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The following article is a pragmalinguistic analysis of utterances of approval. The proposed model of interpretation of this type of replies contains elements of both the context (sender, recipient, and network of social interdependencies between interlocutors) and explication of approval (positive evaluation of X, approval of X and/or its results). In order to check its effectiveness, an analysis was conducted of the pragmatic meaning of utterances with the lexeme OK in the Polish, Russian, and English languages.
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The introduction of the following article focuses on the definition of the term dialectology and its role in language. The problem of distinction between terms “dialect”, “slang”, and ”spoken dialect” has been discussed. A classification of dialecticisms into phonetic, grammatical, and lexical forms has been proposed. The main part of the article includes examples of dialecticisms used in selected historical novels. They were briefly characterized (together with their etymology) and compared to other languages, contemporary Ukrainian among them. The final part discusses the purpose of the use of dialecticisms in literature and indicates their functions.
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This article addresses the status of lexicography. The author highlights certain terminological ambiguities that are encountered in lexicographic literature; he proposes an analysis of the term lexicography in the context of the philosophical understanding of science and art and characterizes lexicography as a set of dictionaries from the aspect of the market. He interprets all the three aspects of lexicography as the three interacting sides of one and the same phenomenon.
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The following article is an attempt at a description of modifications of the phraseologisms of Biblical provenance used in Russian aphorisms. The foundation for the analysis was the classification of phraseological innovations proposed by Stanisław Bąba.
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The author of this article focuses on the invariable nouns of foreign origin in the Russian language. She traces the origins of the category of invariable nouns and their further development in the morphological system of the Russian language. The author quotes the quantitative analysis and subject classification of this word class and describes the dynamics of its development in the early 21st century. Based on the gastronomic and sports terminology, she illustrates the changes in acquiring morphological gender by the invariable loan nouns in old and contemporary Russian.
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The article presents the results of a comparative analysis of selected genres in contractual law which is currently in operation in the Republic of Poland and the Russian Federation — contracts of commission, consignment and lease. The aim of the analysis was to indicate the ways of realization of cohesion in the above mentioned text genres. Four major indicators of cohesion were determined: the use of homogeneous verb forms, repetitions, conjunctions, and paralinguistic graphic means. The information about the determinants of textual cohesion and their functions can broaden the knowledge of the genre specificity of text. Such knowledge is useful for translators, who can consciously make use of means of cohesion specific for a genre, thereby improving the quality of translation and accelerating the translation process. The article also offers a review of contemporary linguistic studies on ways of achieving cohesion. These publications were a starting point for conducting this analysis.
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This article concerns the issue of evaluation in announcements. The object of studies is animated motion picture for children. Based on two contemporary Russian animations, evaluative strategies that use the visual aspect to strengthen, complement, interpret, or invalidate evaluation and to convey the independent content are analyzed.
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The anonymity of Internet users very often leads to the violation of netiquette rules. One of the groups of Internet users who violate the commonly accepted ways of communicating on the Internet are trolls posting provocative commentaries to start conflict. The most frequent result of their attempts is flame, which is a serious Internet argument loaded with spite. Among linguistic strategies used by trolls are the following: posting commentaries with a lot of intentionally misspelled words, generalizability, use of negative stereotypes, off-topic commentaries (that is starting threads unrelated to the topic of the article or post), emphasizing their own high material status, and disparagement of other Internet users.
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The article offers an analysis of polemic texts from the electronic version of the newspaper „Izviestija”. The texts have been divided into two groups. The first group is represented by genres which have dialogue characteristics, such as an interview; the second — by genres which have monologue characteristics, such as an article, commentary, and review. The source of study material is articles and commentaries. Particular attention is drawn to the linguistic resources employed by the authors to affect and persuade the reader towards their point of view.
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The object of the analysis in the following article is the names of Russian watches. They were named after ancient Greek and Roman gods. The main aim of the analysis is to indicate the basis of metaphorical transfer. The author views the analyzed names as “advertising names” and indicates their functions.
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The moomin cycle is an unnusual prose. It is supposed to be read by children as well as the adults, however both groups will address it differently. Anna Kamienska, the first Polish moominologist, encouraged to read the Moomin books as a magnificent philosophical tractate. Many researchers define Moomin Valley as the utopia of freaks. Positive characters are tolerant, warm or at least understanding when they meet somebody different than themselves. Groke is the only exception, everybody are scared of her, and, for a long time, nobody wants to meet her—until the moment of confrontation in „Moominpappa and the Sea” that will be presented in this chapter. This special meeting with Groke displays all the signs of confronting the difference and foreignness that has been fuelled only by negative emotions of the experiencing subject. The foreigness is growing from the epistemological conditioning by fear and doubt, but it results in full understanding of the diversity that affects the image of the self as well. It appears to be the ritual which involves the process of ethical maturation and leads to create the adult identity of one of the characters, finally extracted from his family.
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