers and learners. This article will examine the use of these digital tools to enhance students' learning of French, making learning fun and more interactive at the same time.

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The Helpless Male: Breaking with the Traditional Male/Female Roles in the Novels Pride of Chanur and Foreigner by Carolyn Janice Cherryh

Author(s): Krunoslav Mikulan / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

For decades science fiction literature was almost entirely dominated by men. Female authors, such as C. L. Moore or Leigh Brackett, usually hid behind male pen-names or initials that did not reveal their gender. The prejudices of the period were reflected in the characterization of the principal male and female characters. The typical male hero possessed mostly positive qualities, while the main female character was characterized by passivity and weakness, both physical and psychological. Carolyn Janice (C. J.) Cherryh is one of the authors that have changed the traditional representation of male-female relationships in science fiction. In her novels Pride of Chanur and Foreigner, we can discern at least four levels of subversion of traditional male-female relationships: a) The powerless man is dependent on the woman who is in a position of power. b) The woman is not transformed into the traditional male hero; she retains many of her female qualities. c) The man is not described as useless and stupid, but as intelligent and capable. d) Inter-species sexual intercourse is allowed. Cherryh's work proves that it is possible to speak of contemporary gender related issues in science fiction literature even while following the genre conventions.

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Studenții alogeni și competența de citire-înțelegere: provocări, blocaje, strategii și soluții

Author(s): Lucia Ispas / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2023

For more than half a century, linguists and educators from all over the world, such as L. Ehri, K. Goodman, W. Rivers, J. Zwiers, F. Serafini (to name but a few) have been intensely concerned with the research of the reading-comprehension process, in general, and with the challenges and possible solutions in the case of acquiring a second (sometimes third) language after the mother tongue (and, in this case, after English). These studies have shown that reading turns out to be a complex and interactive process, in relation to which students can experience great difficulties, which target language, memory, sensory perception and motivational aspects (K. Maria, P. Pearson and L. Fielding, G.E. Woolley).My paper, organized in three parts (one that sets the general framework of the analysis, another in which the research methodology is outlined and a third, in which the collected data are processed) aims to present the analysis of the data resulting from an experiment carried out during three years in the framework of the Preparatory Year at "Petroleum-Gas" University in Ploiesti during 2020-2023, having as its subject the difficulties of receiving a written message for the B1 level by allogeneic students (72 in number), coming from all corners of the world. I was particularly interested in identifying those elements that lead to difficulties and blockages and finding some strategies by which they can be eliminated or at least ameliorated, but also the extent to which we can correlate reading-comprehension skills with that concerning written and oral communication in Romanian.

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Културна компетентност и когнитивни уклони: Фактори за въздействие при формирането на културна осъзнатост

Author(s): Milena Koleva-Zvancharova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2024

Cultural competence is one of the eight recognised key competences, which the EU Council Recommendation of 22 May 2018 on key competences for lifelong learning defines as a combination of knowledge, skills and attitudes, where attitudes describe the predisposition and mindset to act and react in different situations. Cognitive biases represent a systematic deviation from the norm and rationality in processing information necessary for making assumptions and decisions. They act as barriers and catalysts in the process of cultural awareness formation. Cultural competence includes the ability to understand, communicate and interact effectively with people from different cultures, respect for the creative expression of ideas and meaning, open-mindedness to the expression of cultural diversity and respect for it. This article examines the impact of cognitive attitudes on these processes and points out why awareness of their effect can improve an individual’s cultural competence and creative expression, as well as their ability to propose innovative solutions.

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За актуалния статус на личната библиотека на йеромонах Неофит Рилски в Рилския манастир

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За актуалния статус на личната библиотека на йеромонах Неофит Рилски в Рилския манастир

Author(s): Gabriela Angelova,Kameliya Hristova-Yordanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2025

The article offers a brief overview of the published works on the private library of hieromonk Neophyte of Rila. The research suggests a comparative analysis of the present inventory of his private library collection provided by the library of the Rila Monastery and his own list, written by himself and kept at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. Through this comparative study, the research aims to identify books currently missing from his personal library. This investigation is facilitated by the access granted to the Rila Monastery repository, enabling direct examination of hieromonk Neophyte of Rila’s private book collection.The primary objective of this research is to provide a reference tool that will facilitate the identification and location of missing units within the Library at the Rila Monastery and other pertinent repositories, which may house some of Neophyte’s private books.

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NAMES OF (DEMI)GODDESSES AND (DEMI)GODS IN THE IDIOMS WE LIVE BY

Author(s): Floriana Popescu / Language(s): English Issue: 40/2025

The attitudes regarding the use of and the reference to names of (demi)goddesses and (demi)gods represent a matter of style, social convention(s) and personal choice. Over the centuries they have named cities, towns and burghs, beloved persons (sons and daughters), and popular festivals. Personal names in world mythologies have also been preserved in the public eye by means of diverse idiomatic structures also known as fixed expressions. This paper will describe the idiomatic patterns which are built around names of deities which are now part of both the English and Romanian lexicons. Although English and Romanian are two distant cultures, separated by almost a whole continent as well as the British Channel, many of the Greek and Roman fixed expressions which include mythonyms have now become part of their lexical heritages. This corpus-based research proves that even if two cultures, which are very distant both geographically and culturally, may as well be equally available to naturalizing a huge wealth of individual words and fixed expressions. As this paper will prove, such naturalizations are either fully or partially shared by the two hosting cultures or they may be language specific.

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KARL SCHÖNHERR

Author(s): Mirela Radu / Language(s): English Issue: 40/2025

Physicians have represented, throughout the centuries, not only practitioners of a profession that requires grace, dedication and knowledge of the secrets of the human body and mind, but they have tried to keep up with the social and economic transformations of their societies. Anchored in the harsh realities of their native realms, doctors were best able to know the human spirit. The studies they followed in a field so different from the literary one, chosen later, provided them with the necessary tools for the analysis of human consciousness. Karl Schönherr (1867-1943) is one of the examples of doctors who chose to practice literature. In the second part of his literary career, Schönherr focuses on exposing the powers of the guild from which he came. At the same time, the former doctor focuses much more than in the pre-war period on social issues and on the analysis of conscience. Our article aims at showing how despite medical studies, some doctors managed to bring literature to a higher level through their writings.

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THE FIRST MANUAL OF ROMANIAN LANGUAGE FOR FOREIGN STUDENTS BY PROFESSOR V. MIRCESCO/ VASILE ALECSANDRI

Author(s): Luiza Catrinel Marinescu / Language(s): English Issue: 40/2025

The present study aims to reread in a contemporary key one of the first Romanian grammars Grammaire de la Langue Roumaine par V. Mircesco précedée d un aperçu historique sur la langue roumaine par A. Ubicini, Paris, Maisonneuve et Cie, Libraires éditeurs, 15 Quai Voltaire, 15, 1863 intended for the use of foreign students, made by two personalities of the nineteenth century: A. Ubicini and V. Alecsandri, who signed with the pseudonym V. Mircesco. The study is a specific analysis of how the grammar and its historical context are interpreted now compared to the past. A key part of the rereading might be how the original grammar viewed the Romanian language, and how that approach is different from modern understandings of the language. The pedagogical aims intended for foreign learners, suggests a focus on making the language accessible to those who were not native speakers. The study looks at how effective this approach was, and whether the pedagogical methods used in the grammar (e.g., explanations, examples, exercises) would still be relevant today or if there are more effective ways to teach Romanian to non-native speakers. Both V. Alecsandri (Mircesco) and A. Ubicini were influential figures in 19th-century Romania. Their perspectives on language might reflect the political, cultural, and intellectual currents of the time. The study examines their role in shaping the image of Romanian as a language that could be both modernized and standardized, perhaps in the context of a broader European linguistic movement. From comparative linguistic analysis, a modern interpretation includes examining the role of language standardization processes in the 19th century, which were aimed at shaping a national language, and how those processes might be seen differently today. The study likely provides a modern analysis of how the Grammaire de la Langue Roumaine both reflects and shaped the historical and linguistic context of the time, and contrasts it with contemporary views on the Romanian language.

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THE EFFECTS OF LITERAL AND SYMBOLIC MASKS IN MARIANA FLAIȘER’S MĂȘTILE DE LA POARTA INFERNULUI (2024)

Author(s): Laura Ioana Leon / Language(s): English Issue: 40/2025

One of the most recent publications of “Grigore T. Popa” Publishing House in Iasi, Mariana Flaișer’s book, Măștile de la Poarta Infernului (2024) seems to have emerged from the author’s need to see what happens to individuals when they are confronted with hardships, wars, endemics and pandemics, catastrophic events by and large. The author tries to carry out this research by using arts and fiction as tools to investigate the human psyche. Mariana Flaișer discovers that during these difficult times artists come back to their familiar places that enables them to create. The act of creation during these times follows the pattern of denial which the author identifies as the natural response. Denial or the fictionalization of the harsh reality is meant to help us to survive. This is not such an unfamiliar technique in fiction. Mariana Flaișer goes even further to overlap the idea of denial with the mask (that may take several forms, from the one used for protection up to those used in carnivals) that people want to wear with the aim of hiding their real feelings and thoughts. Mariana Flaișer’s book is a thorough description of how our health choices are culturally dictated, coming with examples from world literature and various forms of arts that are meant to support the above-mentioned ideas.

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THE USE AND FORMS OF END-OF-SENTENCE PUNCTUATION IN HUNGARIAN ONLINE NEWS TEXTS IN ROMANIA

Author(s): Réka Suba / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 40/2025

In 2021, a research group composed of researchers from Sapientia EMTE University and Babeș-Bolyai University initiated a series of studies analysing the language use in the Hungarian-language online press in Romania. The research aims to explore linguistic patterns and characteristics on the online platforms of nine Hungarian-language media outlets in Romania. The selected media outlets include Radio Bucharest, Erdély Online, Főtér.ro, Radio Cluj-Napoca, Krónika Online, Radio Tîrgu-Mureș, Maszol, Székelyhon, and Transtelex. The study also examines orthographic phenomena, given the high prestige associated with Hungarian orthography. Compliance with orthographic norms is a fundamental expectation in written discourse, and deviations from these standards are frequently subject to stigmatization. This is due to the fact that the linguistic community regards adherence to prescriptive spelling conventions as a key indicator of linguistic competence and general education. The present study analyzes data from the research conducted between 2021 and 2023, focusing on the usage of end-of-sentence punctuation marks.

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THE ROLE AND TYPES OF PUNCTUATION MARKS

Author(s): Réka Suba / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 40/2025

Orthography, spelling and punctuation play a crucial role in written expression, as they have a direct impact on the clarity of the message. Correctly written words, well-structured, and clearly delimited sentences facilitate the efficient transmission of information and reduce the risk of misunderstandings. Thus, orthography is not just a matter of the formal quality of the text, but also contributes to improving communication, respecting cultural norms, and supporting the process of learning and language acquisition.

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G. CĂLINESCU’S „WEDDING BOOK” AND ASPECTS REGARDING THE FAMILY THEME

Author(s): Ingrid Cezarina-Elena Ciochină / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 40/2025

G. Călinescu’s “Wedding book” was one of the author’s first novels, as he admitted “an exercise” of what G. Călinescu the novelist would become. Therefore, we should not consider the novel worthless just because it represents an exercise, this novel has its own literary value represented by the intellectual quality, the suppleness of taste, the perfect style it was built upon, values also recognized by the literary critics. Addressing the theme of family as the fulfilment of the human being, the novel represents a true monograph of the family as an institution and at the same time a poem of matrimonial love. The foundation for this novel is marriage, with the purpose of creating a family. The very many aspects of family as a literary theme, such as marriage, the conflict between generations, tradition vs. modernity, devotion, etc. are being illustrated in a such an interesting and valuable manner by the author.

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METAMORPHOSES OF LOVE IN ELIADESCIAN PROSE

Author(s): Cristina Lizeta Furtuna / Language(s): English Issue: 40/2025

In the prose of Mircea Eliade, complex worlds are built, loaded with symbols and meanings that are revealed gradually to the discerning reader. Eliade’s narratives generally have multiple interpretation keys, obvious in the text, but through which a series of profound, surprising events and experiences are highlighted, which often redefine the way the individual understands the world around him.The theme of full love and transformations through love can be frequently identified in the writer’s work, in different forms which, however, converge towards the idea of love as a way of knowledge and self-knowledge, a gnostic love, which proposes to those involved to leave the horizontal plane and go through some transformative experiences. Eliade’s lovers leave the sphere of everyday life and could open their eyes to a mythical, eternal reality, accessible but only once a series of conditions are met.To illustrate these two poses of lovers in Eliade’s work, we will analyse two of the writer’s novels, Șarpele and Nuntă în cer, with an emphasis on how couples do or do not metamorphose into representations of the Adamic couple. The two narratives capture two different developments in the case of lovers who aspire to be saved from the human condition through love - in the case of the novel Șarpele, Andronic and Dorina, respectively the failure of the lovers in the Nuntă în cer, who miss their chance for happiness because they are, somehow, out of time.

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THE MUSICAL METAPHOR IN THE DRAMATIC WORK OF ION LUCA CARAGIALE

Author(s): Denisa Elena PETREHUŞ / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 40/2025

As a man of the theatre, Caragiale was almost that "impossible" exception that Craig dreamed of! A total theater man, as Victor Ion Popa tried to be later. He knew the theater as Shakespeare and Moliere knew it, as a man from the inside. "Born" in the theater, I.L. Caragiale succumbed to his family's passion for "dramatic art an absolute qualitative level" 1, as a breather and actor, director and dramatic chronicler, author and theoretician, director and passionate reformer of the theater.

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HUMBLE HOSPITALITY IN CALLIMACHUS' HECALE

Author(s): Mirela Averikios / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 40/2025

This paper examines the representation of humble hospitality in Callimachus' Hecale, one of the most influential epyllia of antiquity. The poem presents the encounter between Theseus and the elderly Hecale, who offers him shelter in her modest dwelling during a storm. Through an analysis of the fragments, the study explores the poem’s thematic innovations, such as the anti-heroic perspective, the glorification of simple life, and the neoteric reconfiguration of epic motifs. Additionally, the paper highlights Callimachus' sophisticated poetic techniques, including intertextual references, stylistic contrast, and the reinterpretation of traditional epic conventions. By focusing on the central scene of hospitality, the study demonstrates how Hecale serves as both a literary innovation and a response to earlier epic traditions, particularly Homeric narratives. This analysis contributes to a deeper understanding of Callimachean aesthetics and the evolution of Hellenistic poetry.

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LAYERS OF MEANING IN HILARY MANTEL’S “WINTER BREAK”

Author(s): Andra Irina Porumbeanu / Language(s): English Issue: 40/2025

It is not seldom that meaning is shaped by the emotional state and past experiences of a person. Any given event is construed through a lens of individual histories. This is artfully exploited by Hilary Mantel in the short story Winter Break. The present paper provides a discussion of the text with respect to the use of ambiguity and how different levels of interpretation can be achieved. Moreover, several examples are employed in order to argue that the story also constitutes a valuable resource for EFL classes.

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BINDING AND RECIPROCITY IN ROMANIAN LANGUAGE

Author(s): Ana-Maria Popa / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 40/2025

The purpose of this article is twofold: (a) to provide a detailed analysis of reciprocal constructions from the perspective of the theory of anaphoric dependencies in contemporary Romanian language and (b) to examine the implications of these analyzes for the refinement of this typology. All languages have several strategies at their disposal to express reciprocity, which can often be combined, but can also contrast and differ in their interpretation. Combinations of quantifiers, another important source for the development of reciprocal markers, show considerable variation across languages. Our typological approach offers some new insights into the analysis of reciprocal constructions in contemporary Romanian language.

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ATMOSPHERE IN DRAMATIC TEXT AND THEATRICAL DISCOURSE

Author(s): Ana Ghilaş,Vera Mariancic-Cobzac / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 40/2025

In this article, the concept of atmosphere as an aesthetic category and the ways it is artistically realized in both the dramatic text and the theatrical performance are discussed. In each of these artistic forms, the subject and space-time, as well as the discursive and rhythmic-melodic organization of the action, represent the main aspects in creating atmosphere.In the dramaturgical text, the relationship between literariness and theatricality, dialogue as a mode of subjective exposition, and stage directions as the author’s presence are essential. When reading a dramatic text, the “beginning effect” plays a crucial role in perceiving the atmosphere of the artistic imaginary. Analyzing the specifics of dramatic language—its expressiveness generated phonetically, lexically, and melodically—and examining how space-time is constructed in the text are the first steps in the receiver’s immersion into the atmosphere of the action.In theatrical discourse, understood as a syncretic art form, atmosphere requires a more complex realization. We refer in particular to the views of M. Chekhov, director and actor, for whom atmosphere constitutes the “action, process, energy” that the performance emanates.

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Biografie psów w baśniach Hansa Christiana Andersena pt. „Krzesiwo” oraz „Bałwan ze śniegu”

Author(s): Katarzyna Mencfel / Language(s): Polish Issue: 33/2024

The aim of the article is to analyse literary biographies of dogs in fairy tales by Hans Christian Andersen. Fairy tales as a genre accompany readers from the youngest years, becoming an important element of childhood memories. Returning to them as a more mature reader allows for new interpretations, which take into account the complexity of literary characters, including the non-human ones. Special attention in Andersen’s works should be given to animals, who receive their own literary biographies. The article discusses the methodology of analysing animal biographies, and then, presents zoocritical intepretations of two selected fairy tales by the Danish writer. The ecocritical interpretation focuses on literary representation of dogs, including their symbolism and function in the narrative context. The conclusion of the article is devoted to suggestions on how to integrate animal biographies into teaching Polish in primary schools, including the teaching potential and educational value of this approach.

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