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Maciej Gaździcki’s chapter deconstructs "RoboCop"—the eponymous knightly hero of Paul Verhoeven’s original film and subsequent installments in the franchise—including the world he exists in, through a medievalist perspective. Gaździcki discerns between Robocop’s role as either a futuristic knight or merely caricaturesque animated armour. Relevant and explicit similarities are made and analyzed between Verhoeven’s crime-fighting hero and the characters from Chansons de Geste, Arthurian legends, and hagiographic stories (otherwise known as loricati). The author also includes connections to works based on medieval chivalric epics. Concluding, Gaździcki attempts at finding parallels between the latest incarnation of Robocop and the Middle Ages.
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Assuming all teaching activity as a performative act with ethical implications, this article focuses on how traditional points of view about language still appear in handbooks, despite new anthropological as well as semiological theories. Regarding teaching of Spanish as a foreign language, the paper analyses several contemporaries textbooks, in order to conclude that most of them not only show structuralist views, but also a strong link between culture and language, with a biased Hispanocentrism (at least in books printed in Spain). Several of these out-of-date teaching discourses, however, still find their place in the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages, though some of its key points are communicative competence and the active protagonism of students.
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The experts have been interested in the process of the second language acquisition for many years. However, the significant changes appeared in the second decade of the twentieth century. The establishment of the Council of Europe, an ogranization which associates 47 countries, provided new common standards of the evaluation of the language proficiency. The most important aim of the work of the Council of Europe was to promote the multilingualism and multiculturalism to create between the European citizens understanding and openness for other cultures. What is more, common norms facilitated people the mobility because the certificates they were receiving started beeing recognisable in ither countries. The creation of the CEFR and European Language Portfolio was the beginning of the new way of understanding the process of the second language acquisition which, nowadays, has to be transparent for students. Furthermore, students have become more conscious and responsible for their own learning. The possibility of monitoring their learning process gives them opportunity to work out their stategies and patterns of work. Therefore, they are not just an audience but they take an active part in the second languages acquisition.
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The following article examines loanwords which entered the Russian language directly from the Polish language or from other language groups through Polish. The study material has been excerpted from all available issues of “Vesti-Kuranty” from 1600—1670. The aim of the article is to demonstrate the process of phonetic adaptation of Polonisms and indicate word variations on the phonetic or graphic level in order to determine the manner of the borrowing (whether oral or written) and a degree of adjustment of the word to the system of the Russian language during the first seventy years of the 17th century.
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The article concerns the borrowings from the Russian and Polish languages which can be observed in contemporary public discourse between Russians and Poles. The question about the role that these units play in communication space is crucial. The conducted observations indicate that the adapting of foreign cultural values for communication is not random. The collected material allows the conclusion that Russian and Polish borrowings used in social space serve communicating particular intentions and realizations of specific communicative goals. It is significant from the point of view of cultural comparative studies that the Polish-Russian relations are asymmetric from this aspect.
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This article presents chosen passages from Roman literature, in which color epithets are collocated with nouns such as e.g.: gladius, flagellum, arcus or hasta. The aim of the text is to outline variety of the mentioned collocations as well as to describe their functions and explain interpretative problems with reference to historical and traditional context. The main emphasis is put on a conviction that color in literature let a reader construe (through senses) world and visions created by authors. It is possible to highlight personal characteristic thanks to vivid depictions and metaphors. Furthermore, color itself can lead into space of surprising solutions, noteworthy ideas and unusual descriptions, which have an impact of readers’ imagination.
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The article presents a two‑volume (published in Paris in 1969) monograph of a distinguished French Indo‑European linguist, which constitutes a seminal work for comparative studies, ethnology as well as anthropology and philosophy of culture. The author attempts to reach the linguistic roots of the most important concepts from the social sphere (law, power, economy, religion, society, family) which came to form the foundation of the Indo‑European order of life and shaped the European world of thought, values and convictions. To this end, on the basis of etymological and comparative studies, the author reconstruct the roots of selected lexemes in over ten Indo‑European languages (historical and contemporary), pointing to the existing parallels. In order to convince the readers about the value of Benveniste’s work and demonstrate his work method at the same time, the author compiles tables which show the history of several crucial for the European culture concepts, whose linguistic roots reach the times of the Indo‑European community. Some of these concepts are freedom, community and trade.
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The article collects and organizes information concerning the fundamental reasons for language difficulties in children coming from Polish families returning from emigration after several years. The factors preventing children from reimmigrant families from acquiring full language competences have been divided into systemic and individual. This division accounts for the criterion of the scope of the factor and the possibility of prognosis regarding its force. In the analysis proper, the author focuses on systemic factors which have been further divided into intralingual and extralingual. The intralingual factors are connected with the fact of acquiring language in a multilingual environment and the change of status of the Polish language from inherited language to first language. On the other hand, the extralingual factors include the Polonia and Polish education systems. Towards the end, the author enumerates steps to be undertaken in order to more effectively support the language education of children from reimmigrant families.
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The article constitutes an attempt at analysis of the changes in the image of the migration crisis and the figure of the immigrant within the span of one year (September 2015 – September 2016), on the example of journalistic texts which came out during that time in the German weekly magazine “Die Zeit.” The journal, despite the radicalization of the social climate, attempted to remain moderate in the narrative it provided in the context of the so‑called migration crisis. The key questions for the present analysis, based on the methods of linguistic analysis of discourse, are: Did the development of the situation find its mirror in the form of more critical tone of publications? How is the multinational character of the German society protected? Did, and if so, then to what degree, the moderate, influential weekly publication change the way of reporting on immigrants and the challenges for the contemporary German society connected with an increase in the number of immigrants during that year? Those questions, coupled with analysis of keywords and the ways of conceptualizing the phenomenon, helped the author to attempt an analysis of the linguistic ways of constructing reality in and by the media.
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The author aims at providing an answer to the question whether saturative verbs with discontinuous formants na‑… się and wy‑… się constitute semantic variants. The author analyzes in detail the pair of verbs najeździć się (ride a lot) and wyjeździć się (ride out), looking at their lexicographic definitions and contexts of use available in the National Polish Language Corpus. Moreover, the author analyzes their lexical cohesion (particularly with intensifiers). The conducted semantic analysis allows the author to formulate preliminary definitions of both verbs.
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The article is devoted to the use of foreign words in „Dziesięcioletnia podróż po Wschodzie” [„The Ten‑Year Journey to the East”], a travel writing account by the 19th century Orientalist and diplomat Ignacy Pietraszewski. The analysis of the saturation of the text with foreign words, particularly of Turkish origin, the methods of their implementation in the text and translation to Polish, as well as the thematic areas to which the words belong allow to reach two conclusions. First, it could be possible to treat the introduction of barbarisms as a way to introduce precision, one of the genre characteristics of travel writing. Second, it would be possible to see them as an enrichment of the primary, according to Pietraszewski, didactic function.
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The author of the article conducts preliminary characteristic of selected Polish travel blogs. The aim of the analysis (characterized by a logocentric slant – though not entirely), conducted under the pretext of commenting on travel journals, has been, among others, to provide answers to questions regarding: the profiles and intent of the bloggers; the ways of shaping their travel narratives and references to establisher practices within the genre (an account of the travels and other forms of blog messages, concretization and enrichment of the message, the importance of description, etc.); the images of travel and traveling on blogs. Such a targeted analysis has allowed to note two things: first, an evolution of academic reflection regarding the heterogenous characteristic of the internet space; and second – a change within the blogosphere itself, which seems to become more structured and rigid, even though the blog (as an object permanently connected with the processes of transgression, journey or migration between genres, styles and discourses) has yet to be unambiguously defined.
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The article touches upon the issue of sports commentary during the TV broadcast of the cycling competition Tour de France. The author focuses on those elements of the commentary which are directly related to traveling, i.e. the descriptions of landscape, landmarks, nature, which comprise a significant portion of the commentary. The commentators, then, combine sports commentary with an account of traveling across France, which, in turn, creates an uncommon, individualized broadcast, while the Tour de France commentary cannot be called a straightforward sports commentary.
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The article analyzes eleven letters addressed to Sienkiewicz’s sister‑in‑law, Jadwiga Janczewska nee Szetkiewicz, documenting his Eastern voyages. On the basis of the analysis of their contents as well as their lexical makeup, the author presents the writer’s attitude towards the Eastern realities. In his descriptions, Sienkiewicz pays particular attention to the architecture as well as the appearance of the inhabitants of that part of the world. The value judgments evident in his correspondence paint him as an Occidentalist, fascinated by the culture of the West and strongly negating the value and beauty of the culture of the East.
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The aim of the article is to provide genre characteristic of the subgenre of a guidebook called a city walkbook. The study is based on the example of a book by Sylwia Chutnik, „Warszawa kobiet” [„The Warsaw of Women”]. The conducted analysis has shown that in each of the aspects – structural, pragmatic, epistemic, stylistic – the guidebook, apart from the typical elements, includes also several nonstandard elements. Their presence within the book is motivated by a pragmatic factor, i.e. a communicative intention which consists in reclaiming the space of women in social consciousness.
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In this article the author pays particular attention to the issue of translocation of elements of linguistic category. It is about the language units, which are either the residues of an old category, or they lose the relation with the primary set despite its existence. Hence, the writer is interested in the approach to language evolution in the light of [through the prism of] processes related to ripping off the units that belong to a given category. The study over the possibility of analysed transformations, determination of necessary conditions for their coming into existence, or the analysis of the reasons for the assimilations [becoming similar] (to the basic source of translocation), and, ultimately, systematising the existing knowledge will allow to make an interesting description plane of ensuing language transformations; the plane which is more different than ever, and yet diachronic in its nature.
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