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Stanowisko Rady Języka Polskiego przy Prezydium Polskiej Akademii Nauk w sprawie statusu języka polskiego w publikacjach naukowych; Uchwała Zarządu Głównego Towarzystwa Kultury Języka w sprawie ochrony polskiego języka naukowego; Agnieszka Kołodziej: Sprawozdanie z międzynarodowej konferencji Славістика ХХІ століття: традиції та перспективи розвитку, Lwów 26–28 października 2011 roku
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SŁOWNIKI DAWNE I WSPÓŁCZESNE; OLD AND CONTEMPORARY DICTIONARIES
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Having no one-to-one equivalent to the English present perfect, Bosnian/ Croatian/Serbian has to employ two of its tenses – present and perfect – to render it, meaning that the English present perfect must, and indeed can, be split into two (fairly independent) components. The indefinite present perfect, whose point of reference (R) encompasses a period stretching from an indefinite point in the past (E) towards the present but excludes the point of speech (S), is best rendered by the B/H/S perfect tense. The continuative present perfect, referring to the period from either specified or unspecified E and including S is, in turn, best rendered by the B/H/S present tense.
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Die Dependenzgrammatik, die sich in Deutschland seit 60er Jahre des letzten Jahrhunderts entwickelt, hat in der Zwischenzeit eine Reihe von Änderungen erfahren, hat aber auch großen Erfolg in deutscher Linguistik erlebt. Dieses Modell wird wegen seiner Praxisnähe und Anwendbarkeit intensiv als Basis für Deutsch als Fremdsprache (DaF) verwendet, sowie an zahlreichen Germanistikstudien in Ost- und Zentraleuropa. Die Dependenzgrammatik basiert ihre Lehre auf der Tatsache, das das Verb strukturelles Zentrum des Satzes darstellt, das gleichzeitig alle Ergänzungen in seinem Umfeld definiert. Neben dem Verb kann auch das Adjektiv der Valenzträger sein und seine obligatorischen und fakultativen Ergänzungen wählen. In diesem Beitrag wird der Versuch gemacht, auf dem Modell der Abhängigkeitsgrammatik die Eigenschaften des Verbs als Regens zu zeigen, sowie die Ergänzungen des Adjektivs in seinem prädikativen Gebrauch in deutscher und in bosnischer Sprache zu beschreiben.
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Central to this paper is the Persian preposition اب [ba]. Its main meanings in Persian are analyzed, and examples for each individual meaning quoted from the selected corpus. At the same time, Bosnian translational equivalents of this preposition are presented. We can see that Persian preposition اب [ba] has several meanings in Bosnian as: with, on, against, for, in spite of, etc. Persian preposition اب [ba] is also used in compounds with other prepositions.
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The Persian language, like many other languages, has survived many changes in its history. The greatest change happened in the period from the seventh until ninth century, when Arabs arrived on the territory of Iran and brought Islam and the Arabic language with them. In the first two centuries after Hegira, Arabic almost assimilated numerous Iranian languages and was imposed as lingua franca, not only in Iran, but also in other countries where the Muslim people lived. Nevertheless, two hundred years after Hegira the Persian language awakened, in the first place thanks to the Iranian national movement šo‛ūbiye and the formation of independent and half-independent Iranian states in the east of Caliphate. Two centuries after that, the Persian language became completely independent of Arabic. This fact is proved by two books of that period; first is Šāhnāme by Ferdūsī and the other is Tārīx-e Beihaqī. These two books contain a very small percentage of Arabic words and they are considered as master-pieces of Persian literature. The major part of this paper discusses social circumstances in four centuries mentioned above: the arrival of Arabs, the rule of Arabic over Iranian languages, the awakening of Iranians, which encouraged the awakening of their language and complete independence from Arabs and their language. The paper also discusses elements of Arabic in Persian (in grammar, vocabulary etc.), but also Persian influence on Arabs and their language, first of all in the areas where Arabs and Iranians were mostly in touch. Most such influences are still obvious today.
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Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden Phoneminventare des Deutschen und des Bosnisch-/Kroatisch-/Serbischen einander gegenübergestellt mit dem Ziel der Aufstellung eines regelmäßigen, konsequenten, nur für die Deutsch lernenden bosnisch-/kroatisch-/serbischen Muttersprachler charakteristischen Systems der Aussprachefehler, das aus der zu feststellenden Verschiedenheit der Lautsysteme des Deutschen und des B/K/S hervorgeht. Die Phoneme und Allophone beider Sprachen werden vom artikulatorischen Standpunkt aus beschrieben, es wird auf ihre Distribution innerhalb des Wortes hingewiesen, schließlich wird ihr phonologischer Status innerhalb des Lautsystems festgestellt. Es wird außerdem auf ein paar neue Elemente der deutschen Standardsprache hingewiesen, die sich, trotz deren empirisch bestätigter Existenz in der Sprechwirklichkeit, in keinen Lehrbüchern der deutschen Sprache befinden. Zusätzlich zur Darstellung des Phoneminventars der bosnisch-/kroatisch- /serbischen Standardsprache werden einige Besonderheiten der Phoneminventare der bosnisch - herzegowinischen Dialekte erwähnt, die zusätzlich die Perzeption und Artikulation der deutschen Sprache bei den Dialekt sprechenden Bosniern und Herzegowinern beeinflusst. Die Aussprachefehler, die auf phonologische Besonderheiten der bosnisch – herzegowinischen Dialekte zurückzuführen sind werden aber außerhalb des für b/k/s Muttersprachler charakteristischen Systems der Aussprachefehler bleiben, weil sie nicht für alle b/k/s Muttersprachler gleichermaßen gelten.
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This paper shows that recent socio-political happenings and their results in Bosnia and Herzegovina influence contemporary colloquial language – by creating new phrasal idioms related to them. Two semantic figures, i. e. comparison and metaphor, are very frequent in use in researched idioms. Since new phrasal idioms enrich our language it is this fact in particular that justifies their place in Bosnian language dictionaries and their study in this article.
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Diglossia, which has been clearly manifested in the dichotomy of contemporary Arabic into contemporary standard Arabic and colloquial Arabic, did not become the subject of scientific study until the second half of the 20th century, mostly in the works of Western linguists. The present paper represents this complex linguistic phenomenon in the light of new interdisciplinary studies and sociolinguistic investigation. It defines the basic terms that linguists use when they study diglossia, separates diglossia from bilingualism, and makes the meaning of variety precise within the framework of dialectal varieties that are connected with the position of the speaker in a community and register varieties that can be linked to the circumstances of usage. It also deals with the causes of emergence and development of this stable speech situation, linguistic behaviour of speakers, use and function of varieties in the contemporary Arabic society, idea of the continuum of linguistic levels, multiglossia, perspectives of diglossic ends of scale and challenges that should be answered by the formal spoken Arabic language.
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A metaphor used by Clement of Rome in his First Letter to the Corinthians (6, 2) has provoked much controversy among scholars. Christian women suffering outrages at the hands of pagans are presented there as „Danaids and Dirces”. The present article undertakes to prove that these names do not allude to spectacles during which the women were killed, but rather to their conflicts with pagan husbands.
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We should not believe – as some scholars do – that Nicander showed such lack of talent as to sign his Alexipharmaca with a defective acrostic. This assumption becomes unnecessary if we accept the emendations to Alex. 266 and 269 proposed by William C. Helmbold and Jean-Marie Jacques. A discussion of this problem is followed by a Polish translation of the passage containing the acrostic.
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The article discusses Apuleius’ amatory poems as quoted by Apuleius himself in his Apology and by Gellius in the Attic Nights, as well as his verses preserved in a medieval manuscript according to which they are a translation of a monologue by Menander.
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