We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
This article discusses a study of written dialecticism, conducted in order to assess how the authorial grapholect conveys oral dialecticism and to analyse the spelling choices made by the author. The dialectal discourse used for this study consists of a number of Facebook posts published in a dialectal grapholect by a female informant. The first part of the article focuses on specific orthographic decisions made by the author-informant to convey the distinct features of her native Eastern Aukštaitian subdialect of Panevėžys. The second investigative section of the article examines the perception of a dialectal grapholect, looking closely at how ordinary language users read and understand texts written in it. The study shows that the dialectal grapholect used by the author-informant – a speaker of the Eastern Aukštaitian subdialect of Panevėžys – is relatively systematic. Her transcription is predominantly phonetic, with the morphological principle employed in cases of positional quantitative vowel changes, i.e., no variations in individual word forms were captured in the written materials. The author-informant utilises the grapheme inventory of the standard language, without inventing any new graphemes or borrowing them from the orthographic sets of other languages in order to reflect certain specific sounds of the Panevėžys subdialect. Stress retraction is one of the most common causes for ending reduction in the linguistic homeland of the author-informant. However, when neither the accent nor the consonant palatalization after dropping the vowel are marked in the written text, anyone reading it, especially speakers of other Lithuanian variants, may struggle to clearly identify the grammatical form recorded by the author-informant. This was also confirmed by the perceptual study conducted at the same time. The sociolinguistic portraits of its participants indicate that dialectal codes were more alien than familiar to them in terms of active usage, but that they have had opportunities to gain some perceptual experience in spoken dialectal codes. However, despite a relatively good holistic understanding of the authorial dialectal grapholect, the participants of this study were not able to translate it accurately into Standard Lithuanian. Variations in translating the transcribed dialect into the standard language indicate communicational limitations of written dialecticism. It is important to stress that this is not a critical evaluation of the authorial dialectal grapholect, as communicational limitation can have certain advantages, too. By distinguishing, a dialectal grapholect also designates. While it may be misunderstood or partially understood outside of the variant’s community, a dialectal grapholect functions (or can function) as a fully-fledged, even self-regulating, code within that community. However, this aspect of written dialecticism requires more in-depth research. The discussed case study provides certain insights into the role of an ordinary community member in preserving the vitality of their dialectal code. By making certain orthographic decisions, the author-informant “solidifies” the dialecticism of her native variant, with all its distinguishing and common features. But this does not necessarily confirm the vitality of the dialectal code in apparent time, despite the co-existence of certain dialectal and non-dialectal features in the same discourse fragment (spelling the way one pronounces but that pronunciation can vary). Either way, it is clear that local “conservation” (i.e., within the community or at least amongst some of its members) of dialectal features, differently to dialect dictionaries, can have an impact on the spread of those features. However, this subject would undoubtedly benefit from further large-scale studies.
More...
Phonotactic probability refers to the frequency with which phonological segments and sequences of phonological segments occur in words in a given language (Vitevitch – Luce, 2004). It has been shown that phonotactic probabilities of words are important in language processing and language acquisition (Jusczyk et al., 1994; Mattys – Jusczyk, 2001; Pitt – McQueen, 1998). For example, words with high phonotactic probability are processed faster by native speakers in same-different tasks (Luce – Large, 2001), and pseudowords with high phonotactic probability are judged as more word-like by adults (Vitevitch et al., 1997). In this paper we present a phonotactic calculator for Czech implemented as a Python script. The script relies on frequency data from three freely available corpora of Czech: SYN2015 and SYN2020, corpora of written Czech (Křen et al., 2015; 2020), and ORAL v1, a corpus of spoken Czech (Kopřivová et al., 2017). The steps of the calculation mirror those developed by Vitevitch and Luce (2004) for English, and the script can provide phonotactic (and additionally orthotactic) probability for any Czech word or pseudoword. The script can be downloaded at <https://phonocalc.github.io>.
More...
We investigate Chaucer’s use of interjections in Fragment III of the Canterbury Tales, which comprises “The Wife of Bath’s Prologue and Tale”, “The Friar’s Prologue and Tale”, and “The Summoner’s Prologue and Tale”. We discuss the problem of how to distinguish interjections from other word classes, and we distinguish primary interjections such as allas, buf, ey, fy, hayt, lo, weilawei and secondary interjections, such as hayl, look, now, peace, welcome, why. As a third group we also take corroborative phrases such as by God into consideration. We look at the frequency of the various interjections: Now, lo, nay as well as a, by God, and pardee are frequent and occur in all the tales of Fragment III; on the other end of the frequency scale there are buf, which is a hapax legomenon, and the rarely attested hayt. We describe the interjectional spectrum used in Fragment III based on their functions. Interjections can, for example, serve as indicators of emotions (allas, weilawei), as corroboratives (by God) and expletives (a devel weye), as discourse markers (now thanne), as response forms (nay, ye, yis), as polite speech act formulae (grant mercy, no fors), etc. The paper further offers an analysis of the phonology, morphology, verse meter and stress pattern. As can be said of the Middle English vocabulary more generally, the etymology of the interjections is mixed: some go back to Old English, especially weilawei, but many were borrowed from French (or ultimately from Latin), e.g., allas, ey, fy, pardee. Chaucer’s characters often use not just one, but two or three interjections in combination, e.g., Allas! and weylawey! or allas nay, nay, mainly probably for additional emphasis. We suggest that that the interjectional spectrum in Fragment III (1) expands on Biber et al’s. (1999) inserts and Culpeper & Kytö’s (2010) pragmatic noise; (2) undergoes change like words; and is indexical (3) of a multi-lingual social context (4) and of oral and literary conventions.
More...
The Travnik speech belongs to the Central Bosnian sub-dialect of the Ikavian-New Shtokavian (western) dialect. This dialect covers the area between the rivers Bosna and Verbas. Its characteristics are: ikavizam, šćakavizam, weaker residues of the old declension, but also compactness in the area of prosody. Majority of the speech of the newer Ikavian dialect has a stable four-accent system. There is scarce data on the Travnik speech at the end of 19th century. Most data is provided by nine questionnaires from the survey Questions in the Speech of Ordinary People. They are a part of the collection from 1897 at the National Museum in Sarajevo. The data from those questionnaires has not been comprehensively presented or processed so far. The questionnaires have 150 questions related to the phonetic-phonological, morphological, syntax and lexical characteristics of the speech and they were filled by literate people. The data from those questionnaires was used in this paper. The purpose of this paper is to determine the characteristics of the Travnik speech at the end of the 19th century at the phonetic-phonological levels. The data from those nine questionnaires filled in the Travnik region is precious for dialectology of the Central Bosnian region.
More...
Acquisition of language includes the occurrence of grammar, therefore it is strongly connected with the following language components: phonetics and phonology, morphology, semantics, lexicology, pragmatics and syntax. When the child produces its first word (1 – 1.5 year), this is the moment when its syntactic development begins. The sentences produced between the first and the second year are single-element expressions (so-called telegraph sentences of truncated structure (Jelaska 2007). About the age of two, the sentence is extended to become a two-element structure, while at the age of three the child already possesses a certain fund of words to which it can apply morphological rules and which it can arrange in more complex syntactic structures (Kuvač 2007). It is considered that the child extends its sentence by one word per year so that on the average, a seven-year-old child can produce a sentence of seven words (Pavličević-Franić 2005). The concept of the children’s language (Jakobson 1941, according to Bežen 2009) is a result of early language learning and it is a crucial issue of the language acquisition which does not end when the child enters school. Therefore, it is the aim of the research to determine the developmental features and their influence on acquisition of Croatian language syntax in early institutional teaching (from the age of 7 to the age of 12, i.e. from the 1st to the 6th grade of primary school). The corpus consists of written works of students (N = 174). The data will be analyzed by the method of content analysis and processed by the SPSS statistics software.
More...
Singing voice disorders are an important segment of vocal pathology, targeting a niche of professional and amateur singers of all musical genres. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of using the principles of vocal hygiene and the eclectic vocal therapy model by combining three resonant vocal techniques: humming, the method of disguised yawning and the chewing technique, in the corrective-recuperative vocal therapy program. The positive effects of the vocal therapy used in all five case studies were observed. If the initial assessment relates to altered vocal parameters, pain in the laryngeal muscles and a negative influence of vocal problems on quality of life, the final assessment found normalization of vocal parameters, decreased pain and improved the quality of life.
More...
The transfer of the paleosemantic analysis of Nicholas Marr into the field of literary science was largely carried out by Olga Freudenberg. This interiorisation of the approach leads to the development of several original theoretical constructs, dedicated to language and style, which we consider in this text sequentially: 1) the “anti-semiotic“ character of ancient metaphors; 2) the associated “self-antecedent“ of meanings; 3) qualitative seman¬tic “impersonality”; 4) phonetic-semantic complexity.
More...
Phonetic variability is one of the most significant features of soundsymbolic words. It is one of the reasons for the difficult and even impossible determination of the boundaries of the etymological nests of this kind of words. The paper argues that phonetic variability of sound-symbolic words is predetermined by their specific neurolinguistic status to be a function of the right hemisphere of the brain, by their nature as iconic signs, their functional properties, pragmatic and structural features.
More...
The article looks at the ways the spelling of foreign words of French origin has become fixed in Estonian, with a focus on the adaptation into Estonian of words pronounced with an open e in French. In Estonian, the spelling of foreign words typically follows their pronunciation, i.e., the spelling is based on the approximate pronunciation in the (original) language. Hence, the variations in the spelling of the Estonian adaptations likely derive from the French pronunciation instructions provided in Estonian sources and possibly from the influence of intermediary languages. Two spellings of the word for the French choux pastry cake eclair currently co¬exist in Estonian: ekleer and ekläär. The word first appeared in ÕS 1960 as ekläär and was also standardized as ekleer in 2013; as such, it is a good example of the adaptation of French words in Estonian. The adaptation of French borrowings containing an open e has been inconsis¬tent in Estonian. The initial fixation of the word éclair with the spelling ekläär likely derived from the erstwhile custom of pronouncing the open e in the stressed syllables of French words as a long ä in Estonian. An effort was probably also made to avoid the spelling coinciding with the Russian form (эклер); there is a general tendency to ignore Russian-influenced forms when it comes to the standardization of foreign words in Estonian. The variation of the open e in Estonian adaptations has been affected by pronunciation – differences in the phonotactics of French and Estonian – as well as inter¬mediary languages: German, Swedish and Russian.
More...
The dictionary of Estonian dialects (EMS) lists oht as three lexical items: oht1 (= South Estonian oht) ‘1 peril, danger, menace; jeopardy, risk, hazard; 2 distress’; oht2 ‘(herbal) medicine, drug, antidote’; and the partitive-only ohtu ‘-like, -ish, resembling, as good as’. Mägiste (1929) has connected oht1 to Votic and Ingrian ohto ‘enough’ and further with Estonian oher (in literary language ohter) ‘abundant, plentiful; liberal, bountiful; rich; opulent; profuse’, explaining the meaning ‘distress’ as derived from ‘abundance of distress’. I equate the Estonian, Votic and Ingrian words with the Finnish and Karelian ehto ‘condition; alternative, choice, possibility; sufficient, abundant’, derived from the Proto-Finnic verb *ehti-, meaning ‘have time, arrive in time, forestall; get ready, finish; turn green, ripen; decorate; wear’ in different Finnic dialects. Estonian ohtu has developed from ‘alternative of’, perhaps under the influence of Middle Low Saxon achte ‘like, in -ish way’; the derivative oher has arisen from the ‘abundant’ semantics. The Finnic equation is made possible by positing the change *e– > *o– before a second syllable o in Votic, Estonian and South Estonian. The same change has occurred in Estonian onu ‘uncle’, cf. Finnish eno ‘maternal uncle’, and in two words with initial h-: Estonian hobu ‘horse’, cf. Finnish hepo id., and Estonian orm ‘string or loop of a birch-bark shoe’, cf. Finnish hermo ‘nerve’. In addition, I propose a borrowing from Old Norse ótti < Proto-Scandinavian *ohtō ‘fear’. Mingled with the inherited *ohto (< *ehto) ‘choice, possibility’, the loanword has acquired the meaning ‘possibility of sth. fearful, i.e. danger, menace, risk’, making in turn the inherited *ohto – meaning ‘choice or help against evil’ – still visible in Old Literary Estonian oht, and further ‘(herbal) medicine, drug, antidote’. Another possibility is to explain oht2 through the verb ohutama1 ‘heal, attack evil forces with witchcraft’ derived from the borrowed *ohto ‘fear’ (the homonymous ohutama2 ‘pester’ is derived from oht1).
More...
This theoretical article presents a case for a new approach to the teaching of word recognition in English as a foreign language to young learners in Polish early years education, arguing that there is a need for greater attention to explicit instruction in alphabetic principles, selected phonics and decoding skills. Research in first language (L1) English and foreign language (L2) development of word recognition skills is outlined. Differences between the orthographies of Polish and English are highlighted. Approaches used in L1 early reading instruction are contrasted with those commonly applied in L2 settings. The need for more explicit instruction is rationalized on the basis of a brief description of impressions from 20 hours of classroom observation. The second part of the paper presents some principles for the design of materials to introduce alphabetic principles of English and elements of phonics to support word recognition, with examples. The ability to recognize words rapidly and with ease is a key skill, which, unless mastered early, could potentially have a negative impact on the whole of a child’s language education.
More...
Writing is one of the most important elements that show the existence of a language, create a cultural accumulation with a language and pass it on to future generations. Through writing, people recorded important historical events and passed them on to future generations. Among the alphabets used by Turks throughout history, there are Göktürk, Uygur, Arabic, Cyrillic, Latin, Hebrew, Greek, Armenian, Georgian alphabets. The Bible is one of the holy books that have been translated into Turkish as well as all world languages throughout history. There are also translations of the Bible in Greek letters as well as Bible translations written in Ottoman Turkish with Arabic letters during the Ottoman period. letters written in Georgian in Georgia in Turkey, Turkish translation of the Bible known by many. The language formed in the history of mankind, the letter system of letters showing the voices of the mouth, arranged in an agreed order, is called the alphabet. Usually alphabets consist of 25-33 symbols on average. Alphabets make up writing systems. The Georgian Alphabet is one of the 14 writing systems used in the world today. There are two known copies of the Georgian Letter Turkish Bible. The copy we have studied in the Tbilisi National Archive (Catalog No: 401) is written in Georgian Mkhedruli (მხედრული) alphabet. The original name of the work is "The Four-Part Bible of Jesus Translated into Tatar". The handwritten work consists of four parts and a total of 367 pages. The copy we have was copied from the original text by priest Aleksi Bakradze in 1881. The text, which will be examined in terms of sound, shape and structure in the subject study, will be briefly introduced within the framework of the declaration. The meaning of transcribed works is the well known way to learn the history of languages. It is especially important in terms of examining the history of Turkish Language. It is of great importance to compare the works in question in terms of phonology of various languages.
More...
This article concerns the problem of dialectization in a show Boża podszewka by Izabela Cywińska. It analysed language indicators occurring on phonetical, inflectional, word-formational and syntactic planes in 15 episodes of the show. In the research, besides indicating features of north-eastern borderlands’ dialect, it also highlited occurance of features from other polish dialects within characters dialogue.
More...
In natural languages, segmentation of the speech flow is the most important aspect of speech decoding: the meaning of a linguistic whole can be understood only if it is broken down into smaller elements and these are combined according to the grammatical rules of the language. Thus, the marking of speech segments must be determined by the internal structure of the language. A necessary condition for defining the boundaries of such segments is the presence of cognitive mechanisms involved in the processes of decoding sign systems. For a number of reasons, certain difficulties arise when identifying the boundaries of word forms in the Tatar speech. Therefore, statistical studies on the phonological structure of the Turkic word form and on potential ways of marking its boundaries are of great scientific interest. Through studying the vocal structure of the word form with the allocation of vowel phonemes in the initial and final syllables, this article investigates how the beginning and end of Tatar words are marked at the level of vowels. Literary texts were used as the empirical material for this study. With the methods of mathematical statistics, it was demonstrated that the distribution of eight vowels in the first and last syllables has statistically significant differences. At the same time, only the phoneme ‹a›, which is roughly equally represented in the initial and final syllables, has two different (positionally marked) variants: ‹а о › (labialized ‹a›) in the first syllable and the usual ‹a› in all other syllables. This distribution of vowels enables Tatar speakers to correctly define the boundaries of word forms, along with stress and vowel harmony, which alone are not sufficient for a clear and unambiguous definition of the boundaries of word forms. The results obtained suggest that the statistically significant differences revealed in the distribution of vowel phonemes are of great cognitive importance for the perception and discrimination of signs because they mark the beginning and end of lexical units in the speech flow. In the future, the methodology developed in this work can be used for similar studies on other Turkic languages.
More...
The article examines some characteristic features of standard spoken Bulgarian in comparison with other oral formations that are used in non-regulated spheres of communication – colloquial speech, in particular. A description of the different repre-sentations of spoken Bulgarian is offered, along with a definition of the scope of the con¬cept of ‘pronunciation norms’. The differences between pronunciation and spelling norms are discussed with a view to the codification of the rules of spoken Bulgarian. The author summarises the conditions, factors and challenges with respect to the codification of standard spoken Bulgarian, revealing the peculiarities of the oral and written forms of the language and the relationship between them and the way these characteristics relate to language codification.
More...
Based on the reconstruction modelled by Georg Holzer, the author discusses three phenomena of Proto-Slavic that should not exist according to earlier sound changes: 1) Disyllabic masculine o-stems stressed on their first syllable, as they contradict the “Second Deaccentuation”, 2) o-stem dative singular forms in -uw, as this would yield -ū and then OCS -y instead of attested -u, 3) Word forms accented on a short final vowel, as this stress pattern had been eliminated by Olander’s Law. Where possible, the author seeks to harmonize these phenomena with Holzer’s reconstruction, or to provide data for further research.
More...
Teaching English as a Second Language involves various methodologies. The present research will explore means of teaching English verbs in the lexical approach which suggests that the use of verbs be deemed to register as part of the mental lexicon. Since verbs may be used in active or passive voice, the study of transitivity will engage in the analysis of voice. Moreover, the classification of verbs also relate to the characteristics of their corresponding transitivity and voice. It is worth mentioning that some verbs such as buy may restrict the scope of their passive construction compared with verbs like give and send. Therefore, the lexical method may successfully integrate vocabulary with the relevant syntactic structures so as to make teaching and learning more concise and efficient. Besides, a circular method in which teaching, testing, and correcting processes are involved will be proposed to improve the language teaching and acquisition.
More...
DOOM2 contains 62,000 words: the entries in DOOM1 have been preserved, to which about 2,500 new words have been added, marked with an asterisk. The exclamation mark (!) placed before a title word marks that word in DOOM1 that was altered. Their number is about 3500. The 2500 new words are not mostly neologisms as one might think at first glance, but internal neological formations, created by derivation, composition, change of morphological class, abbreviations and other mixed means. This article aims to discuss these procedures, using the words recorded in the letter "c" in DOOM 2, entries that represent 13.08% of the total. Of the 327 words marked with an asterisk from the letter "c", 90 are derived and 59 compound, and the rest are proper nouns and neological words and in a small number words from the main lexical fund, more precisely from the family register and regional, known and used by speakers, but not mentioned so far, in a lexicographical work, which shows that the Romanian language is predominantly derivative. From a morphological perspective, the best representation is the noun, followed by the adjective and the verb, for which a superficial contact between related languages was enough. The etymological perspective leads us to the French language, the main donor, more often than not on the Latin chain, so that we can speak of multiple etymology. English also brings its scientific and technical terminology.
More...
In this paper I focuses on Heliade Rădulescu and his visionary poetry. This is a continuation of the my last article intitulated ,,Sînta Cetate by Heliade Rădulescu- The utopism as the paradox description” published in Journal of Romanian Literary Sudies, Issue no. 21/2020. The perfection of a spiritually dead society, the hypocrisy of people too full of self, the split between the hidden desires of a subconscious marked by their own social condition and the "sinful" reality are some utopian elements that deeply mark the prophetic poems of Heliade Rădulescu.
More...