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The article concerns on the semantic analysis of the notion „mother“. The linguistic approach to this issue has allowed to familiarize with the standpoints of G. Lakoff, A. Wierzbicka, J. Bartmiński, who propose various concepts of the problem that depend on the character of the component of the notion.
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The paper is an edition of 11 letters and 6 postcards sent by Izydor Kopernicki to Seweryn Udziela in years 1887–1891, stored in S. Udziela Etnographic Museum in Cracow.
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The notion of symbol, though popular and commonly used, has not so far received a satisfactory operational definition, i.e. a methodology of description that would allow to assign specific symbolic meanings to images in a foreseeable, “controllable” way. This is revealed by the different symbolic meanings which dictionaries assign to the same images. The paper uses examples from the Lublin Słownik stereotypów i symboli ludowych ‘Dictionary of stereotypes and folk symbols’ to question the rules for determining symbolic meanings and the “linguistic and cultural proofs” connected with the assignment of those senses – the rules that link the sun with life, truth and perfection, fire with love and passion, light with the God and heaven, dew with life-giving force and male sperm, wind with life-giving spirit, rainbow with the sign of peace, &c. The article reveals that the symbolic sense is sometimes prompted by the etymology, metaphorical meanings, parallel constructions, equivalence, or may also result from the genre convention of the text (an erotic, a dream book, a wishing carol), or finally from the beliefs and practices of bearers of folk culture. Regardless of all those attempts at determining symbolic meanings, the formulation of such meanings remains a hypothesis of a kind. Texts, especially artistic ones (where also folk texts belong), contain an unclosed semantic potential and remain unsaid, open and susceptible to new symbolic readings.
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Polish jarmułka is from Latin and not from Turkic or Turkish. This Polish word appears as early as the fifteenth century: a deed of purchase of 1443 mentions ‘two dozen little headdresses’ (jalmurky); a document issued in Warsaw in 1458 mentions a red yelmvncha (Słownik staropolski, vol. III, Wrocław, 1960–1962, s.v. (jarmułka)).
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Polish jarmułka ‘Jewish skullcap’ is generally considered to be an old Turkish loanword. In Bohdan A. Struminsky’s 1987 article this etymology is contested and replaced with a Latin one. However, Struminsky failed to present convincing arguments against the Turkish origin of the Polish word and his Latin explanation does not seem absolutely perfect either. This article critically examines Struminsky’s study and provides specific arguments against the Turkish trail. The etymology and the evolution of both the guise and the meanings of Polish jarmułka appear to be more complicated than previously thought; thus, the present article should be looked on as picking up an interrupted discussion and, in addition, an invitation to reexamination of the Latin etymology and the semantic aspects of all explanations suggested so far.
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The paper attempts to determine the scope of realization of two synonymous words in modern Polish: człowiek/ludzie ‘man/people’, and osoba/osoby ‘person/persons’. A semantic analysis of the two has been conducted based on lexicographic sources and corpus texts, and led to the conclusion that no hierarchy exists in the semantic relation between them. Due to its stylistic neutrality, accommodation requirements, and deviation of reference towards the feminine gender, the understanding of the lexeme osoba ‘person’ complements the semantic field of the word człowiek ‘man’, which is marked for all aspects and directed towards description of representatives of the masculine gender. Moreover, having no stylistic connotations, the lexeme osoba ‘person’ is very frequent in journalistic texts, much more so than the noun człowiek ‘man’.
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The article provides the rationale for a forthcoming monograph on the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet. The study presents the arguments in the form of questions, and answers them at length. The questions fall into three groups: phonetic, graphical and practical issues. From the last category, the problem of selecting an appropriate font and a way to conveniently use it can be mentioned. The phonetic issues that need to be explained in the context of an international transcription include: transcription of Polish sounds normally described as prepalatal, dental, and alveolar, as well as the value of phonation, and alaryngeal speech symbols. Graphic problems include such issues as: means of transcribing archiphonemes, asynchronous and polysegmental articulations, lowered variants of Polish phonemes /m/ and /n/, and others. The paper also mentions typographical matters, such as italic variants of phonetic symbols and small capitals. The article concludes with an overview of the possible audience of the planned monograph, and an enumeration of reasons for a compilation of a study containing answers to the above-mentioned questions.
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Niejednokrotnie spotykamy się w różnych językach świata z przykładami zmian semantycznych, które na osobach nieświadomych kryjącej się za nimi historii sprawiają wrażenie niezwykłych, tajemniczych czy niejasnych (np. pol. modny > wsch.-jid. modne ‘dziwny, osobliwy, niezwykły’). Gdy jednak pozna się historię takiej zmiany, znika cała jej tajemniczość (w XIX w. część Żydów posługujących się jidysz, a mieszkających na terenach polskojęzycznych porzuciła tradycyjne stroje żydowskie na rzecz ubiorów podówczas modnych wśród nie-Żydów, tak że to, co w ich oczach było modne – stąd starsze wsch.-jid. modne ‘modny’ – w oczach Żydów ściślej trzymających się tradycji wydawało się raczej dziwne, a sam wyraz nabrał przez to w ich ustach wydźwięku ironicznego, aż zaczął sugerować nie modę, lecz osobliwość czy dziwność, i to to właśnie znaczenie rozpowszechniło się szeroko, skazując znaczenie etymologiczne na zapomnienie, a sam wyraz utracił wydźwięk ironiczny i rozszerzył swój zakres użycia do wszystkich i wszystkiego, co postrzegano jako dziwne, osobliwe czy niezwykłe, np. a modne mentsh ~ a modner mentsh ‘dziwny człowiek’, a modne gesheenish ‘niezwykłe zdarzenie’ itd.
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During the period of partitions, eastern Greater Poland was in a special situation. It was doubly a linguistic periphery, both with regard to the rest of the region and to the major centres of cultural life (Cracow and Warsaw). In the 19th c., the principle “we speak as we write, and we write as we speak” was in wide use, meaning that the manuscripts from those times can be used to analyze the non-normalized language. Based on this assumption, the article discusses acts of civil status from the year 1821 from Golina and Kawnice (Konin municipality).
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The opinion on draft amendments is negative due to lack of compliance with the Polish and EU regulations (Act on the Polish Language from 1999.10.07 and the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages). Applicants want Silesian to be recognized as a national language. However, the current classification of used (living) languages of the world contrasts the general (nationwide) language with its regional/territorial varieties, i.e. subdialects. There are no rational arguments for modification of the existing arrangements, and favouring one of Polish dialects by establishing it as a regional language. Since, however, the positions of subdialects and regional Polish have been weakened for historical reasons, it will be justified to seek to raise their prestige.
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