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In our paper we will evaluate the person, community and place names of Bosnia and Zvornik brigades by using the 91, 164, 540 and 173 numbered detailed cadastral record books which are published by the General Directorate of State Archives of The Prime Ministry.
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Medieval knighthood was not a homogeneous group; we encounter here ordinary knights and affluent magnates. The aim of the article is to study, in light of the 10th- to 14th-century narrative sources from Central Europe, how knights, both the rich and the less wealthy, spent time, what activities they engaged in, what their customs and guiding principles were, and if there existed any differences among countries. In chronicles, we often find descriptions of rulers-knights portrayed as perfect commanders, although we also come across accounts of failed expeditions. Over centuries, the ideal of a prince-commander has changed. Knights are portrayed as noble and valiant, however, deceit as one of the ways of fighting occurs more and more often, and so does treachery. It should be emphasized that the picture emerging from an analysis of the chronicles departs from the frequently idealized view of a medieval commander/knight retained in general conscience, oftentimes contrarily to the intentions of the chroniclers. Then, what was the code of a knight/ruler in light of the narrative sources? A knight should be courageous, loyal to the lord/commander and obedient. He could seek revenge upon his enemy, but it was perceived worse if he used a stratagem unless it served a good cause. A knight should not however, disgrace himself with betrayal, which could be redeemed only by heroic death.
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The article presents portrayals of conduct at variance with the chivalric ethos, which are found in the oldest narrative sources that were produced in Poland, namely PolishChronicle recorded by Gallus Anonymous in the early 12th century, the chronicle authoredby the Bishop of Kraków Master Vincentius in the early 13th century and Kronikawielkopolska (The Chronicle of Greater Poland) from the late 13th or early 14thcentury, the authorship of which has not been generally accepted yet. The author of thearticle performs an analysis of anti-knightly behavior, separately with regard to foreign enemyand domestic rulers. She shows under what circumstances the chroniclers used examplesof contemptible conduct, which was detrimental to the conventional perceptionof magnates at that time. Presenting the chroniclers’ interpretation, she also points to thecontext in which they mentioned those anti-standards of behavior. She argues that therhetoric and style used by medieval chroniclers in the creation of characters had didacticsignificance.
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The female character is a reference in the perception of the 1930s Romanian pshychology. Romanian novelist Camil Petrescu created a “gallery” of female characters who represent the view on femininity in a period when this topic was not often approached. The lack in the biographical data on Camil Petrescu can be completed yby his characters who are typologies of women the authors had met in his life. This article aims to demonstrate that Petrescu’s female characters were inspired by the author’s experience and that many of the scenes in his novels were actually inspired by real events. This way, even without having the certitude of his everyday actions, Camil Petrescu can be “recomposed” from other people’s experience and from the point of view of the women who marked his existence.
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The purpose of the present article is to describe and to classify the ways in which the emotional attitude of the speaker toward the problems which are discussed in early scholarly texts. Therefore, research is of diachronic nature. The research material is constituted by four scholarly linguistics-related texts which were published at the turn of the 20th century. As far as the typology is concerned, the author took into consideration mainly the frequency of the occurrence of the particular linguistic units in the texts which are analysed. One also established the functions which are performed by given expressions that are used in early linguistics-related publications and the intentions of the sender of the message. On the basis of the research which was conducted one established the factors which influence the extent to which the texts in question are saturated with expressive phrases. The results of statistical and qualitative research were set against the modern state of affairs.
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In the article, the author engages a question which is engaged rarely or cursorily in the publications devoted to the culture of the Polish language of the spelling reform of the middle of the 20th century. The author devotes particular attention to seven rules which were introduced at that time and which cover the most numerous lexical groups. She is interested in the notation of these regulation in reference to the state of affairs of 1936 (the great spelling reform) and to the modern state of affairs, as well as the problem of the foundations of the resolutions which were engaged in 1956 (the actual usage represented by speakers of Polish or the suggestions of the codifiers themselves). The author draws her conclusions by analysing the material excerpted from the January issues of the Małopolska “Dziennik Polski”: from 1953 (the state of affairs before the reform) and 1958 (after the reform).
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The essay represents a part of the research in the functional efficiency of the Polish language of the past centuries and it constitutes a contribution to the history of the teaching of the English language in Poland perceived in the historical-linguistic perspective. It is devoted to textbooks intended for learners of English published in Polish in the years 1788–1914. The object of analysis is constituted by the titles and the prefaces to the textbooks which were published in that period. The analysis enabled the indication of the typological variety ofthe textbooks, the recipient of the textbooks who is implied by their authors, the content of the textbooks and the attitude of the author to the content which is presented. The article indicates that the early English-language textbooks constitute a varied collection of non-literary texts whose research enables the supplementation of knowledge about the type of a text which is represented by textbooks for the study of foreign languages by a diachronic perspective.
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The article is devoted to an analysis of the names of colours in the reportage works by Ryszard Kapuściński. The purpose of research is to present the complete range of colours which the author uses in his texts devoted to the journeys in Africa. The material which was collected was drawn from three collections of Ryszard Kapuściński’s reportage works – Czarne gwiazdy (1963), Jeszcze dzień życia (1976), Heban (1998). The vocabulary which was collected was divided into two principal fields: achromatic and chromatic colours. The author conducted a textual analysis of units within the framework of this division which was supplemented by statistical data. The principal aim of the article is to present the variety of colours applied by Ryszard Kapuściński to describe African realia.
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The present article constitutes an attempt at describing the nasal vowel ą with the application of the methods of the phonology of government, as well as a confrontation of the results of this description with an analysis of the nasal sound ą in the models of Prague structuralism and of American distributionalism. The results which were drawn from this comparison were referred to the problem (which is widely discussed by linguists) of the status of nasal vowels in the modern Polish language. The observations which were made, for which the research material constituted a small fraction of the phonological system of the native and modern Polish language, enabled the finding of the answer to the question whether one should attribute the status of a separate phoneme to nasal vowels or to deny this status to them.
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The article was written on the basis of a Bachelor’s thesis defended in 2015. The first part of the article describes the category of a biolect, which is sometimes classified by researchers as a style or a variety. The second part of the article features a brief reference to the methods of population genetics. This part is followed by a description of the study which was conducted upon twins of different sex. The author attempts to account for the differences which are observed in the speech of women and men by making recourse to the opinions ofvarious researchers who make biological factors a point of departure of their considerations. Further on, the author interprets the results of research. The test which was designed by the author and which was used in the research is included in the supplement.
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The article is devoted to the language of the message of public benefit organisations. The announcements of the organisations of this kind feature a simple, accessible language, as well as linguistic means which are characterised by a particular persuasive force. The authors of the message which encourages people to transfer 1% of their taxes for a public benefit organisation apply various uncomplicated linguistic means of persuasive force. In the present work, I described the means which are most frequently used by public benefit organisations. For the purpose of research I selected 200 posters which encourage people to support organisations which work for the benefit of: incurably sick children, children who live in poverty, elderly people, disabled people, firemen, animal shelters, wildlife preservation, as well as institutions which provide financial support to hospitals, hospices, rehabilitation centres, kindergartens, scouting organisations, academies, sports clubs and cultural initiatives.
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Robert Makłowicz is a chef, traveller and food critic. He is a well-known figure thanks to the television programme which he hosts Makłowicz w podróży. As a media personality, Robert Makłowicz, constructs his image in a conscious way. A positive image among the recipients enables celebrities to gain or maintain popularity; it is frequently associated with other benefits, e.g. financial ones. After a presentation of the theoretical considerations about the phenomenon of an image in the media, the author proceeds to discuss the problems associated with the auto-creation of an image, disregarding an analysis of a television audience. Robert Makłowicz constructs his image by means of the clothes he wears, his peculiar mode of behaviour, and especially by his individual way of speaking. The features of his idiolect include inter alia an elevated style, syntactic inversion, surprising metaphors and similes, sophisticated epithets and neologisms. The linguistic message that he transmits is creative and original, which sets him apart from other television personalities.
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Contemporary television strives to inform and entertain the viewers in order to encourage them to engage in continuous watching. Given the great expansion of self-promotional activities of the leading TV channels, it is a preview that is becoming an increasingly popular genre. However, it still remains a question what a TV preview should be and what it really is. The article describes the previews presented as part of the morning TV show Wstajesz i wiesz on TVN24. The analysis will enable to determine the shape and functions of this genre in a modern TV show.
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The article features a postulate which was put forward in order to recognize the eponymous phenomenon as an autonomous genological entity which exists. A contribution to the considerations of the author is constituted by the numerous texts which appear, especially on the Internet social media website YouTube, which manifests many common features and whose authors seem to exhibit considerable discipline in the respecting of the convention which functions in the network. The bulk of the article constitutes an analysis of the postulated genre as far as four basic aspects are concerned: the structural, cognitive, pragmatic and stylistic aspects.
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The article deals with the problem of the emergence of images in the framework of changing media technology and media biographies as well as usage of mobile access to digital documents. The text presents theoretical reflections as well as an analysis of empirical material, relating to current research concerning communication, normality and the problem of “shifting baselines“ in the construction of social-communicational reality.
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The aim of the article is to discuss the media narratives of war and the images of cultural and political conflicts in the media, and the ways they function in the social perception. In addition, the article indicates the causes and consequences of these phenomena and presents an example-based discussion of the issue of the creation of these narratives and images. Moreover, it distinguishes the types of narratives of war and cultural-political conflicts.
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On the basis of a constructivist communication theory that treats cognitive objects, to a large extent independently of perceptual offers – as communication constructs, we may assume that personal images also have such a character. Collective objects of communication (stereotypes, collective symbols, normatives and the like) emerge in consensus-based constructive processes in a given communication area. However, in what way are constructed entities functioning at an individual level or in the framework of social groups – such as the image of a person? The presented text addresses this issue, showing the range and diversity of images generated in relation to a single person.
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The article presents the method of creating an image in audiovisual texts of docu soap from the linguistic point of view. This genre is gaining a considerable popularity in Polish television, therefore it efficiently portrays the community’s tendency in perception of a human being, his mentality and social condition. It turns out that the themes of docu soap concern mostly sexuality, which leads to the hyperbolization of this aspect in the creation of a specified person’s image. The article presents the inventory of linguistic means and textual elements which can be found in every genre aspect of the pattern under analysis, which serve to form a particular image in mock documentary.
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The author of this article tries to look at the process of managing the images of advisers (more precisely: hosts of TV cooking shows such as Doradca smaku or Mój przepis na…). In her analyses (of media-linguistic tone) the author takes into account such components of the media image related to the advisers/ “chefs” as: their attributes (desirable and presented – not only on the glass screen); speaking behaviour and/or the methods of giving instructions; appearance, clothing and the place where the “chefs” present themselves to the audience. The regularities or peculiarities noticed in this respect deepen the knowledge about TV cooking shows and also allow to initially catch what various forms have in common and how “the role” of a TV cooking show host is constructed today.
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The article refers to the media creating the image, which is not identical with the personalbrand. The research material is a documentary film made by Marcel Łoziński Jak to się robi [How It’s Done] from 2006. It is “a provocative vision of the Polish model of democracy as well as being an ironic and at the same time terrifying portrait of Polish political stage, based on a three-year observation of an experiment conducted by the Polish political marketing adviser Piotr Tymochowicz whose objective was to prove that anyone could be elevated to the summits of power. Łoziński’s documentary shows that the rule of souls is just a couple of neat socio-technical tricks, cynicism and political effectiveness weigh more than ideas. The product of Łoziński’s brings a universal message: Demagogy and populism is not only a Polish specialty”.
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