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Bosansko-humski krstjani u turskim vrelima (napomene)

Author(s): Nenad Maočanin / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

By the mid-16th century half of the Bosnian population converted to Islam. The interest for joining the Ottoman war machine that numerous groups within the population exhibited and the rise of new types of towns can, to a certain extent, enable the deciphering of this phenomenon. However, social, economic and financial elements are of even greater importance. Recently, it has been found that, even after the conquest, many slaves were taken from Bosnia to the Empire’s hinterland and this factor of insecurity could have instigated the convergence (this will be dealt with later). On the doctrinal level, specific affinities between krstjani and Islam could not have existed.

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Islam i muslimani u pravaškoj ideologiji: o pokušaju gradnje “pravaške” džamije u Zagrebu 1908.

Author(s): Zlatko Hasanbegović / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

The attitude toward Islam and Muslims is one of the foundations of Rightist political-national ideology. It was framed in terms of the reality of the so-called Eastern Question in the second half of the 19th century, and as a key component of the Rightist concept of a multi-religious Croatian nation. The father of the Rightist attitude to Islam and Bosnian Muslims was the founder of the Party of Right, A. Starčević, who in his writings on the complexity of the Eastern Question compared the demonization of Islam and the Ottoman state in the ideology of Croatian Yugoslavism with the moral and social bases of Islamic teaching as well as an idealized view of the Bosnian Muslim aristocracy and the main Ottoman social and legalpolitical institutions. J. Frank and his Pure Party of Right held the same attitude toward Islam and the Muslims because in religious and cultural matters they faithfully followed the original Rightist liberal programme, taking a stand against religious exclusivism, the conflation of religion and nationality, and a politics founded upon confessional principles. Rightist liberal nationalism freed of all confessional ingredients magnetically drew the first post-Ottoman Bosnian Muslim intellectual generation infused with the ideal of harmonizing Islamic traditions and the main currents of modernism.

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Cechy archaiczne i regionalne w odnalezionym fragmencie rękopisu filomackiego przekładu Koranu na język polski

Author(s): Joanna Kulwicka-Kamińska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

So far, research into the literary achievements of Vilnius-based Philomaths and Filarets has been conducted on the basis of various philological sources (particularly correspondence and individual authors’ works); however, it has not taken into account the translation of the Quran into Polish rendered by Fr Dionizy Chlewiński and Ignacy Domeyko. This resulted from the lack of awareness of the existence of such translation and the lack of sources to conduct studies in this respect. The subject of analysis in this paper is a recently found copy of the lost manuscript of the said two Philomaths from Vilnius. The paper attempts at a reconstruction of the unknown history of the translation and contains a preliminary historical and linguistic description of the newly found source text which is invaluable for contemporary Humanities.

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The Foreign Fighter Phenomenon and Radicalization in the Western Balkans: Understanding the Context, 2012-2016

Author(s): Vlado Azinović / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Over the last five years, a rise in radicalizing forces in the Western Balkans has manifested in the emergence of the foreign fighter phenomenon – the single most obvious indication of radicalization into violent extremism in the region. This has brought new security challenges and risks, including the departures of citizens to rebel-held territories in the Middle East. While some of these individuals are women, children, and elderly people who have not become foreign fighters, it is believed that from the end of 2012 through the beginning of 2016, up to 950 persons from Western Balkans countries travelled to Syria and Iraq. [...]

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ALBANIA: Radicalization and the Governance of Islam in Albania

Author(s): Arjan Dyrmishi / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

With some hundred or more Albanian citizens having now joined the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), radicalization has become a salient issue in both policy and scholarly domains in Albania. Given the Albanian tradition of religious tolerance and moderation, the quest to understand and explain the foreign fighter phenomenon has sparked extensive debate – in media, among the public, and within academia. Explanations for this trend have focused mainly on the socioeconomic factors affecting certain local communities and individuals, and on the failure of state institutions in some sectors, including in security, intelligence, and education. In general, academic researchers and pundits alike argue in favor of a more robust response by the government. [...]

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ALBANIA: Albanian Migrants and Risks of Radicalization

Author(s): Ebi Spahiu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The case of Albania – a new NATO member and an aspiring EU state – reflects that of many Western Balkans countries which have seen their citizens, largely from Muslim-majority areas, join extremist organizations in the Middle East since the 2011 outset of the Syrian conflict. The number of foreign fighters hailing from Albania and the rest of the region peaked when Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi, the alleged leader of the so-called Islamic State (ISIL), declared the formation of a new “caliphate” in 2014, in territories in Syria and Iraq, and called on Muslims from around the world to migrate there. Security and intelligence services in the region quickly took action against homegrown extremist cells that recruited and facilitated the travel of citizens in response to Al-Baghdadi’s call. However, questions remain over what motivated citizens from Albania to join extremist organizations and the pattern of their radicalization. [...]

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BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA: The Complex Ecology of Islamic Narratives and Movements in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Author(s): Muhamed Jusić / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The current religious life of Muslims in Bosnia and Herzegovina is about returning to domestic traditions and reducing the post-communist euphoria in public demonstration of religion. The fall of the socialist order led to this euphoria, which was intensified by the aggression and war in Bosnia and Herzegovina – seen, in the minds of Bosnian Muslims, as aimed at destroying Bosnia and Herzegovina as a state and Bosniaks as a people. Meanwhile, the pluralization of the Islamic religious scene in Bosnia and Herzegovina has resulted in the emergence of non-traditional forms of Islamic religious practice. On one hand, this pluralization occurred within the Islamic Community as a consequence of its openness toward other madhhabs and Islamic experiences, and as a result of its exposure to globalization and other broader social and cultural shifts. On the other hand, it occurred outside the Islamic Community and, sporadically, against it, through advocates of different alternative, and in principle, sloppy and rigid interpretations of Islam. The vast majority of Bosnian Muslims perceive these alternative views as attacks on the traditional Bosnian practice of Islam, and they reject them as unacceptable attempts to replace a religion of joy, serenity, and tolerance with a religion of gloominess, discontent, and exclusiveness; attempts to abandon a religion that palliates in order to accept a religion that aggravates.

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CROATIA: ISIL’s Western Balkan Caliphettes

Author(s): Anita Perešin / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

With the June 2014 establishment of a “caliphate” in the territories of Iraq and Syria, announced by the self-proclaimed “caliph” and leader of ISIL Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, his appeal to all Muslims to migrate to these territories has been viewed by some “true believers” in the Western Balkans as a mandatory religious duty. A new wave of Muslim men and women from the Balkans, motivated by a combination of religious and other factors, have left home for the “caliphate,” where the Balkan contingent has supported groups fighting the Assad regime since the beginning of the civil war in Syria. The number of Western Balkans citizens in ISIL territories is not precisely known, but up to 1,000 are thought to make up the Balkan contingent – including male fighters, a much smaller percentage of female fighters, women and children who accompanied their husbands and fathers, some women who traveled alone (often in order to marry), and a small number of teenagers, most of whom have left home without the consent of their parents. The motives and expectations of women in this contingent are difficult to grasp; for, despite ISIL propaganda that compares living in its territory to being at a “Disneyland for Muslims,” the group is among the most notorious terrorist organizations in the world, infamous for its brutal abuse, derogation, and mistreatment of women. [...]

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MONTENEGRO: Montenegro and the Foreign Fighter Phenomenon

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Like other countries in the region, Montenegro has had its fair share of citizens participating as foreign fighters on battlefields abroad; and for the purpose of this study, we will focus on Montenegrin foreign fighters in Syria and Iraq. Due to its geographical location and shared borders with countries that have dealt to a greater degree with this phenomenon – such as Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and Albania – the number of Montenegrin foreign fighters joining the fronts of the so-called Islamic State has varied over time, reaching its peak in 2014. Numbers in 2016 were the lowest they have been since the start of the phenomenon; and one can argue that this is the result of legal and operational mechanisms implemented by the Montenegrin government in 2015. [...]

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KOSOVO: The Foreign Fighter Phenomenon in Kosovo: Covering a Blind Spot

Author(s): Shpend Kursani,Arbër Fetiu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The recent emergence of the foreign fighter phenomenon, which has entangled citizens of Kosovo, has attracted significant attention among policymakers, security analysts, and academics at the local and international levels. In Kosovo, the jihadist ideology linked to the phenomenon is unprecedented, at least insofar as its scale. Even the Afghan Wars (1978-1992 and 2001-present) and other Middle Eastern conflicts, which have attracted some 5,000 to 20,000 foreign fighters – many from Europe and the United States – have not inspired certain elements of Kosovo’s Muslim population like the recent conflict in Syria has. Many authors have pointed to the ease of travel and the proximity of the Syrian conflict as important factors in explaining the extraordinary numbers of European foreign fighters taking part in the war there. Yet, the Bosnian war (1992-1995), which attracted a few thousand fighters from around the world, including from other parts of Europe, did not attract fighters from Kosovo in any significant numbers, despite their even closer proximity and potential geostrategic interest in fighting Serbia. [...]

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SLOVENIA: From Conversion to Jihad: Contemporary Janissaries – A Slovenian Case Study

Author(s): Simona Hrastnik Čuček / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

As the Syrian crisis has escalated, Slovenia – like a number of European countries – has faced the departure of volunteers for Middle Eastern battlefields. There has been a growing interest among young members of local radical Salafi associations to engage in jihad, which compelled the first two such departures of young men, both converts, in the summer of 2013. They were followed by a third in October of that same year. The radicalization of these young men occurred very quickly, with less than a year passing between their conversion to Islam and their departures for foreign conflict zones. These cases serve as proof that the radicalization process can be expedited by aggressive religious propaganda, particularly that viewed on the Internet, which keeps adherents up-to-date on and personally invested in the situation in Syria and Iraq. The Internet is also the platform of choice for extremist activities of almost any type that address people in their local languages, as part of an effort to spread propaganda. [...]

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Turkish Muslims in a German city: Entrepreneurial and residential self-determination

Author(s): Sarah Hackett / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Germany’s Turkish communities have long been at the centre of vibrant political, academic and public deliberations. During the guest-worker years and the family reunification period that followed, and throughout their emergence as fixed attributes on German cities’ landscapes, Turks secured a firm place in debates in a Germany that was a reluctant and hesitant country of immigration. In recent years, they have been the prime focus of discussions and reflections on integration, citizenship, multiculturalism, segregation, social cohesion and the place of Islam in Germany. On the whole, the history of Turkish migration to and subsequent settlement in Germany during the post-1960s era has conventionally been associated with economic exploitation and hardship, residential difficulties and segregation, educational underachievement, confusion, uncertainty, shortsighted political strategies and ad hoc social provisions (Herbert, 1986; Abadan-Unat, 2011). Turks have gradually come to be perceived as the ethnic minority group least likely to achieve integration into German society, and as recognizable and clear Ausländer.

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An Investigation on the Turkish Religious Foundation of the UK (Diyanet)

Author(s): Yakup Çoştu,Feyza Ceyhan Çoştu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

People referred to as Turkish immigrants in Britain are comprised of Turks, Kurds emanating from the borders of the Turkish Republic and Turkish Cypriots. Turkish Cypriots migration to Britain started in the 1940s following the World War II and increased throughout the 1960s (Ladbury 1977; Robins & Aksoy 2001). Turkish migration from mainland Turkey to Britain started in the early 1970s (Mehmet Ali 2001; Issa 2005). Ethnic Kurds from Turkey began to immigrate in larger numbers during the late 1980s and early 1990s, often seeking refuge and asylum status (Robins & Aksoy 2001; Atay 2006). These increasing waves of migration have resulted in a significant social and cultural presence within British society (Çoştu, 2013a).

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The Role of Religious Groups on the Daily Religious Lives of European Turks

Author(s): Yakup Çoştu,Feyza Ceyhan Çoştu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

European Turks have experienced a tough adaptation process in their host countries because of the coming back to their homeland possibility has considerably decreased. Although acquiring citizenship in the host countries has several achievements legally, they came across problems such as a crisis of religious and national identity, conflicts of generations and cultures, and alienation. Turkish immigrants have established a number of community organizations and solidarity networks within the framework of the legal rights granted to them by the host country, primarily to provide services in various areas. One of the organizations that has been founded by European Turks are mostly mosque based organizations. The most important part of these organizations founded especially by Turkish immigrants who are close or sympathisers to religious groups and movements in Turkey or connected with them. These organizations were very similar to religious groups and movement in Turkey and in time they have become institutive for fulfilling differentiated demands of immigrant communities. Because of their active role in the everyday religious life of European Turks analysing those civil religious organizations and the religious and cultural life around it is so valuable.

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Göçmen Radikalizmi ve Göçmen Nihilizmi Üzerine. Ortadoğu’dan Türkiye’ye Göçler Üzerine Düşünceler

Author(s): Mehmet Evkuran / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Hangi nedenle olursa olsun göç, sadece bir ‘yer değiştirme’ değildir. İnsanlar üzerinde derin ve kalıcı izler bırakır. Göç eden insan ve guruplar, dünyayı ve kendi değerlerini kökten bir yeniden gözden geçirmeye zorlanırlar. Bu radikal pozisyon, evdeki rahat ve huzurun bozulmasının bir sonucu-dur. Göç, eğer iç savaş gibi travmatik olaylardan kaynaklanıyorsa, değerlerin alt üst oluşuna da yol açabilir. Ya da tam karşıtı değer ve inançlara radikal dönüşlere de neden olabilir. Nihilizm ile radikalizm arasında bocalayan göçmen, bu sorunu aşmak için çeşitli yollar denemek durumundadır.

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Göç Olgusunun Dinsel ve Mezhepsel Kimlikler Üzerindeki Etkisi

Author(s): Sıddık Korkmaz / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Göç olgusunun dinsel ve mezhepsel kimlikler üzerindeki etkileri ve bu etkilerin tarihsel örnekleri nelerdir? Buna ilaveten tarihsel bir realite olan göç olgusunun iyi tahlil edilebilmesi için ne gibi hususlar göz önünde bulundurulmalıdır? Bu olgunun insan üzerindeki etkisi din ve mezhep anlayışına yansımaları nasıl olmaktadır? şeklindeki sorular, cevaplarını arayacağımız hususlardandır.

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Zabrana nošenja vjerskih obilježja na radnom mjestu: perspektiva Suda pravde Evropske unije

Author(s): Amila Kurtović / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Već decenijama je marama ili hidžab tema šire društvene, a u posljednje vrijeme i pravne polemike u nekoliko evropskih država, naročito u Belgiji i Francuskoj. To nije iznenađujuće kada se uzme u obzir da obje te države na svojim prostorima imaju dugu tradiciju islama, te brojne muslimanske zajednice koje zahtijevaju poštivanje svojih vjerskih uvjerenja. Uprkos tome, ni Belgija ni Francuska ne djeluju odveć otvorene prema vjerskoj raznolikosti svojih stanovnika. Takav stav se često opravdava zahtjevima “vjerske neutralnosti” ili sekularizma. Neutralni pristup države religiji između ostalog podrazumijeva da niti jedna religija ne smije imati utjecaja na državna pitanja. Jedna od posljedica takvog pristupa u ovim dvjema državama je i zabrana nošenja vjerskih simbola na radnom mjestu za javne službenike, što – kako se u praksi pokazalo – najviše dotiče pokrivene žene muslimanke. Osim državne službe, zabrane nošenja hidžaba, odnosno drugih vjerskih obilježja, uvele su i škole, ugostiteljski i sportski objekti, a sada i poslodavci privatnog sektora, formulirajući ih kao zabrane nošenja pokrivala za glavu ili generalne zabrane nošenja vjerskih obilježja i odjeće. Takve prakse su u mnogim slučajevima svojim odlukama podržali i nacionalni sudovi.

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Aileyi Tehdit Eden Cinsel Yönelimlere Fıkhî Bakış

Author(s): Hilal ÖZAY / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Allah Teâlâ insanın dünyaya gelmesi, sağlıklı ve mutlu bir şekilde büyüyüp yetişmesi, huzurlu ve güvenli bir toplum oluşturması, imtihan edilmesi için ilk insandan itibaren nikâh akdi altında belli şartlarla aile kurumunu var etmiştir. Aile içerisinde de insanı kendi başına bırakmamış, karı-koca, anne-baba, kız-oğul gibi cinsiyete ve onda var edilen özelliklere uygun roller ve bunlara bağlı hak ve sorumlulukları ayrıntılı bir şekilde belirlemiştir. Bu düzenin var olması ve devam etmesi için de ilk insandan itibaren insanı kadın ve erkek iki farklı cinsiyette ve farklı özellikte yaratmıştır. Kur’ân-ı Kerim’de çeşitli vesilelerle pek çok ayetle buna vurgu yapmıştır.

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Çağdaş İslâm Düşüncesinde Türkiye Merkezli Siyaset ve Liderlik Arayışları

Author(s): Bayram Ali Çetinkaya / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Tanzimat Fermanı’nın ilanı (1839) ile birlikte başlayan dönem içinde yetişen düşünürler -Şinasi (1826-1871), Ziya Paşa, Namık Kemal- Tanzimat’ın getirdiği yeni ruhu yaymak, yurttaşların hak ve özgürlüklerini tanıtmak bakımından büyük çaba içerisinde olmuşlardır. 1908 Meşrûtiyeti, bu düşünürlerin hazırladığı temel üzerine gelişme kaydetmiş, büyük ölçüde de bunların eseri olmuştur. Tanzimat aydını, Batının hızlı yükselişini takip edip anlamaya çalışan, kendi toplumlarını ve devletlerini içine düştüğü sıkıntılardan kurtarmak için uğraşan ve mutlaka bir şeylerin yapılması gerektiğine inanan, bunun için aklına gelen her çareye başvuran eklektik bir aydın tipidir. Bazı araştırmacılar, dönemin aydınlarını, modernleşme karşısındaki tavırları ile değil, siyasî bakış açıları ile sınıflandırmanın daha gerçekçi olacağını kaydederler. İlk grupta, siyasî eylemden önce mutlaka halkın aydınlatılması gerektiğini savunan, bütün gayretlerini Batı bilim ve düşüncesini halka benimsetmeye çalışan münevver tipi yer alır. Münif Paşa, Hoca Tahsin, Şinasi bu sınıfta bulunmaktadır. İkinci grup, doğrudan eyleme geçerek merkezi iktidarı sahiplenme arzusu içinde, kötü gidişe son verip, kafalarındaki planı uygulamak düşüncesine sahip olanlardır. Birinci grupta yer alan aydınlar, -Şinasi hariç- iktidarla uzlaşmayı benimsemişlerdir. Ahmet Mithat Efendi’nin (1844-1884) Abdülhamid’le uyuşması birinci tip aydınlar için en açık örnektir. Kanun-i Esasi’nin hazırlanmasında rol oynayan Namık Kemal, Ziya Paşa ikinci tipin kısmen de olsa başarıya ulaşmış örneklerini verirler.

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Calitatea spaţiilor publice în Orientul Mijlociu şi Africa de Nord - o perspectivă comparativă

Author(s): Alexandru-Ionuţ Petrişor,Liliana Elza PETRIŞOR / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

This study specifically analyzes the MENAT area (Middle East and North Africa plus Turkey) using images collected during self-funded on-site documentary studies to look at the public space. The analysis included Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Egypt in Africa, and Turkey and Jordan in Asia. The analysis found out a gradient starting with well designed public spaces in the large cities, down to a lack of care for the public space, seen often as “no one’s land” in informal settlements and small cities. These contrasts between countries, within the same country and even within the same city are a common feature of the analyzed area.

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