​Ambiguitatea certitudinii

Author(s): Tudor Cosmin Ciocan / Language(s): Romanian

Zadarnic căutăm să sporim vârsta reală a misterului poetic, care în ciudaunor îndepărtaţi strămoşi pierduţi între lumea antichităţii eline şi formula luimodernă, abia se împlineşte în Lucian Blaga, în “corola de minuni a lumii”. Înconsecinţă zadarnic încercăm să legitimăm geneza termenului de kritokos în sensulde judecător al tainei paradoxului şi ambiguităţii încă de la mijlocul secolului al IVleaî. Hr., din verbul platonic krinein, cu sensul de a vedea cu claritate şi a distinge.“Din moment ce ai văzut o dată adevărata esenţă a tainei, cum îţi vor mai părea pelângă ea şi aurul şi îmbrăcămintea, şi tinerii frumoşi şi copilandrii!” 1. Zadarnic estemisterul pentru care filosoful îşi cheltuieşte întreaga viaţă, dacă nu toţi oameniitrebuie cu necesitate să-l dorească, dacă partea divină din firea lor nu poate fi pedeplin trezită. “Când ajunge la bine, nimeni nu se mulţumeşte să-i posede doaraparenţa, ci toţi oamenii îi caută realitatea” 2. Căutarea intelectuală a binelui,filosofia, reprezintă modalitatea specific umană a universalei năzuinţe către existenţaesenţială şi incoruptibilă. Cum însă omul este conglomerat de trup şi suflet, tinzândşi către unul şi către celălalt, semnificaţia strădaniei sale, în ceea ce priveşte starea satainică de a fi în lume, este ambiguă. Din acest început îşi face ivirea calea filosofică.Fiindcă filosoful, care-şi simte într-adevăr chemarea, face totul ca să revelezeobiectul dorinţelor sale, după ce-l zăreşte răsărindu-i în faţă 3. Filosofia reprezintăsmulgerea sufletului din lăcaşul lui corporal şi ca atare poate fi descrisă ca onemurire în viaţă. Pe de altă parte ea este înflorirea vieţii însăşi, o sublimare a aceleiputeri divine, lipsită de ambiguitate, care umple inima îndrăgostiţilor cu dorinţăfierbinte şi entuziasm, insuflă curaj invincibil oştirii sacre a tinerilor şi palpită îndiscursul poetului, mişcându-i pe ascultătorii lui până la lacrimi. Filosofia, aceastăultimă invenţie a spiritului omenesc, cea mai tânără dintre arte, este astfel revelatădrept cel mai bătrân şi cel mai nobil dintre zei 4. “Prin înţelepciune a întemeiatDomnul cerurile şi pământul – Domnul m-a făcut cea dintâi dintre lucrările Lui,înaintea celor mai vechi lucrări ale Lui. Eu am fost aşezată din vecinicie, înainte deorice început, înainte de a fi pământul. Am fost născută când încă nu erau adâncuri,nici izvoare încărcate cu apă, nici cea dintâi fărâmă din pulberea lumii. Când aîntocmit Domnul cerurile eu eram de faţă şi când a pus temeliile pământului eu erammeşterul Lui, la lucru lângă El, şi în toate zilele eram desfătarea Lui, jucând perotocolul pământului Său, şi găsindu-mi plăcerea în fii oamenilor”

Tropy sekularyzacji w prozie dwudziestolecia międzywojennego

Author(s): Ryszard Knapek / Language(s): Polish

The main aim of this work is to examine the usefulness of the notion of secularization (understood both as a theory and ideology) for the reading of the Polish prose from the interwar period. Secularization is one of the fundamental categories of modernity, still an important issue in the study of literaturę, and yet, it has not been broadly applied in native literary studies so far. The context for the following discussion is the post-secular thought in its various aspects. This work consists of three chapters which constitute a whole, but can also be read as separate dissertations. Chapter one is fundamentally theoretical, with theory being immediately backed up (as a starting point and as examples) by interpretations of literary texts. Its aim is the reconstruction of the “secular theory of the novel”. Researchers such as Northrop Frye and Ian Watt demonstrate how secularization processes influenced the rise and development of the genre. In “The Rise of the Novel”, Watt puts forward a thesis that an essential determinant of the novel, a genre that originated in the 18th century, is locating justifications for the world portrayed as well as for the characters’ psychology solely in the “earthly” matters, regardless of the author’s personal convictions. An original conception is proposed by James Wood who argues that the novel transforms the modern conception of faith introducing the notion of fiction, which blasts out the religious tradition of strong faith from the inside. Chapter two is entirely devoted to a few novels classified as novels of formation (“Bildungsroman”) and set in Galicia at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the plot of which is centered around school. The basis for analysis are the categories and phenomena (reading, school as an institution and studying) which allow us to follow through the changes of consciousness being the main theme of the analyzed novels. The research method in this chapter is a deepened interpretation of excerpts of the novels and the intertextual reading of literaturę through literaturę. From the analyses conducted in this way emerges a surprisingly cohesive, although diverse in details, story of the changes of adolescent consciousness against the background of the conservative community. Chapter three is a collection of various interpretations of texts, each of which is based on different categories, conceptions or languages. Together, they show a multifaceted picture of how the prose of the interwar period reflects, comments on and inspires the religious transformations of the contemporary man and society. The focus of interpretation are the four texts: Witold Gombrowicz’s “Ferdydurke”, Aleksander Wat’s “Bezrobotny Lucyfer”, Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz’s “Pożegnanie jesieni” and Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz’s “Pasje błędomirskie”.

Narodna religija

Author(s): Danijel Sinani / Language(s): Serbian

Опседнутост и егзорцизам у Србији

Author(s): Danijel Sinani / Language(s): Serbian

Хранене и здраве. Съобразно природата и учението на Петър Дънов

Author(s): Hristo Dochev / Language(s): Bulgarian

This book summarises the recomendations and the advices of the famous Bulgarian spiritual teacher Peter Deunov (1864 - 1944) adding some extracts from the traditional medicine.

Црквена политика Византије οд краја иконоборства до смрти цара Василија I

Author(s): Predrag Komatina / Language(s): Serbian

The Iconoclast era of Byzantine history ended with the death of Emperor Theophilus on January 20th, 842. His wife Theodora, who took power in the name of their young son Michael III, devoted to Orthodoxy even during Theophilus’ life- -time, immediately began preparing the ground for the restoration of the veneration of icons. With this aim, she first held counsel with her associates in the state leadership – the Logothete Theoctistus, Sergius Nicetiates and her brothers Bardas and Petronas. At that meeting of the state leadership, the decision was made to renew the cult of icons, and the Empress released from imprisonment and persecution all monks, priests, bishops and lay people who had been persecuted for their veneration of icons. Next she convened the Council in Constantinople where the icon veneration would again be declared the official dogma of the church. The Council was held in early March 843. Participants included representatives of state authorities, priest and monks from the Constantinopolitan and provincial monasteries. The monks of the Capital were led by Hilarion of the Dalmatou, and a major figure among provincial monks was Simeon Stylite the Younger. The spiritual patron of them all was the famous ascetic Joannicius. Only the Studites represented a particular fraction. At the Council a valid Definition of faith was read and proclaimed, that is, the Horos of the Seventh Ecumenical Council of Nicaea 787, which had restored the veneration of icons after the first iconoclast period. The Council of 843 merely recalled the decisions of the Iconoclast Council of 815, and restored the decisions of the Council of 787. At the same Council the iconoclast Patriarch of Constantinople John VII the Grammarian was ousted, and the monk Methodius, a candidate of the provincial monks who also was in the Empress’s favor was chosen for the patriarchal throne. After his election, the people gathered spontaneously in front of St. Sophia and, led by the monks, conducted a procession that carried the icon of the Virgin and the Christ Child to the Bronze gates. This was a symbolic act, since the absence of Icon of Christ from the Gate had symbolized the supremacy of iconoclasm. This spontaneous procession was the forerunner of the later Procession of Orthodoxy. That day, which was the Sunday of the first week of Lent and which fell that year on March 11th, became known as the Sunday of Orthodoxy.

ПУТЕВОДИТЕЛЬ по ВЕНГЕРСКОЙ КУЛЬТУРЕ

Author(s): / Language(s): Russian

Our geographic and historical location on the Continent and in the world has meant that we’ve always been simultaneously in the centre and at the periphery, located at the edge of  Europe yet at the ancient heart chakra of the globe, and in the Carpathian Basin with its abundance of water – the greatest treasure for the future. Hungarian culture in 17 chapters: language, history, religion, ethnography, architecture, applied arts, fine arts, literature, theatre, music, dance, film, photography, science and technology, sport, philosophy and everyday life.

Kapitula pri Dóme sv. Martina - intelektuálne centrum Bratislavy v 15. storočí

Author(s): Miriam Hlavačková / Language(s): Slovak

Eine der besten Charakteristiken des mittelalterlichen Kapitels ist die prägnante Formulation von Peter Moraw Statt der Begegnung von Kirche und Welt. Seine treff ende Äußerung gilt völlig ebenso für das Pressburger Kapitel. Das Pressburger Kapitel bei Pressburger St. Martin´s Dom war ein der wichtigsten Kirchen- und Bildungszentren im mittelalterlichen ungarischen Königreich. Zum Kapitel gehörte eine dem Kanoniker-Scholastiker unterstehende Schule und eine eigene Bibliothek. Die Mitglieder des Kapitels – Pröbste und Kanoniker, spielten hervorragende Rolle bei der Verwaltung des Königreichs. Ihre Erfahrungen und Fachkenntnisse erwarben sie dank ihrer Universitätsbildung und Kanzleipraxis in erzbischöfl ichen bzw. päpstlichen Diensten. Sie fungierten nicht nur als Vermittlungspersonen bei Eheschließungen oder Friedensverhandlungen, sondern sich auch als Hofärtzte um die Gesundheit und Verpfl egung des Herrschers kümmerten. Der König belohnte seine gebildeten Diener oft mit einem Kirchenamt oder Benefi zium. Die persönliche Besetzung des Kapitels sowie auch dessen Prosperität hing hauptsächlich von dem über das Patronatrecht verfügenden Herrscher ab. Wenn sich in den Regierungsjahren Sigismunds von Luxemburg im Pressburger Kapitel eher die für den persönlichen Bedarf beim Herrscher zuständigen Dienstleute (Geheimkanzler und Diplomat Johann von Aussig an der Elbe, Reichsvizekanzler Johann von Gran, Schreiber Michael von Mailberg, Ärtzte Siegfrid Degenberg, Johann Halbhauer von Hammelburg u. a.) konzentrierten, während der Existenz der Universität Istropolitana waren es die Absolventen der „höheren“ Fakultäten (Theologie und kanonisches Recht), welche an der Universität Istropolitana ihre Kenntnise in der Praxis anbringen konnten. Ein der wichtigen Gründe für die Präsenz der böhmischen Geistlichen im ungarischen Königreich in der ersten Hälfte des XV. Jh. waren die hussitischen Wirren in ihrem Heimatland. In den Diensten von Sigismund fanden sie im Pressburger Kapitel ein sicheres Zufl uchtsort. Ihre Wirkung, dank deren im Kapitel neue Einfl üße vor allem der devotio moderna auftauchten, wird sicher auch in der Zukunft zum Gegenstand weiterer zu der vorliegenden Arbeit ergänzenden Forschungen. Anfänglich war das auf dem Pressburger Burghügel residierende Kapitel eine zum liturgischen Dienst und Diözeseverwaltung berufene Priesterversammlung. Als das Kapitel im XIII. Jh. in die Stadt zum St. Martins Dom umsiedelte, wurde es zum bedeutenden intellektuellen und kulturellen Zentrum. Selbstverständlich war das Kapitel an der Entstehung und Wirkung der damals einzigen Universität im ungarischen Königreich beteiligt. Auch wenn sich die Bezeichnung Academia Istropolitana während der Zeit ihres wahrscheinlichen Bestehens 1465 – 1489 in den zeitgenössischen Quellen nicht fi ndet (man begegnet dem Namen erst seit den 40-er Jahren des XVI. Jh.), ist die Benennung Academia Istropolitana in der Literatur üblich geworden. Zum Unterschied von der Universität waren die Akademien des 15. Jh. lockere, eher private Institutionen ohne Uni versitätsrechte und Privilegien. Aus diesen Gründen bevorzugen wir in der vorliegenden Arbeit den Begriff Universität Istropolitana. Mit der Organisierung der Universität wurde außerdem humanistisch orientierten Kanzler, dem Graner Erzbischof Johann Vitez, auch der Vizekanzler der Universität und Probst des Pressburger Kapitels Georg Peltel aus Schönberg († 1486) beauftragt. Die überlieferten Dokumente bezeugen von seinem aktiven und tatkräftigen Leben: nach dem Bakkalaureus-Abschluß an der Fakultät der Freien Künste der Wiener Universität war er als Kanzler und Rat am Hof des Königs Ladislaus Posthumus und des Kaisers Friedrich III. tätig. Seit den 70-er Jahren des XV. Jh. vertrat er die Interesse des Königs Matthias Corvinus, er nahm an zahlreichen diplomatischen Missionen teil. Unter anderem machte er sich um die Versöhnung von König Matthias mit Kaiser Friedrich III. verdient, ebenso beteiligte sich 1463 an der erfolgreichen Rückgabe der Heiligen Stephanskrone nach Ungarn. Während seines römischen Aufenthaltes (wo er wahrscheinlich das kanonische Recht studierte), wurde er zum apostolischen Protonotarius ernannt. Die Blüte der humanistischen Lehre in der Kurie, seine Erfahrungen auf den Höfen in Wien und Ofen – alles das hat in Schönberg Spuren hinterlassen und sicher ihn auch bei der Konstituierung der Universität Istropolitana in Pressburg beeinfl ußt. Nach der Meinung der ungarischen Historikerin A. Ritoók-Szalay konnte das Plan der Gründung der Universität bereits beim Treff en von Kardinal Bessarion mit Erzbischof Johann Vitez in Wien 1460 – 1461 erarbeitet werden. Ein der Hauptziele dabei war die Hoff nung zur baldigen Wiedervereinigung der griechisch-orthodoxen und römischkatholischen Kirche. Trotz diesen großgelegten Pläne war die Realität viel prosaischer – die Universität Istropolitana gehörte eher zu den regionalen Universitäten. Sehr wahrscheinlich dienten die in der Kapitelbibliothek erhaltenen Statute der Bologner Universität aus dem 14. Jh. als Vorlage für die Verfassung der Istropolitana-Statuten, genauso wie es auch in Prag der Fall war. Aus dem Verglech mit anderen europäischen Universitäten in der Umgebung sowie auch aus der Analogie bei der Personalbelohnung mittels Benefi zien kommt vor, daß in dem Fall von Pressburger Universität eher als um das strikte Kopieren des Bologneser Musters mehr um ein gemischtes Verwaltungsmodell ging. Die Richtung der Universität wurde vom Anfang an durch ihre humanistisch orientierten Professoren bestimmt. Mehrere Vortragenden an der Fakultät der Freien Künste – Martin Bylica aus Olkusz, Regiomontanus, Johann Reibel aus Kupferberg und Johann aus Krakau (warscheinlich Johann Glogowita aus Krakau) trugen dank der Unterstü- tzung seitens des Graner Erzbishofs in den ersten fünf Jahren der Existenz der Universität wesentlich zur Entwicklung der astronomischen Studien bei. In den bei der Gelegentheit des 500. Jahresfeiers entstandenen Studien hat man auf einer Seite die Bedeutung der Juristischen Fakultät überschätzt (u. a. hatte man den Unterricht des kanonischen sowie auch römischen Rechtes vorausgesetzt), auf der anderen Seite wurde gerade die Existenz dieser Fakultät in Zweifel gesetzt. Die Juristische Fakultät war ein legitimes Bestandteil der entstehenden Universität. Auf ihre Existenz deuten mehrere Hinweise: in der Zeit wurden die Universitäten üblicherweise mit allen 4 Fakul täten gegründet; auch die 18 Bänder der juristischen Traktate (d. h. Standardwerke zum Unterrircht des kanonischen Rechtes) sind zu erwähnen. Diese Werke gehörten zum Bestand der Bibliothek von Gotsleichnams-Bruderschaft (nach dem aus dem Jahre 1501 erhaltenen Inventar), welche zuvor von der Universität Istropolitana benützt wurde. Es ist schließlich möglich, daß sich um ursprünglich private Bibliothek des Probst Georg aus Schönberg handelt. Wir haben ihn nämlich als Besitzer von zwei derzeitig in der Salzburger Universitätsbibliothek bewahrten Erstdrucken aus der Gotsleichnams-Bruderschaft Bibliothek identifi ziert. Als Professore der Juristischen Fakultät sind auch mehrere Rechtsgelehrten – Bakkalaureus des kanonischen Rechtes Andreas aus der Raaber Diözese, Magister Valentinus aus Veresmart in Graner Diözese, Erzdiakon Paulus aus Wieselburg (ung. Moson) und Magister Franz Ethe, Pfarrer aus ungarischem Kéthely – der „nunc in universitate Posoniensis constitutis“ zu bezeichnen. Das Studium der Jurisprudenz in Pressburg erfolgte warscheinlich, ähnlich wie in Prag, unter der Aufsicht des Kapitels, der kirchlichen Verwaltung und erzbishöfl ichen Gerichtswesens. Diese vielversprechende Entwicklung der Universität wurde aber durch die Politik vereitelt. Nach der Entdeckung der Verschwörung gegen Matthias Corvinus 1471 fi el der Kanzler Vitez in die Ungnade und ein Jahr danach er verstarb. Er war nämlich mit der auf die Eroberung von Böhmen konzentrierte und die türkische Gefahr venachlässigende Politik des Königs nicht einverstanden. Die Universität wurde in der Folge von den zu seinem Umkreis gehörenden Professoren (M. Galeotto, J. Gattus, Regiomontanus und M. Bylica) verlassen. Die Universität Istropolitana geriet allmählich unter den Einfl uss der eher trazionalistich als humanistisch orientierten Wiener Universität. Die Universitätsverwaltung überging nach 1472 an den Vizekanzler Georg aus Schönberg. Der Vizekanzler versuchte, aus den üblichen 14 kirchlichen Prebenden eine bestimmte Anzahl für die Bezahlung der Professoren zu sichern. Eine Parallele zur Verbindung des Kapitels mit der Universität, welche direkt die Istropolitana-Gründung beeinfl ußte, fi ndet sich am Beispiel der benachbarten Wiener Universität. Das Kapitel wurde zu einer Universitätsstift, wobei jedoch die Kapitel-Kanonikate nicht komplett für die Universitätsprofessoren vorbehalten waren, wie es in Prag oder in Heidelberg der Fall war. Die Professoren der Universität und zugleich die Kanoniker des Pressburger Kapitels wurden Landsleute des Vizekanzlers vorwiegend aus Niederösterreich, Absolventen der Teologischen und Juristischen Fakultät der Wiener Universität. Dabei sind der Lizenziat der Theologie und großer Kenner der griechischen Sprache Nicolaus Schricker von Hüttendorf, Lizenziat der Theologie Nicolaus Popp von Hüttendorf, Lizenziat der Theologie Georg Greiff enstein aus Krems, Bakkalaureus der Theologie Sigismund Obrecht aus dem niederösterreichischen Lengenfeld, Magister Wolfgangus Prechtel aus Hausleiten, Doktor des kanonischen Rechtes Erasmus von Regensburg, Bakkalaureus der Theologie und des kanonischen Rechtes Johannes Rauch aus der Regensburger Diözese u. a. Die Beispiele anderer Universitäten belehren, daß die Kirche in der Regel nicht die einzige bei der Beschaff ung von Geldmitteln und Belohnung der Professoren mitbezahlende Institution war. Einen enscheidenden Anteil bei solcher Finanzierung kam der königlichen Familie zu. Im Falle der Pressburger Universität war dies jedoch nicht der Fall. Trotz der Tatsache, daß sie zur Prestige- und Repräsentativsanstalt des ungarischen Königreichs gegenüber die Nachbarländern werden sollte, zog der König eher seine politischen Anliegen der Universität vor und hat die sie fi nanziell nicht unterstützt. So können wir uns aufgrund der fragmentarisch erhaltenen Zeugnisse über die Universität Istropolitana auch eine legitime Frage stellen: Wurde die Istropolitana nach dem Abschied der Professoren des Vitéz-Umkreises und Übergang unter die Verwaltung von Georg aus Schönberg nicht eher zu einer „Zweigstelle“ der Wiener Universität? Trotz intensiver Beteiligung der Kapitel-Mitglieder an den pädagogischen Aktivitäten oder in den königlichen Diensten bestand ihr Hauptbetätigungsfeld in ihren sakralen Aufgaben: Pastorale Fürsorge, Gottesdienste und Totenmessen, Prozessionen usw. Einige mit den königlichen Diensten beschäftigten Pröbste und Kanoniker hielten ihre Residenz außer des Kapitelsitzes, was sie durch die päpstlichen Dispense und Einsetzung der Vertreter (Vikare) wiedergutmachten. Zum Unterschied von ihnen, hielten sich die als Pfarrer, Dekan, Scholastiker oder Kustos wirkenden Kapitelmitglieder im Kapitelsitz, sie waren bei den Testamentabfassungen oder als Rechtsexperte in den städtischen Diensten tätig. Außer ihnen waren im St. Martinsdom zahlreiche Altaristen, Priester, Sängerchor – alle diese Personen ergänzten die zum Dom gehörende geistliche Gesellschaft. Die Bibliothek des Pressburger Kapitels stellt heutzutage den preisvollsten Handschriftenbestand auf dem Gebiet der Slowakei dar. Um die Rolle des Kapitels und seinen Beitrag zur Kultur- und Bildungsgeschichte in unserer Region ausgeglichen bewerten zu können, sind weitere Forschungen notwendig. Von besonderer Bedeutung ist, die Umstände und Identifi zierung der verlorengegangenen Kodexe in den slowakischen sowie ausländischen Archiven weiter zu erforschen. In diesem Zusammenhang haben wir festgestellt, daß eine Handschrift aus der Pressburger Kapitelsbibliothek mit kanonisch-rechtlichen Texten aus dem XIV. – XV. Jh. sich derzeitig in der Harvard University Library (USA) befi ndet, wo sie aller Wahrscheinlichkeit nach in der Zwischenkriegszeit geriet. Bei der Verfolgung der Schicksale der Pressburger Kapitelmitglieder wird uns nicht überraschen, daß ihr Hauptziel in der ersten Reihe die kirchliche Karriere war – sie garantierte nämlich sicheren gesellschaftlichen Aufstieg und gleichzeitig auch kanonische und bischöfl iche Prebenden. Mehrere von ihnen nützten dann ihre internationalen Erfahrungen und Kenntnisse auf dem Gebiet der Slowakei aus.

Proceedings of the 9th International RAIS Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities

Author(s): / Language(s): English

This publication presents the Proceedings of the 9th International RAIS Conference onSocial Sciences and Humanities held at Princeton, The Erdman Center, 20 Library Place, NJ08540, USA, on April 4-5, 2018. The Conference was organized by Research Association forInterdisciplinary Studies.

Да направим земя и хора

Author(s): Borislava Petkova / Language(s): Bulgarian

The main subject in the book is the creation of the world and humankind and the following Original sin, shaping the entire episode of the beginnings of human history. The specific concepts laid out on the basis of the core elements of the subject, evoke a peculiar and endless dialogue between broad cultural constructs – the mythological heritage, canonical Christianity, adjoining apocryphal literature and pagan folklore. The narrative corpora, which were simultaneously existing and known to the medieval and pre-modern reader or listener, preserve the ideas and beliefs about comogony and anthropogony inherited through the ages.

Unicka eparchia turowsko-pinska w XVII-XVIII w. Struktura organizacyjna

Author(s): Wojciech Walczak / Language(s): Polish

The author of the book examined the organizational structure of theUniate Eparchy of Turov and Pinsk in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.He based his works on extensive literature, and above all, on extensive sourcematerial. He based his conclusions on the material acquired in archives andlibraries in Poland and abroad: Vilnius, St. Petersburg, Minsk, Kiev, Lviv,Vatican City, Rome, London and Stockholm. The paper has been divided bythe author into 6 chapters and an introduction.

Kościół w sferze publicznej: Natanek, Nergal, Boniecki. Wybrane studia przypadków

Author(s): Adam Warzecha / Language(s): Polish

Relations between the Roman Catholic Church and the public sphere in Poland have played an important role in socio-political life since the dawn of our statehood. Recently, however, the Church’s situation has become more complex. Its social position, until recently almost unchallenged, gradually decreases. The book is an attempt to answer questions about the causes of this situation. Readers can learn from it about the Church’s functioning in the Polish public sphere, especially in terms of communications (how is the public relations’ social practice recontextualized in it) and discursive strategies utilized. The study employs Critical Public Relations (CPR), the original and interdisciplinary research method presented here for the first time, combining conceptual devices of Public Relations (PR) and Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). It is used to analyze manifestations of communication semiosis of the PR-type established in the Roman Catholic Church in Poland. Through the said analysis, the answer is given to the question of how this semiosis materialized in the multiple “hard” Church social structures (institutions, posts, functions, strategies, procedures, etc.) and how it is operationalized in “soft”, impermanent, though specific and dynamic, communication events in which the Church took part. To this purpose, case studies of Rev. Piotr Natanek, Adam “Nergal” Darski and Rev. Adam Boniecki are carried out. They are considered representative due to the nature of the public debate accompanying them, as well as the quantity of available research material. The events in question are reenacted based on the corpus of texts and audiovisual records from 2007–2017, thoroughly analyzed using a process-oriented case-study method. Interdiscursive analysis facilitated precise identification of various discursive strategies (including semantic shifts, vague relationships, exclusion from discourse, scandal and viral communication), and above all, the struggle of these strategies for hegemony within and outside the Church organization. This indicates the applicability of the proposed analytical approach to future studies of various border areas in the humanities, especially when such interdisciplinarity poses a number of methodological concerns.

Szarbel. Droga doskonałości. Współczesne oblicze wczesnochrześcijańskiej filozofii ascezy

Author(s): Aleksander R. Bańka / Language(s): Polish

Charbel: The Road to Perfection is the first Polish-language monograph on the life and spirituality of Charbel Makhlouf, a Lebanese monk and eremite, who is regarded as the most important modern continuator of early Christian ascetic philosophy. It is a study of his life, the most significant threads of his spirituality, and the philosophical foundations of his asceticism. The volume consists of three chapters, a preface, an introduction, concluding remarks, bibliography, and a personal index. Chapter 1 opens with a presentation of the broader context of Charbel Makhlouf ’s life. It outlines the short history of the Maronite Church, of which Charbel was a member, and the history of the Maronites, beginning with the early stage when the community was forming, until the turmoil of war, which cast a shadow over the early period of his life. This broader context makes it possible to carry out a detailed analysis of facts that comprise this part of Charbel’s life (before he entered the novitiate in Mayfouq) and to propose a chronological and factographic reconstruction of his childhood, which is the main task of Chapter 1. The motivation for this approach comes from the fact that the first period of Charbel’s life is poorly documented, giving rise to many conjectures and speculations that need verification. Both contexts — the historical background and Charbel’s childhood and youth — are presented in the first chapter of this volume as a unique substratum for his developing monastic vocation and his future ascetic practice. Although Charbel’s spirituality was a continuation of the main ideas of the ascetic practice of the Egyptian desert fathers and early Christian Syrian ascetics, at the end of the 19th century, this Lebanese eremite was able to shape it in a way that was novel and unprecedented in the modern understanding of the past Christian ascetic tradition. Thus, apart from providing a detailed analysis of facts that comprise the second period of Charbel’s life (before he became an eremite), Chapter 2 of this volume attempts to present the evolution of the main elements of his spirituality, in particular, of the fundamental aspects of the so-called philosophy without philosophy (the way of working and praying, faithfulness to the rule, the idea of monastic obedience, and the devotion to liturgy). The last period of Charbel Makhlouf ’s life comprises almost 24 years spent in the hermitage in Annaya. It is during that time that the unique elements of Charbel’s eremite life became recognisable and that the strong impact his attitude had on society became visible. This influence, which intensified following his death and triggered many socio-cultural transformations both in Lebanon and in other parts of the Middle East, stems from an extremely radical interpretation and practice of the profoundest ascetic ideals of the Christian tradition. Chapter 3 attempts to demonstrate how these ideals manifested themselves in Charbel’s mature years and in what way they were transposed to his contemporaneous cultural context. For this reason, the analysis presented in Chapter 3 is not limited to historical findings related to the final period of Charbel’s life (establishing facts and verification of biographic data up to the time of his death in the Annaya hermitage) but also aims to reconstruct a complete picture of his spirituality. The volume ends with extensive concluding remarks, which systematically and succinctly present the effects of Charbel’s life, his influence on the shape of Middle East Christianity, and the development of his cult in the modern Catholic Church. This monograph is addressed not only to researchers and students but also to readers who, through the prism of Charbel’s life, wish to gain more insight into Christian eremitism and Christian spirituality in the Middle East and, above all, to discover the modern face of early Christian ascetic philosophy.

The Experience of Faith in Slavic Cultures and Literatures in the Context of Postsecular Thought

Author(s): / Language(s): English

The book contains reflections on the diversified religious experience expressed in the culture and literature of the Slavic region. We can say that Slavic religious experience is “messy”, but maybe it is better to say this is Slavic experience of modernity that is “messy”. Bearing in mind that ‘Slavic experience’ is only a metaphor – a mental shortcut – we should remember that it is torn between the specificity of the local context and the Western-centric unification. Reflection on specific features of local religious experiences and examining this phenomenon in the context of global processes enriches knowledge of modernity and its relation to secularization and desecularization. If modernity is defined broadly and universally, then studies on ‘small cultures’ can go beyond the traditional interpretative ‘pattern – copy’ or ‘center – periphery’ models.

Catholicism as a Cultural Phenomenon in the Time of Globalization. A Polish Perspective

Author(s): Stanisław Obirek / Language(s): English

„On the densely and richly populated Polish intellectual scene, Stanisław Obirek is one of the most prominent and significant, indeed out-standing actors. He stands out from the rest of actors for the role he designed and scripted for himself and has been consistently, over many years, performing; (…) a role that follows no ready-made scripts and lines, a role that Obirek originated and developed (…) and which it have succeeded by now to make an indispensable part of the Polish intellectual life.One should be grateful to the publishers for collecting, (…) the manifold Obirek’s writings on the subjects ranging from the general condition of religion in contemporary world, through the problems related to the Church’s place and role in society (…). and up to the convoluted, intricate and puzzling case of the Polish-Jewish relation, which Stanisław Obirek is not the first Catholic tackling, but perhaps the first scholar attempting to approach it as a Catholic. One should be graleful to the publishers, as what they offer the readers is a genuine treasure-trove of fascinating findings, convincing interpretations and inspiring visions, which will most certainly earn a distinguished and durable place in the ongoing debates in Poland, but also all around our disunited yet struggling to unite planet.” Zygmunt Bauman

Świat awifauny V w polskich i czeskich przekładach Pisma Świętego. Żuraw i struś

Author(s): Lubomir Hampl / Language(s): Polish

As in previously published volumes (I–IV) of Świat awifauny w czeskich i polskich przekładach Pisma Świętego (The World of Avifauna in Czech and Polish translations of the Holy Bible), the basis for my research are the socalled sixteen basic translations of the Holy Bible into Polish and Czech languages. This means that the following version of the Czech and Polish biblical translations have been excerpted from the presented work.Consequently, the eight fundamental Czech biblical translations have been thoroughly studied, which includes two Old-Bohemian translations, namely the best-known Protestant Bible Kralická bible, in particular its last edition from 1613, and the Catholic Olomoucká bible dated 1417, as well as six contemporary Czech translations of the Bible (representing different canons and Christian denominations and religious communities): Český ekumenický překlad (Czech ecumenical translation), Český studijní překlad (Czech research translation), Bible překlad 21. století (Bible translation of the 21st century), Překlad nového světa (New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures)), Jeruzalémská bible (The Jerusalem Bible), and Slovo na cestu (Word on the road). Moreover, in the case of the Polish-language editions of the Bible, the author also ensured that the criteria relating to the place and time of publication and similarly belonging to different Christian enominations and religious communities match those of the corresponding Czech-language editions. Eight basic editions were examined, including two Old-Polish editions: Protestant Biblia gdańska from 1632 and the Roman Catholic translation by Jakub Wujek from 1599, in addition to six contemporary translations: Nowa Biblia gdańska, Biblia Tysiąclecia (The Millennium Bible), which is also called Tyniecka; Biblia warszawsko-praska (The Warsaw-Prague Bible), translated by a single person, Fr. Bishop Kazimierz Romaniuk, Biblia warszawska colloquially called Brytyjka (‘the British Bible’), Biblia poznańska, and Jehovah’s Witnesses’ Przekład Nowego Świata (New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures).In order to broaden the scope of research, the supplementary material (clearly supporting the knowledge in question) was also a partly selective presentation of ten biblical editions (four Czech and six Polish translations of the Holy Bible – see additionally compiled statements in the main text).From Czech translations I used translations made only by a single person, that is, the three-volume edition of Bible česká translated by Jan Hejčl, from the beginning of the 20th century and Pavlíkův studijní překlad (Pavlík’s research translation) by Miloš Pavlík as the most recent instance of the modern translation of the Holy Bible, which currently broadly available on the Czech publishing market, since2014. The Old-Bohemian Bible drážďanská (The Dresden Bible) from the 14th century (unfortunately extant only in a few fragments) and Old-Bohemian Litoměřicko-Třeboňská Bible (Třeboň Bible) published from the beginning of the 15th century, were also referred to.In addition, I used the Polish-language supplementary translations, such as: the Old-Polish Calvinist edition of Biblia brzeska (The Brest Bible), also called Biblia Radziwiłłowska (The Radziwiłł Bible) after the founder of this translation or Biblia pinczowska (The Pinczów Bible) after the place of its publication, and examples from the Old-Polish edition of Biblia Szymona Budnego (Szymon Budny’s Bible), also known as Biblia nieświeska. The following modern editions were additionally used: Biblia jerozolimska (The Jerusalem Bible), Biblia Paulistów (The Paulist Bible), Biblia ekumeniczna (Ecumenical Bible) and an interlinear translation with grammatical codes and transliteration repared by Anna Kuśmirek titled Hebrajsko-polski Stary Testament. Prorocy (Hebrew-Polish Old Testament of Prophets). In addition to these basic and supplementary editions of the Holy Bible, many other Czechand Polish-language editions of the Bible were used from different historical periods.

Samotność duszy. Dziedzictwo wiary i rozumu w (po)nowoczesności

Author(s): Krzysztof Tyszka / Language(s): Polish

The author presents the historical and philosophical background of the disputes over the condition of European civilization in the modern era that took place in the 20th century. In this context, he analyzes the main threads of the discussion between the supporters of "faith" and "reason", the strengths and weaknesses of both positions, their inspirations and limitations. He tries to answer the question about sense of such dispute in times of doubts about the guiding ideas and great narratives. He also poses the question about the value of discussing the condition of the world and looking for ways to repair it in the situation of "liquid" reality.

Filozofia Emmanuela Levinasa jako ancilla theologiae

Author(s): Jan Słomka / Language(s): Polish

The present monograph constitutes a theological reading of the thought of Emmanuel Levinas. The volume contains Levinas’s assessment of the contemporary intellectual and spiritual landscape of the West and an analysis of selected thoughts of the French philosopher — from the idea of creation, through atheism, freedom and guilt (or the original sin in theology), to the question of truth and revelation — and their comparison with analogous issues in Catholic theology. The final section presents his critique of Christian theology. It is a fundamental critique, questioning the rational foundations of this theology. It is this critique, as the author of this volume argues, that is most inspiring for a Catholic theologian.

Autour et à travers / În jurul și de-a lungul. Actes du Symposium "Autour et à travers", CRU TUIASI

Author(s): / Language(s): Romanian,French

The volume brings together some of the presentations made during the symposium "Around and Across" organised by the Centre de Réussite Universitaire of "Gheorghe Asachi" Technical University of Iasi as part of a larger project, entitled Transversal(ité) dans l'Univers(ité), supported and funded by the Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie in Central and Eastern Europe in 2021-2022. The general topic of the volume - circularity and linearity in sciences and arts, and in knowledge in general - was intended to be approached in a trans-disciplinary or in a multidisciplinary perspective.

Młodość w służbie ołtarz

Author(s): Katarzyna Sadowska,Marta Jadwiga Kędzia / Language(s): Polish

Altar service, formation functioning as part of the youth liturgical service of the altar in the Roman Catholic Church, considered in the socio-pedagogical context, is part of the mainstream of the thematic area of social Sciences and issues concerning the community of adolescent young people who seek life paths for themselves and shape their identity in a group of people. with similar beliefs and ideals. Among the problems considered in this study, one of the most important is the problem of youth in the service of the altar, focused on belonging to the community of altar boys, a group of people who "serve" in the church, identity in a special way with Christian education rooted in the stream of personalism. Therefore, the study tries to show a fragment of the social reality of young people from the perspective of personalistic pedagogy, "service" understood as "giving" to others the personal resources of an individual, selected educational concepts revealed in the Polish Church in the 20th century and the assumptions of Vatican II. The authors express their hope that the reading will become a contribution to reflection on the values important for the upbringing of young people, which - according to the authors - seem to be slowly recognized as less important than material goods in the contemporary world. At the same time - researchers want to point out that they have different worldviews, and thus want to emphasize that in the process of constructing this monograph, they paid attention to the values that connect beyond divisions.