STRUCTURA ETNO-LINGVISTICĂ ȘI CONFESIONALĂ A POPULAȚIEI BUCOVINEI ÎN PERIOADA INTERBELICĂ (1918–1940)

Author(s): Alexandrina D. Cruceanu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2022

The history of Bukovina in general and that of Bukovina during the interwar period in particular dispose of a series of historiographical works intended to highlight the various aspects of political, social, cultural, economic, ethno-linguistic, confessional issues etc. of the former Moldavian province. Some of these works are general, others specific, and many of them succeed to offer a fairly comprehensive image of the elements, processes and phenomena that have influenced the ethno-linguistic and confessional evolution of Bukovina’s population in the interwar period.The specialized articles and studies are distinguished by the great analytical and synthesis capacity of their authors, but the aspects considered by them, although extremely valuable for knowing the international factors which have influenced the evolution of national political processes, overtake only extremely tangentially the particularities of the local communities from different territorial-administrative units which could have influenced, in turn, the evolution or the tendency of certain ethno-linguistic and confessional phenomena and processes which can or could have taken an international amplitude.While many studies succeed to highlight the socio-cultural, inter-ethnic and identity realities of Bukovina during the interwar period, whose contribution to the understanding and evaluation of the international framework is extremely valuable, they do not explicitly aim to contextualize the interethnic and confessional facts and processes during the interwar period in Bukovina.The main objective of this research is to understand the impact of national and international government policies on administrative-territorial changes and, implicitly, on the ethno-linguistic and confessional structure of the Bukovinaʼs population in the interwar period. The research methodology takes into account the analysis of qualitative and quantitative data provided by statistical yearbooks, county, national and international archives, as well as Romanian and foreign historiography on the analysed issues.Therefore, this research aims to highlight the evolution of the ethno-linguistic and confessional structure of the population of Bukovina in the interwar period, as well as the internal and international factors that favoured or, on the contrary, inhibited the physiognomy of Romanian communities and national minorities in this historical space.

De la inversión de los roles tradicionales o el declive de un mito familiar africano en Las tinieblas de tu memoria Negra de Donato Ndongo-Bidyogo

Author(s): Ténon KONE / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 39/2022

This article analyzes, from the novel (colonial) Las tinieblas de tu memoria negra by Donato Ndongo-Bidyogo, the reversal of traditional roles or the decline of an African family myth from a postcolonial perspective. The novel is about an innominate child who is forced to become one of the best defenders of vernacular customs of his people to the detriment of the Judeo-Christian religion chosen by his father. The central problem of the work to study is the difficult attempt to preserve the African tradition in a world that has changed after the arrival of the Spanish colonizers in Equatorial Guinea, in the case at hand. The main objective of the study is to show the importance of Occident colonization in what we can call the decline of an African family myth. Another task of this work is to show the survival of the perennial tradition-modernity dichotomy not only in literature but also in contemporary African societies.

Protestanci, menonici i Żydzi w diecezji pomezańskiej (XVII – XVIII w.) w protokołach wizytacyjnych parafii

Author(s): Jan Wiśniewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 18/2017

In the modern period (seventeenth – eighteenth centuries) the Diocese of Pomesania lay within Royal Prussia (excluding Elbląg and Warmia), whereas Catholics were subject to the Crown since 1466. Still, they were unable to resist effectively against the pressure of Protestantism, especially in the cities of Prussia. Protestants gained religious privileges as early as 1543, but there was no cooperation with the Protestants in this region until after the end of the 16th century. The region witnesses the influx of various Protestant denominations, including Mennonites (Anabaptists), Calvinists and Lutherans. Groups of Mennonites came to Żuławy in the 1540s and 1550s (ca. 1526? to the area of Malbork), and in 1642 Władysław IV Vasa granted them a privilege to freely pursue their religious practices. The governor of Sztumfounded a Calvinist community in Jordanki, but it declined upon his death in 1675. The most numerous religious group were Lutherans, who settled down on royal and private estates andthen established their communities in Jordanki, Jasna and Rodowo, that is outside Royal Prussia. There was a small group of Jews, who traded in Sztum despite the prohibition issued bythe Teutonic Knights and were present in the village of Węgry in the mid-eighteenth century. Proponents of Lutheranism found temporary place of residence in the mansions of wealthy farmers and when they gained a group of worshipers, they would organise a prayer house and a school, where the preacher and the teacher lived. The third stage of their development was collecting funds to build their own church. However, they had to obtain the consent of the bishop to take up their pastoral activity, such consent being issued in the absence of the opposition from the Catholic priest. The local parish priest would lose „souls” and the income from tithes and Christmas offerings, although dissenters were under a parish obligation to make fees for services (baptism, wedding, funeral). To defend the position of the Catholic Church in the Diocese of Pomesania, the bishop did not agree to the construction of a church, house of prayer or the activities of the „heretic” pastor and teacher. Nevertheless, with the support of their followers, they strengthened their presence in Catholic parishes. There were conflicts between Catholics and Protestants in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, but they must be considered incidental, although Catholic priests did react differently. Many of them were admonished and encouraged by the bishop to be more vigilant and careful of the faithful, to see to it that children and youth are taught in a Catholic school andoppose any attempts by dissenters to organize work among Catholics. Nevertheless, residents of individual parishes did not oppose to Lutherans and Mennonites being buried in Catholiccemeteries. What is more, the so-called „Żuławy custom” was developed here, which was a model of coexistence between faithful of both religions. It was finally accepted by thebishop, who recommended that a separate part of the cemetery be allotted to them at the appropriate distance from the church. Followers of other denominations also achieved quitea lot as far as building their churches is concerned. More specifically, they built them at the following locations: Barcice (prayer house), Boręty, Dzierzgoń (chapel), Gnojewo, Jasna,Jordanki, Kaczynos, Kończewice, Kraśniewo, Krzyżanowo (chapel), Lasowice, Lichnowy, Lipinki, Lisewo (chapel), Łoza, Malbork, Marynowy, Myszewo, Niedźwiedzica, Nowa Cerkiew, Nowy Staw, Ostaszewo, Orłowo, Stalewo, Stara Kościelnica, Stare Pole, Świerki,Szawałd, Sztum, Tujsk, Tulice, Żuławki. Mennonites, on the other hand, who were defended by the Catholics because of their hard work and honesty, owned houses of prayer, among others, in: Barcice, Lubieszewo, Marynowy, Niedźwiedzica, Nowy Dwór [Gd.], Orłowskie Pole and Stogi. They were also used by residents of other villages.

Instrukcja „Przyjęcie Chrystusa w uchodźcach i przymusowo przesiedlonych”,

Author(s): Wojciech Necel / Language(s): Polish Issue: 18/2017

From the perspective of "Erga migrantes caritas Christi" instruction from 2004, the pastoral situation of refugees and expellees required specific analyses and defining of the specificity of their presence in the Common Church, in the diocesan churches and in the parish community. Political and social unrests in the first two decades of the 21st century were a catalyst for the Apostolic See’s instruction: "Accepting Christ in the refugees and forcibly exiled". It is a part of the centuries-long tradition of the Church pastoral care for this special category of migrants who are refugees and forcibly exiled. The authors of this manual include in this category also stateless persons, political asylum seekers, victims of human trafficking, especially including children and women, as well as victims of forced labor and children soldiers

Osobowość chrześcijańska jako motor rozwoju dziejów. Ks. Franciszek Sawicki wobec historiozoficznych propozycji Thomasa Carlyle’a i zwolenników supremacji tłumu

Author(s): Jarosław Babiński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 18/2017

Undoubtedly, a veneration of the saints is essential for the life of the Church – inspiring the faithful to live a righteous life and making them aware of a given opportunities to turn their talents for the life of the Church. One of the most important Pomeranian thinkers of the interwar period, Father Franciszek Sawicki (1877 – 1952), understands holiness as constantly updating process of shaping human personality in the spirit of Christian axiology. Christian personality is the most important driving force behind the shaping and development of history. He considers Christian values as the factors affecting the development of human personality in such a way that they have a considerable impact on the development of human culture and the history of civilization. Thus, his personalistic, Christian vision turns into discussion between the extremely individualistic conception of Thomas Carlyle, Max Stirner and Gustave Le Bon, Karl Marx and José Ortega y Gasset, proponents of collectivism.

La tomba di s. Vittorino e le sue formulazioni monumentali

Author(s): Artur Witold Sidor / Language(s): Italian Issue: 17/2016

This article is dedicated to the particle of ancient and important city in Roman times - Amiternum. Among the artifacts and architectural remains of the Roman Empire survived the catacombs. In this article the author discusses in detail the historical development of the catacombs, draws attention to their gradual architectural transformation and puts hypothesesas to their importance in the life of the local Christian community until modern times. The value of the study increases the fact of consulting the effects with the latest opinions and the state of debate among prominent Italian archaeologists.

„Mărgăritarul de mare preț”. Euharistia cosmologică a poetului sau botezul unui simbolism uitat în Imnurile Sfântului Efrem Sirul

Author(s): Tudor-Dragoș Paraschiv / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1-3/2022

The five hymns dedicated to the pearl make a distinct group among the most significant of St. Ephrem’s work. A symbol of the Kingdom of Heaven, and, in the New Testament, a symbol of the mystery of faith, the image of the pearl has a long history in Antiquity. Patristic literature records very few, brief reflections on the symbolism of the pearl, as expected – among early Christians interest for precious stones did not enjoy a good reputation, as they were the avatars of Greek and Roman paganism. In this context, the complexity of the symbolism of the pearl in the work of St. Ephrem appears even more intriguing. The Saint builds on the pre-existing symbolism of the pearl, as found in the New Testament, and develops new dimensions of the symbol, such as the Christological one, in a way that also relies on the cultural heritage of Antiquity. The “valorization” of Antiquity involves a thorough selection and purification of the former symbolism of the pearl, a process much similar to the fundamental mystery of Christianity, which is baptism. This is why I define this as “the baptism” of a forgotten symbol.Without a doubt, the genius and grace that were bestowed upon St. Ephrem translate as his unusual gift for symbolic thinking, and also as his skill of seeing even the most trivial aspects of life as “windows” open to the Kingdom of God. At the same time, his poetic gift is deeply connected to a special sense of the real, as noted by the researchers of his work. The set of poems dedicated to the pearl, a symbol of the Eucharist advances the idea that the poetic work itself becomes “the baptism” (of / into a symbol) that leads to the partaking of the Eucharist by the poet. The hymns dedicated to the symbolism of the pearls are not a kind of testament of St. Ephrem’s, but the expression of a subtle and unique ars poetica et theologica. This is what I aim to demonstrate in this study dedicated to an important but long-forgotten Christian symbol.

Brama przeszłości. Fasada zachodnia kolegiaty w Wiślicy a program historyczny w mecenacie Kazimierza Wielkiego

Author(s): Piotr Pajor / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2015

The Gothic collegiate church in Wiślica, founded by king Kazimir the Great in 1350, replaced older structure, What were preserved from that Romanesque church, was a twotower façade included to a new building and 13th century sculpture of Madonna. It seems that the point of this action was commemoration of the both distant and close past of the town, including the time when when citizens of Wiślica supported Władysław’s the Short struggleof power. Moreover, on the Romanesque façade a statue representing Kazimir himself was placed. Similar solutions were introduced also in other Kazimir’s foundations. Another significant point of reference is collegiate church in Vienna where at the same time older façade was preserved decorated with the founder’s statue. Yet in Wiślica such historical programme was connected with the arms of the lands ruled by Kazimir. All these elements make an image of reunited Kingdom ruled by the rightful dynasty.

Elbląskie chóry kościelne i konfesyjne, towarzystwa śpiewacze w latach 1871–1945

Author(s): Joanna Szkolnicka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2015

The subject of the article are church choirs and confessional choir societies that were active in Elbląg between 1871–1945. The timeframes set in the article are founding of the choir of St. Mary’s Church that was the first church choir in Elbląg and end of the second world war, as consequence of which Elbląg became a Polish city. As in the period of time considered in the article, most Elbląg inhabitants were Protestant and so was the majorityof Elbląg churches except for St. Nicholas Church and – not consecrated till 1905 though – St. Adalbert’s Church, the only catholic choir society was Cecilien-Society. The article presents history, activity and repertoire of all choirs. There are also Elbląg trombone choirs as a phenomenon typical for the Protestant Church mentioned.

Drzwi kościelne jako brama wiary

Author(s): Ryszard Knapiński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2015

Church doors are one of many symbolic elements of the church body. In the Old Testament it developed eschatological significance that have taken the gate, understood as the gates of hell. In this sense the church gate appear in the iconography of the Court of God. This symbolism was taken over by Christianity. Allegorical and symbolic significance of the church doors was lined in the writings of the apologists of the faith and the Church Fathers.

Quod gaudium est rivos sanguinis cernere? The suffering of animals in the christian critique of the traditional graeco-roman sacrifice

Author(s): Bogdan Burliga / Language(s): English Issue: 16/2015

The Latin quotation in the title of the article ('What joy is there in observing the rivers of blood?') comes from the apologetic work of Arnobius "Against the Heathen" (Adversus nationes). The seventh book of this work contains perhaps the most explicit Christian critique of the Greeks and Romans who sacrificed animals. One of the arguments used by the learned speaker is the suffering of these animals, which were killed unnecessarily because the gods do not require sacrifices from men. Emphasising the fact that suffering is given to the victims and that there is no point in killing of the animals, Arnobius introduces the shocking details of what this sacrificial ritual (killing) was in practice. In this article, I try to draw attention to the fact that in presenting this information, the Christian advocate referred to earlier statements of classical authors such as Pythagoras and Plutarch, who also criticised the common ritual. Although one occasionally hears opinions today that the early Christian thinkers were indifferent to the fate of sacrificial animals, the writer of Sicca Venera affirms that it would be very difficult to apply generalisations, just as it would be very difficult to apply generalisations to the fate of sacrificial animals.just as it is justified to speak of sensitivity and empathy in this case.

Święci jako patronowie obiektów sakralnych w państwie zakonnym w Prusach – na przykładzie miast

Author(s): Waldemar Rozynkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 15/2014

The author discusses the medieval practice in the State of the Teutonic Order of placing sacral objects, especially parish and monastic churches, cathedrals and hospital chapels, under patronage of selected saints. Though there was nothing exceptional about it in the Christian Europe, the choice of saints, dependent on their particular traits and popularity, is interesting. Among the most popular ones were, of course, the Holy Virgin Mary, venerated especially by the Cistersians and Dominicans, St George, St John the Evangelist and St Nicholas – the latter being the patron of merchants and sailors. It may be safely said that local cults correlated to a large degree with the presence or absence of particular religious orders in the area, with their preferences as to the patronage of certain saints over others. One of the most widely known saints in Europe was undoubtedly St James, especially along the popular pilgrimage route from Prussia to Santiago de Compostella. St Adalbert of Prague also deserves special mention, especially for his mission and martyrdom in Prussia.

Powołanie do istnienia i rozwój Seminarium Duchownego w Diecezji Warmińskiej

Author(s): Jan Wiśniewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 15/2014

Cardinal Stanisław Hosius, implementing the resolutions of the Council of Trent, founded in 1565 the college and seminary in Braniewo and entrusted its operation to the Jesuits. However, it was until 1567 that it started teaching 10 candidates for the priesthood. This was the first seminary to be established on the Polish territory. One of the Jseuits, a prefect called Regens, was in charge of education and the clerics where educated in a gymnasium (middle school) where theological and philosophical subjects were taught (from 1592). It is not known whether all candidates for ordination completed the five-class education, because the comment in „litterae dimisoriae” only pointed out the candidate had „scientia debiata” (required knowledge). In around 1808, due to a scarce number of clerics in the seminary the lectures were conducted irregularly and as professors neglected them, they were discontinued in 1811. Scarcity of priests in the diocese of Warmia urged this problem to be solved, because already at that time did not suffice to educate future priests in a „handicraft way”. Therefore, in 1818 the Prussia king established at the Gymnasium in Braniewo an independent unit called Lyceum Hosianum, or departament of philosophy and theology, which operated in symbiosis with the seminar between 1818 and  1912, and then between 1913 and 1945 with the Royal Academy. The new principal of the seminary, Fr. Joseph Scheill († 1835) developed a new style of running the seminary in Braniewo and as a result it approached the status of a university. In 1932, bishop M. Kaller (until 1947) quickly built a new seminary building which, however, was destroyed during air raids in 1945. After the war, in 1947, the seminary of the diocese of Warmia was re-established in Olsztyn where the diocese administrative centre was set up. From 1974, Warmian seminarians, with the consent of Rome, coulddefend their master’s theses at the Catolic University of Lublin, from 1981 at the Pontifical Academy of Theology in Krakow, and in 1999 the seminary, as the Faculty of Theology, became part of the nascent University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn.

Warmińska pobożność ludowa wpisana w dawne zwyczaje wielkopostne i wielkanocne

Author(s): Janusz Hochleitner / Language(s): Polish Issue: 15/2014

The extent of evangelisation of popular religiosity has been astonishing in its effectiveness for centuries. Folk customs entered into the church ceremonial through centuries also became elements of identity of individual societies. The long process of the existence of episcopal power in Warmia (1243 - 1772) meant that local folk ceremonial was able to preserve numerous customs over a long period of time in later times. For researchers of this problem, signs collected until the middle of the 20th century form an interesting basis for describing as well as analysing the power of folk religiosity.

Charakterystyka pisanych źródeł do badań nad małą architekturą sakralną Warmii

Author(s): Stanisław Kuprjaniuk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 15/2014

The presented description of the available sources for the research on the small sacral architecture focuses on three types of them: archives, cartographic data and memoirs. Each of them provided important information and prompted to undergo a further field research. The latter not only confirmed data already found in the sources under examination, but led to a discovery of some new valuable material sources. The analysed example can serve as a support for the thesis that employing a combination of different cognitive, empirical methods in research is justifiable.

Eucharystia w centrum życia duchowego bł. Doroty z Mątów według historycznego przekazu „Liber de festis” mistrza Jana z Kwidzyna

Author(s): Marta Kowalczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 15/2014

Presented to "Liber de festis" of Johannes of Marienwerder (1343 – 1417) process of changes in the spiritual life Bl. Dorothy of Montau (1347 – 1394) was based on Eucharist, frequent accepting the Holy Communion, the confession and on the contemplative prayer. In the centre of her spiritual life is Jesus Christ. Advice from the "Liber de festis" can be an inspiration for Christians. This book is also a certificate of the vision Bl. Dorothy of Montau. Dorothea’s feast day is celebrated on 25 June.

Dekoracja drzwiczek sakramentarium w Mątowach Wielkich jako przyczynek do rozważań nad pobożnością eucharystyczną ludu wiejskiego w średniowiecznych Prusach

Author(s): Alicja Grabowska-Lysenko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 15/2014

This paper is an attempt to show the main forms of the Eucharistic piety in the Prussian countryside in the Middle Ages on the basis of analysis of the sacrament house in Saint Peter and Paul church in Mątowy Wielkie (Groß Montau). This work will be compared with other objects from the area of the former Teutonic Order State. The iconographic program of the sacrament house door is known today from the historical description, archival photos and the copy of the door, which is kept in the church in Mątowy Wielkie. Originally it consisted of the picture of the Man of Sorrow, placed on the obverse, and the presentation of the priest with the monstrance on the back of the door. The analysis of the iconography of this object in the context of its function allows to draw some conclusions about forms of worship of the Blessed Sacrament widespread in the Prussian countryside: individual adoration of the Eucharistic Christ in the consecrated Host or in His images, as well as Theophoric processions, mostly related to the celebration of Corpus Christi. This work seems to be a testimony to the religious climate in the Prussian Church in the first half of the 15th century and to the role of the clergy in the transformations of the religiosity of the laity, taking place in this time.

Chrześcijańska symbolika instrumentów muzycznych

Author(s): Piotr Towarek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 15/2014

The Christian symbolism of musical instruments presented in this article belongs to one of the most beautiful and the deepest layers of theology of church writers and it is based primarily on the so-called evolution of the divisions of music: musica mundana, musica humana and musica instrumentalis (Boecius; cf. Casiodoro). They directed their attention and allegorical theology primarily to the string instruments already known in the Bible (harp, lyre, zither, psalterium). And so, the harp was to signify the spiritual, whereas the zither – the corporal; sometimes also the two natures of Christ (harp – Divine nature; zither – the human nature). In many authors we encounter a comparison of zither to a suffering body of Christ and His passion, during which the tendons were strained to its limits, and the bones were numbered, and He himself sounded as a spiritual song of virtues due to his patience(Tertullian, Casiodoro, Venantius Fortunatus). Hence, there was born in the theology of the patristic period and the Middle Ages an allegory of the so-called „harp of the Cross” on which theSon of God hanged (Paulinus of Nola, Nicetas of Remesiana, Honorius of Autun, Bernard of Clairvaux, Bonaventura), who is a Logos Singing and playing a new song on this instrument. The Father God was compared to the Ultimate Violin-Maker who built Universum in a shape of a giant zither where the spirit and the matter, celestial choruses, heaven and hell, elements and all that the senses experience were the strings (Honorius of Autun, Clemens of Alexandria, Athanasius of Alexandria, Rupert of Deutz).

Aktywność nauczyciela religii w przeciwdziałaniu agresji elektronicznej wśród młodzieży

Author(s): Anna Zellma / Language(s): Polish Issue: 15/2014

Electronic aggression, a phenomenon currently taking place among young people, poses difficult tasks for teachers. They relate to primary, secondary and tertiary prevention in theschool environment and require the cooperation of headmasters, teachers and parents. The analyses undertaken in the study present the specificity of the activities of the religious education teacher aimed at preventing aggression among young people. Firstly, the scope of meaning of ‘electronic aggression’ has been given. Next, the multidimensionality of electronic aggression among the young has been pointed out. In this context, preventive measures taken by the religious education teacher in the school environment have been described. Aims, tasks and rules, as well as forms, methods and means necessary for the prevention of electronic aggression among young people have been brought to attention. The cooperation of the religious education teacher with the headmaster, parents and other teachers in carrying out the tasks set by the school prevention programme has been considered significant.

Le tourisme mémoriel en Europe centrale et orientale, ed. D. Bechtel, L. Jurgenson, Paris 2013, ss. 313

Author(s): Zdzisław Kunicki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 15/2014