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The present article presents some objects of plastic art from the Eneolithic Gumelnita culture, which were discovered at the beginning of the 20th Century in a tell on the area of the Jilava comune, county Ilfov, the site being destroyed during quarrying for gravel. According to some soundings excavated by Dinu V. Rosetti in 1929-1931, at the site Magura Jilava the existence of a single settlement layer of phase B1 of the Gumelnita culture was documented. Due to the planned exploitation of gravel, before the soundings very many objects had been collected from the site. Many of these finds, discovered by chance, were bought by Dr. Constantin Istrati-Capsa for his personal exhibition, which was to form a basis for the second museum institution in Drobeta-Turnu-Severin founded in 1924, named Muzeul Dr. C. I. Istrati. The heritage from this museum was transferred to the Museum of the Iron Gates’ Region in the early 1950´s, where a large part of the former Istrati-Capsa collection is still preserved today. Among the materials of this collection there are nine anthropomorphic-zomorphic sculptures, of which six have never been published: the fragment of an anthropomorphic vessel, an anthropomorphic bone figurine, the clay reprezentation of an hedgehog and three vessel-lids with anthropomorphic handles. In addition there are two pots of daily use and a miniature house discovered by chance at the same Magura Jilava site and which complement the Gumelnita material in the collection of the Museum of the Iron Gates’ Region.
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Die vorliegende Studie ist eine rumänische Variante des Beitrages, der in der Festschrift für Herrn Tudor Soroceanu erscheinen soll, die in der Reihe Biblioteca Historica et Archaeologica in Temeschwar vorbereitet wird. Dort erscheint der gesamte Artikel auf Deutsch.
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The study presents a few altar objects that recently entered the collection of the museum, which were recuperated with similar artefacts of the wooden church from Hapria, deallocated in 2006 due to its severe deterioration. There are reviewed procedures of restoration-conservation to which the vigil lamps, censer and incense box were subjected to, as well as the way of reconstructing the constitutive elements that disappeared over time. In addition, the composition of the metal or alloy from which the pieces were made is referred to, taking as guiding marks interesting and useful information mentioned by some parish „chronicles” from the second half of the XIXth century, as well as from the history of metallurgy. Finally, there are revealed a few aspects concerning the symbolistim of analysed cult pieces and the substances used together with them along the officiation of the priestly ritual.
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Câlnic village is situated in south-eastern of Alba County, in the southern part of Plateau Secaselor, in the piedmont area of Cindrelului Mountains, on a left tributary of the river Secasul Mare, at a distance of 28 km of Alba Iulia and 15 km from Sebes. From the Cotofeni culture settlement, phase III b, derived a faunal sample of 590 bones, presented in this paper (table 1). The wild species, according to estimates amount to around 22% of the total presumed individuals, confirming the well circumscribed position of hunting in the food and utility; palette resources provided by large-sized game (deer, aurochs), medium or low (wild boar, fallow deer, hare) will be diverse, including meat, skins, fur, bone and horn. However the management of domestic species is more important than the game segment, it includes in descending order sheep-goat, cattle and pig. Slaughter age profiles suggest different exploiting of species (fig. 1). In the case of small ruminants two cutting „peaks” are found: one up to a year and the next over 4 years, a schedule that would correspond to a large extent to exploitation of meat and dairy products. There is a maximum of cattle slaughter (41.7 %) between 2 -3 years, so during highest fertility. Certainly animals selected for slaughter were primarily male. Killing at that time was obviously for meat. A second cut-peak maximum is reached after 4 - 5 years, and there are individuals of 5 -7 or 9- 11years old. Certainly by-products are sought in this case. For pigs the descending way of their curve is clearly observed in the graph 1, which means marked slaughter up to three years and then reduced. Meat production is ensured by slaughtering throughout the year, keeping an important animal as breeding stock. Perhaps Cotofeni communities, at least towards the end of their evolution, will have undergone some changes that would affect economic life: 1. the composition change of domestic stocks to refocus the animal production on ovicaprids exploitation, 2. an efficiency management of herds, focusing on by-products, especially in the case of cattle, species that required some efforts of livestock maintenance, especially during winter. Exploitation of wildlife in Cotofeni settlements of the territory of Romania is little known although there are currently a number of sites with zooarchaeological analyses. According to these data, it appears clear that inhabitants of Cotofeni settlements practiced the hunting of a variety of mammals for meat, hides, horn and bone in addition to breeding.
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This study proposes a grouping of earrings decorated with curled wire, that were discovered on the actual territory of Romania, a typology and chronology of them. An overview of the issue for the countries from Central Europe and of south-east was presented at the beginning. There follows a repertoire of discoveries from Romania, organized on types of sites (necropolises, settlements and discoveries of unstated type). The type of discoveries has been analysed, as well as the manufacturing materials, execution techniques (for lock-rings, rods and decor). Type I is represented by pieces from Alba Iulia-Statia de salvare, Coconi-Caldarea, Craiova-Fântâna Obedeanu, Dridu-La Metereze, Nufarul-La Piatra, Pacuiul lui Soare and Portaresti-Cetatuie; Pl.1/1-5, 8, 14, 15-18. This had probably the widest spread, being encountered in Korbovo, Bizeljske, Pilin, etc. Typology of pieces from Romania Type Ia (Suceava, Trifesti; Pl.1/19, 21). The piece from Suceava was discovered probably in the same context with another earring decorated with a round setting from silver wire. Similar pieces were discovered in Wallachia in the necropolis from Vadul Anei, being dated throughout the XVIth century. Unfortunately the stratigraphic context and chronology are not very evident for this piece. The piece from the second locality dates from the XIIIth-XIVth centuries. Type Ib (Trifesti; Pl. 1/20). At the moment we do not dispose of definite analogies for this piece, but on the base of general dating of the necropolis it may be dated similarly with the previous piece that came from the same locality. Type II (Craiova-Fântâna Obedeanu; Pl. 1/6-7) has analogies in discoveries from Macedonia, from Prilep, Kocani or from Serbia, in Ribnica. In this last locality, a sheet pendant was additionally added in the lower part of the rod. Type III (Isaccea; Pl.1/10-11) consists, in fact, of the pendants of some earrings. Similar pendants were also discovered only in Niš and Kocani. Pieces from Mâlesti and Hudum-Dealul Hudumului, necropolis 2 cannot be framed within a certain type or variant, they not being whole pieces. In the same situation are pieces from Bornis, Cetateni-Muscel and Cetatea Neamtului, which were not published with illustration or depiction.
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Varianta integrala în limba româna a acestui studiu se afla în curs de publicare la Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, seria Historia, 2009. Facem în continuare doar câteva precizari referitoare la materialul publicat aici. La cca 20 km nord de Alba Iulia, pe rama sud-estica a Apusenilor (în subdiviziunea Trascau), se afla un masiv calcaros (1078 m altitudine maxima) ce ofera o excelenta vizibilitate în bazinul mijlociu al Muresului (pl. I). În diversitatea materialelor arheologice gasite aici de-a lungul celor 18 campanii de cercetare arheologica sistematica se numara si piesele ce au intrat în componenta unor centuri (de la sisteme de închidere pâna la diverse garnituri), fara a avea pretentia epuizarii, cu acest prilej, a inventarului recuperat. Nu au fost discutate, cu acest prilej, cataramele din fier de forma rectangulara cu spin, aflate în numar considerabil, datorita plurivalentei de situatii în care ele puteau fi utilizate.
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The subject of this paper is a bronze socketed chisel recently found during rescue archaeological diggings conducted in the site at Alba Iulia – Dealul Furcilor-Monolit; this is located in the south-western part of the town, lying on the lower terrace of the Mures river (Pl. I). The chisel was found in trench S. 305, in the archaeological layer with Iron Age and Roman materials, at 0,88 m depth. The bronze piece is a socketed chisel with oval bordered socketed mouth. On the border it presents two simetrical buttons. On the upper side, below the bordered mouth, it is decorated on front and back with two V-shaped ribs and one parallel rib. The chisel has a plain tapering body, with oval section in the upper side and rectangular section on the blade. It is 8,9 cm long, 2,4 cm wide at the mouth, 1,2 cm at the cutting edge; hole diameter – 1,8/1,5 cm; socket depth – 4,6 cm; weight – 60,24 g (Pl. II). The oldest findings of this type of chisel belong to the middle Bronze Age and the youngest ones belong to the first Iron Age. As best analogy for the decorated chisel found in the site from Alba Iulia we find an isolated object in Romania, at Sacueni, Bihor county (Pl. IX/49). Chisels with the same body form are very common in the late Bronze Age and the first Iron Age (Pl. V-IX). Alba Iulia`s chisel dates from the first Iron Age and we may assert that it belongs to the channeled pottery horizon, contemporary with Gáva culture, discovered at Dealul Furcilor- Monolit. In Romania, bronze chisels were discovered in intra-Carpathian (the majority) and extra- Carpathian regions: 67 sites – 40 in hoards; 9 in settlements; 1 in funerary tumulus; 5 isolated objects; 14 unknown discoveries (Pl. XII)
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In diesem Werk sind die Implikationen der Entdeckung von zwei mit dem Kult Sols verbundenen, bei Salzburg/Ocna Sibiului/Vizakna entdeckten Stücke aus der Sammlung des Brukenthal- Nationalmuseums behandelt. Eins ist ein Griff (Henkel) einer Patera aus Keramik, der wahrscheinlich während des 19. Jh. entdeckt wurde und der sich ursprünglich in der Sammlung von Andreas Bakk, dem römisch-katholische Pfarrer aus Salzburg befand. Dieses Stück wurde separat hergestellt und wahrscheinlich dannach dem Gefäß beigefügt. Das durch ihre Charakteristika an der provinziellen Nachahmungen von terra sigillata recht guter Qualität erinnernde, aberirrtümlich für ein Modell zum Eindrücken gehaltete Stück wurde zum Gegenstand mehreren Anzeigen. Auf dem oberen Teil gibt es eine Gruppe von 10 Buchstaben, die von links nach rechts abnehmend in der weichen Paste mit einer scharfen Spitze ausgeführt wurde. Zum ersten Mal wurde im Jahre 1885 versucht, die Inschrift zu lesen (þONOINII), dann wieder im Jahre 1888 (OONO INII), in den ersten Jahrzehnten des 20. Jh., in zwei im alten Inventarregister des Museum eingetragenen Varianten (SOLI OIKI und SONOIKA) und später in der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jh. (SONOIK). Zu diesen fügt sich unserer Lesungsvorschlag hinzu: SOLI VOT(um) IVLI(us sive –anus?) (posuit). Das Stück stellt eine neue Inschrift bezüglich des Kult Sols dar, die recht schwierig und eher mutmaßlich, mit Rücksicht auf der Verbreitung dessen Kults in den dakischen Provinzen und, im allgemeinen, im Römischen Reich im 3. Jh. zu datieren ist.
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The paper deals with the complex problematics of the results of the more than 50 years of research on the prehistoric settlements existing between Limba and Oarda villages, situated along the lowest terrace of the Mures River, covering a surface around 2000x50 m. After 8 years from the last excavation, the author is decided to reopen the scientific research in this ensemble of prehistoric archaeological sites, rich in the deposits of the human activities from the early Neolithic to the Medieval times. The medium thickness of the archaeological layers is around 2,5 m, proving a very intensive human habitation, especially in the Neolithic and Copper Age, but also in the Bronze and Iron Age. After the description of the geo-morphological characteristics, the author presents all the sectors (points) of the ensemble, the topographic coordinates, particularly the stratigraphic successions of the cultural layers. At the end, a brief history of archaeological research is presented, field surveys and systematical excavations, the actual stage of knowledge about the evolution of the human communities and the general outlines of a new archaeological project, using modern methodologies and techniques of research.
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The authors talk about some Roman artifacts found in the storehouses of the museums from Sebes and Alba Iulia (Alba county, Romania). The first piece is a fragmentary votive plaque with an inscription dedicated to a deity. The second is a head of a statue with the hairdo of Faustina Senior, discovered in Lancram (Alba county, Romania), 10 km south from Apulum. It dates from the time of the Severian dinasty. The next three pieces are fragments of two limestone statues representing the iconographic type Iupiter tronans. The sixth one is a clay antefixa with the image of Iupiter discovered in Apulum, in the area of the biggest Roman town in Dacia, colonia Aurelia Apulensis. Another two pieces of this type were discovered in Apulum, south-east from the Roman legionary camp, in the place where A. Cserni, the first custodian of the Museum from Alba Iulia, has discovered a smallpart of the ancient Apulum. The seventh one is an artifact representing the left hand of a votive statue of Higya keeping the snake, the attribute of this goddess. The valorisation of Roman sculptural pieces preserved in the storehouses of museums is a welcome step for understanding the cultural and religious aspects of provincial Roman life.
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The short note is concerned with a new epigraphic discovery – arula – that appeared in the area of St. Francisc of Paula ravelin in the summer of 2008. Situated 250 m south from porta principalis dextra of the castrum of XIIIth Legion Gemina from Apulum, within an archaeological context where, more than three decades ago, appeared, by accident, more artifacts from the Roman period (a money box which still preserved a silver denarius issued between 114-117 by emperor M. Ulpius Traianus (RIC II, 343), a lucerna with the representation of the lightning belonging to god Jupiter, ceramic and glass fragments). The small altar, made of lime, preserves an inscription on three lines, out of which only one can be restored: SABI(nus). Probably, arula from Apulum was ordered by an inhabitant of canabae belonging to XIIIth Legion Gemina, it being preserved in his dwelling in a special place (sacred). Being given the discoveries from this point, it is predicted for 2009 the start of a project of systematic archaeological research, to evidence the traces of inhabitation from this southern extramural area of the castrum and military canabae subordinated administratively to the legionary fortification from Apulum.
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The author’s starting point in writing this work constituted a romantic conception of a professor at the ancient history department of the Babes-Bolyai University, according to whom the monographs of roman settlements (towns, rural settlements, camps), where series and lists of artefacts are published, are nothing else but a „heap (mixture) of nails and spikes”. The theoretical knowledge and the use in his own practice of some theoretical works on Roman provincial archaeology (Fischer 2001) of monographs of archaeological materials and artefacts (Dolenz 1999; Harnecker 1997), monographs of settlements especially camps (Gröncke- Weinlich 1991; Karnitsch 1972; Müller 1979; Schmidts 2004; Ulbert 1969; respectively Bishop 1996; Frere 1972; Richmond 1968; Robertson 1976) the author tries to point out that without such monographs, without the assembly of manufactured and circulated goods, provincial archaeology can not exist and it has no effects on the plan of historical interpretation. On the contrary, the absence of such monographs in the Romanian provincial archaeology (on settlements, towns, villae rusticae, camps) makes any attempt to make a monograph void of the essence for demonstration. The author suggests the reading of the cited works from the German and British archaeological literature (and others even noncited) by the above mentioned university professorbe change his conception and not to insinuate antiquated and retrograde conceptions in his students’ minds, which would pollute Romanian archaeology even more.
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The author presents all or almost all types of stamped tiles with toponyms found in the fortifications on the northern border of Dacia Ripensis (fig. 1-2). All dating from the period 275- 390 A.D. According to the last evaluation 45 fortifications were in function on this border (fig. 3): out of these 25 are small dimensioned forts, new constructions of quadriburgium type; four used to be camps that functioned in the 2nd-3rd centuries and were rebuilt; four fortified towns in the late roman period; 12 are presumed fortifications belonging to the same period; in addition are seven signal and watch towers. The quadriburgia were errected during the Tetrarchy (284-300); the old camps and the towns were fortified under Constantinus (324-330); the towers could not be precisely dated, but the general belief is that most of them belong to the reign of Valentinianus (365-375).The following tiled stamps with toponym have been identified: DIETRA/Tekija (fig. 4), DIERNA DRPDIERNA/Orsova (fig. 5), DIANA DARDIANA (Kladovo-Karataš) (fig. 6), DROBETA, DRVB, DRVBET/Drobeta T. Severin (fig. 7-8), P(onte)s/Kladovo-Kostol (fig. 9), AQUIS DRPAQVIS/Prahovo (fig. 10-11), RAT(iaria)/Arcar (fig. 19), ALM(us)/Lom (fig. 13), AVG(ustae) AVGVSTIS/AVG/SARM/Harletz (fig. 15), CEBR(us)/Cobrica-Gorni Cibar (fig. 14), VARINIA, VAR(inia), VARI(nia)/Selanovci (fig. 15-17), OES(cus) OISCI I/Gigen (fig. 20), VTO, OTV/Vit-Milkovica (fig. 18), ZON, AST, EIM/? (Fig. 21), unelucidated toponyms. Not all the typs of fortifications have stamps with toponyms. Out of the 25 new diacletianic fortifications only two have such stamps: Dierna/Orsova and Aquis/Prahovo; while all the four former camps as well as two of the four fortified towns have such stamps: Diana/Kladovo-Karataš, Drobeta/Drobeta Turnu Severin, Augusta/Harletz, Brza Palanka/Egeta, respectively Ratiaria/Arcar and Oescus/Gigen. An interesting facts is that in the former camps where bricks and tiles were manufactured even before 284, the workschops producing building materials did not interrupt their activity. The fact that it was possible to identify three great constructions phases and the spread of stamps with toponyms in all border fortifications suggests that in each of these construction phases intense work was carried on for the whole border. The present work wisches to bring a contribution to a better knowledge of the border of the late Roman province Dacia Ripensis.
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