Pastabos dėl sintaksinio dviprasmiškumo sąvokos ir kiti susiję dalykai

Author(s): Rolandas Mikulskas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 55/2006

The article contains a polemic with Axel Holvoet’s analysis of Lithuanian sentences of the type Onutės žalios akys. The author disagrees with Holvoet’s claim that sentences of this type are syntactically ambiguous between predicative possessive (‘belonging’) constructions and copular constructions whose subjects are discontinuous as a result of fronting. In the author’s opinion syntactic ambiguity would entail semantic ambiguity, whereas the constructions under discussion have a well-defined meaning (they give a description of a person based on a characteristic attribute), entitling us to describe them as an autonomous construction. The sentence type under discussion originated, in the author’s view, by reinterpretation of a copular construction with a subject constituent made discontinuous by syntactic movement motivated by topicalisation. The author also polemi¬cises with Holvoet’s theory of thematic-rhematic structure, a variety of that advanced by Bogusławski.

Le potentiel référentiel du pronom on dans le discours politique

Author(s): Maria Rodica Mihulecea / Language(s): French Issue: 20/2013

In the present article we want to analyse the use of the indefinite pronoun ON in the Political Discourse. As a starting point, we have chosen different forms of the political speech. The pronoun ON is very flexible due to these two fundamental values: the indefinite value which makes the reporter fall into uncertainty, and the personal value which is an aid to indicate persons. In such texts, it takes the locutor’s, the collocutor’s and the third person’s place (the opponent). ON is more than a simple personal pronoun, because its indefinite value – its basic value – is never completely suppressed. We shall insist especially upon these substitutions whose effects depend on the specific circumstance of every act of speech.

Semantic-Syntactic Aspects of Studying Appositive Components in Sentence Structure

Author(s): Olha Turko / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2019

The article dwells upon the main stages of formation of a semantic-syntactic sentence structure. The connection between the appositive as the core component of a half predicative appositive unit and a designated word has been described. The issue of valence as the ability of the predicate to be connected with the components in order to express semantic relations has been also reviewed. The conclusions provide the interpretation of the concept of ‘half-predicative appositive unit’ and point out its defining syntactic features of being a secondary predicate in the sentence structure.

Tabersî’nin Kıraatlerin Hüccetinde Kullandığı Delillerin İncelenmesi

Author(s): Nesrişah Saylan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2019

al-Tabarsī is one of the glossators in the Shī‘ah gloss tradition in the second middle period or first sagacity period. al-Tabarsī who had a wide knowledge in the various knowledge branches was mentioned as a glossator, narrator of Mohammad’s all sayings, deeds and approvals and scribe. One of compilations that al-Tabarsī wrote it in the field of gloss is Macmau-l-bayān fī tafsīri-l-Qur’ān. The glossator who widely included the recitations in this work used some evidence related to their averment while he was reporting the recitations, and he made the recitations’ justification in the framework. The averment is a science which determines the correct recitations as distinguishing the correct one of recitation’s differences from the deficient one, and which founds an aspect of the correct category with all the other transferred and linguistic arguments of recitation in the predilection besides the imputation, the formal Qur’ān. Al-Tabarsī first mentioned the recitations under the subtitle of recitation related to the verses in each sura and then transferred the argument of recitations with the term of argument. So the glossator applied to give evidence on them with the linguistic and transferred arguments in each of the parts that the recitations were nearly mentioned. He mentioned the imputation, the Qur’ān lettering, verse, hadith, companion and natural people’s readings. He used Arabic poetry, Arabic idiom, dialect, grammar and syntax rules for the linguistic arguments. In this study, the evidences which were used in the recitations’ averment are reviewed in the sample of al-Tabarsī’s gloss in the name of Majmau-l-bayān.

Запоминание синтаксических структур при изучении французского языка как иностранного

Author(s): Bade Bajrami,Valbona Gashi-Berisha,Jana Birova / Language(s): English,Russian Issue: 2/2019

Introduction. The principle objective of this study is to indicate the role of constructing a procedural model which would give a specific form to a more complex syntactic structure while facilitating its memorization at an advanced level of language studies, even at a university. Materials and Methods. The study is based on modeling the educational process at the university level. Results. The study reveals some difficulties in using certain French syntactic structures for Albanian learners. The authors provide the characteristics of an advanced language learner. Learning is considered as having two stages: the first stage consists of general procedures producing syntactic structures in order to construct a model or strategy of memorization (initial procedural rule); the second stage teaches this model through repetitive exercises. The analysis of such difficulties in grammar and the proposal of a strategy facilitating learning of FLE will allow Albanian learners to express themselves in French and become well-qualified teachers.Our goal is to offer students some tools they need to find out rules by themselves, acquire the ability to make forms or syntax turns to apply them and put them into practice. Conclusions. The authors intend to help students understand solid foundations of linguistic analysis, to familiarize them with syntactic structures of the most difficult expressions in the French grammar applying its fundamental rules and translating them in a precise and pleasant way to hear.

On structural complexity of written English. Relating more through relative clauses

Author(s): Eduard Drančák / Language(s): English Issue: 39-40/2019

The present research paper describes the use of relative clauses in spoken and written English. The focus is placed on the frequency of incidence of relative clauses and their particular functional types. Quantitative analysis was performed to determine the frequency of incidence of relative clauses in the selected registers of spoken and written English. Comparative analysis was applied to determine differences between spoken and written English in the use of relative clauses. The present study also applied the principles of corpus linguistics by performing the analysis on a small-size corpus of authentic samples of language. The aim of the paper is to demonstrate the correlation between the incidence of relative clauses and the structural complexity of the discourse. The results of the study point to greater structural complexity of the written discourse by considering the characteristics of non-restrictive relative clauses. The paper provides an alternative view upon the structural complexity of discourse by determining the complexity using a non-conventional index, namely the incidence of a particular type of subordinate clause.

Опыт составления анкеты по именным предложениям в южносибирских тюркских языках и первые результаты ее применения

Author(s): Irina A. Nevskaya,Aiiana A. Ozonova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 03 (34)/2019

Simple sentences are modelled according to certain structural patterns linked to typical situations they represent — propositions. We consider an elementary simple clause (ESC), i.e. a clause containing only obligatory components of the situation, to be the main entity on the syntax level. ESCs can be represented by their structural schemes. Although the systems of ESCs are language specific, they also have universal core structures. This allows for comparing syntax systems of languages and dialects. Nominal simple clauses form a separate subsystem, different from that of verbal ones, due to the nature of nominal predicates themselves — they establish relations between two or more entities or notions or encode static situations. The present questionnaire was worked out in order to collect language material on main structural and semantic types of Turkic nominal sentences; it should ensure comparability of syntactic systems of Turkic languages and dialects. Here, we present our first results of research on nominal sentences obtained using the questionnaire.

The Interdepency Relations in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s Short Story Crazy Sunday

Author(s): Madalina Cerban / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2019

The paper proposes an analysis of the interdependency relations in F. Scott Fitzgerald”s story Crazy Sunday. When we analyse the interdependency relations of a clause complex we refer to the ideational metafunction of language and to the ways in which a clause can combine with further clauses in order to form a clause complex. Clauses within complexes are interrelated grammatically in two systems, taxis and logico-semantic. In this paper we are going to discuss only the taxis system that is concerned with the interdependency relations between grammatical units forming a complex or between groups forming a group complex or between clauses forming a text. We are going to use the systemic functional approach, taking into consideration the metafunction of language, pointing out the fact that, within this approach, combined clauses do not form a grammatical unit as within the traditional approach.

Ioana MURAR, Ana-Maria TRANTESCU, Claudia Gabriela PISOSCHI, English Syntax – A Multiple Linguistic Perspective

Author(s): Madalina Cerban / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2019

Neki postupci ekspresivne sintakse u putopisu U Tolstoja, doma Alije Isakovića

Author(s): Sanja Merzić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 14/2019

The object of our research were operations of expressive syntax (nominative clauses), figures of repetition (ellipse, aposiopesis, asyndeton and anaphora), figures of assembling or addition (cumulation and sinatroism) and figures od permutation (parallelism) in the travelogue U Tolstoja, doma by Alija Isaković. At the beginning of the paper we made a retrospection on the definition of travelogue itself, quoting Ivan Lovrenović and Tvrtko Kulenović. Afterwards we spoke about the meaning of travelogue in context of Alija Isaković, emphasizing its uniqueness when compared to classical travelogue (its form and content). Onwards we analysed nominative clauses and spoke about their symbolic value, and having in mind their abundance, we can consider them one of the features of Alija Isaković’s language and style. One more feature, specific for Isaković’s writing, is ellipse, as well as other figures (devices) of repetition: aposiopesis, asyndeton and anaphora. At the end we analysed examples of cumulation and sintroism as devices of assembling or addition as well as examples of parallelism (figure of permutation).

О СООТНОШЕНИИ ПРИЧИННЫХ И КАУЗАТИВНЫХ КОНСТРУКЦИЙ

Author(s): Victor Samuilovich Khrakovsky / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2020

The paper is a study into causal and causative constructions on cross-linguistic evidence. These constructions differ in their syntactic structure, where a causal construction is a two-clause construction typically built as a complex sentence,while a causative construction is a single-clause structure typically built as a simple sentence. Correspondingly, they are described in different grammar sections. At the same time, since both construction types characterize complex causative situations consisting of a situation of Cause and a situation of Cause-Determined Consequence, this provides a ground for their contrastive study. In complex sentences, a subordinate clause describes the cause, and a main clause – its consequence. Additionally, subordinate clauses include variously built causative relation markers. These are mostly conjunctions, though a verb morpheme or a verb clitic can fulfill this role as well. In causative constructions, causative relations can be marked by a morpheme inside a derivative causative verb form, or by a functional causative verb used in the predicate position. All verb arguments (except the first argument) in such constructions pose as situation participants,with the first argument position filled by the cause-situation agent (or the cause situation itself, where it has no participants). The fundamental difference between the two constructions is that the focus of a causal situation is the situation of Cause, while the focus of a causative situation is the situation of Consequence.

Dezvoltarea deprinderilor de scris-citit prin metoda Meixner în contextul dizabilității intelectuale

Author(s): Nona Bădescu-Fetche / Language(s): English,Romanian Issue: 2/2017

In this paper, we will be overlooking the complex process of reading and writing in intellectually disabled students and the development of these processes through the use of the Meixner method of intervention.Knowing that learning reading and writing is directly dependent on the development of speech, spatial temporal orientation as well as perception and the processes of attention and memory, along with, as stated in DSM-5th edition, the association of these disorders to learning disorders (non-dependent on intellectual disability), we can easily see the imperative need to use intervention methods, as is Meixner, to correct and enhance language development; Language development, or the lack of development, to be more precise is in fact, one of the primary predictors of reading and writing impairments in students that have intellectual disabilities, thus seen in: a poor vocabulary, slow, difficult reading rhythms, replacing, omitting or adding certain letters or syllables. This, has various and tremendous impacts in all areas of life, if the student does not receive the proper care and specialized intervention as early as possible (early intervention).In the present case study we will notice how a young female student, with intellectual disability, delayed expressive language acquisition and mixed instrumental disorders, along with reading – writing disorder benefits from a Meixner intervention, achieving impressive results, coming to aid in her difficulty, improving the present disorders in reading – writing / language development, instrumental disorder, having achieved a more active vocabulary, better abilities of focusing on tasks, having remarkable results even in some behavioral aspects (classroom integration, social integration, social abilities, social communication).

PARTICULARIDADES SINTÁCTICAS DEL LENGUAJE DE LOS JÓVENES ESPAÑOLES Y RUMANOS EN LAS REDES SOCIALES

Author(s): Carmen-Valentina Candale / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 2/2020

Syntactic Features of the Language of Romanian and Spanish Young People in Social Media. The technological evolution from Web 1.0 to Web 2.0 has generated new ways of communicating over the Internet that allow the user to create varied content and therefore promote the use of a language which corresponds firstly to its subjectivity and only secondly to the rules of the language and principles of organizing the discourse of the standard language. The aim of this study is to comparatively analyse the syntactic features specific to this type of language, within the social group of young Spanish and young Romanians, using for this a corpus consisting of language samples collected from four of the most used social media platforms: Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and Tinder. Therefore, some of the most relevant features identified are: the pragmatic order of the utterance’s units, the tendency to use the coordination and the creative connection of the utterances, the presence of unorganized constructions around a verb in personal form, the inseration of graphic elements and links into text and the use of exclamations and interrogations.

L’UTILISATION DU SUBJONCTIF DANS LES SUBORDONNÉES COMPLÉTIVES EN FRANÇAIS ET EN ITALIEN

Author(s): Louis Begioni / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2020

The Use of Conjunctive in Object Clauses in French and Italian. Our study aims at exploring subjunctive modes in completive subordinates in French and Italian. The differences in the syntactic behavior of these verbs are sometimes important especially when French mainly employs the indicative mode while Italian prefers the subjunctive one. To understand these differences we refer to the concept of “deflexivity” which shows a different synchronic systemic balance between the two languages due to a shifting in the historical evolution. The interlocutive orientation of the verbs from a semantic point of view – the objective verbs oriented towards an external reality and the subjective verbs oriented towards the subject - and the different values of the subjunctive, modal (virtual) in French and modal and temporal in Italian, contribute to the explanation of the main differences.

Vrijednosti ličnih zamjenica me, te, toi, se, nous i vous uz pronominalne glagole u francuskom jeziku

Author(s): Lejla Tekešinović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2020

This paper discusses the features of the elements me, te, toi, se, nous, vous in combination with pronominal verbs, which are further subcategorized based on their correlation. The first part of the paper examines pronominal verbs with which these forms have the role of the pronouns with precisely determined syntactic and semantic values. The second part delineates pronominal verbs with which these forms bear neither function nor meaning. Consequently, the analysis aims at determining their role more precisely.

TWO SOLUTIONS FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE IN LEARNING-TEACHING ROMANIAN – UNITARY CONTENTS AND AN OFFICIAL ROMANIAN GRAMMAR

Author(s): Cipriana-Elena Peica / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

School textbooks do not clearly define grammar and its parts, leaving it to teachers to formulate them or not; and, if they find it useful to define them, the way they (Romanian language and literature teachers in general) do it is not unitary, which is understandable given that we do not have an official grammar. The fact that the Academy Grammars represented by default the official grammar that could be found, theoretically and practically, in school textbooks is obviously outdated for the reasons that we will present and argue. Consequently, given the current situation, our proposal is that an official grammar of the Romanian language should be established. As shown in this paper, our opinion is that there is no compatibility between the contents of the school grammar and the new academic treaties which are, on the one hand, inhomogeneous and sometimes contradictory in terms of both content and terminology and, on the other hand, sometimes insufficiently adapted to the very specificity of the Romanian language. Therefore, at present and in this form, they are not applicable in the pre-university didactics, which is why a decision must be made regarding the contents which will be of reference for textbook authors, teachers who are free to select the contents that they will teach, and students or any other person interested in studying the grammar of contemporary Romanian.

Türkçede İlgi Tümceciği Adası Dışına Yapılan Taşımalar Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Author(s): Sinan Çakır / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2020

According to the Late Adjunction Hypothesis (Stepanov, 2001; 2007; Fox, 2002; Boskovic, 2004; Henderson, 2007), adjuncts merge into the derivation later than arguments. Therefore, it is not possible to move anything out of such structures. The findings of the studies (Gürel ve Çele, 2011, İnce, 2012, Çakır, 2018) that focus on the movements out of relative clause island structures match up with the claims of the Late Adjunction Hypothesis. On the other hand, Hoffman (1995, pp. 56-57) claims that even strong island structures such as the Relative Clause Island Constraint can be bypassed in Turkish in the cases where overt pronouns are used. The present study focuses on such structures. The data of the study were collected from 93 participants through a Grammaticality Judgment Test consisting of 18 items, and a Self-paced Reading Task consisting of 9 items. The findings of the study support the assertions of the Late Adjunction Hypothesis. It is not possible to move anything out of a relative clause no matter the main clause in which it exists contains an overt pronoun or another noun phrase in its subject position. Yet, it is noticeable that the movements out of relative clauses are relatively more acceptable in the cases where an overt pronoun exists in the subject position of the main clause. The reason for this situation might be related with the fact that the overt pronouns are deleted while being processed in the mind. As the findings of the study suggest, the ungrammaticality in such cases becomes more explicit when the overt pronouns are replaced with other noun phrases.

MAIS et discours imaginaire

Author(s): Simina Mastacan / Language(s): French Issue: 22/2017

Le connecteur mais est intensément exploité dans le discours à visée argumentative : il oriente l’interprétation vers des conclusions souvent implicites et repose sur des prémisses implicites. Les conclusions sont sous-tendues par une relation de contradiction qui s’établit au niveau de l’énoncé et qui devient saillante au moment de l’énonciation. Les inférences sont possibles grâce aux instructions d’interprétation attachées à l’utilisation discursive de mais. Un emploi particulier, observé dans le discours politique actuel, se produit quand mais introduit un énoncé qui se constitue comme une réplique à un discours imaginaire antérieur.

LA FRAMMENTAZIONE SINTATTICA E LE FRASI RELATIVE

Author(s): Mila Samardžić / Language(s): Serbian,Italian Issue: 30/2020

Questo lavoro si occupa di un fenomeno frequente nella scrittura moderna (ma non di data recente essendo facilmente rintracciabile anche nella prima prosa in volgare), particolarmente in quei tipi di testi aperti alla violazione delle severe regole grammaticali e interpuntive presenti nella tradizionale manualistica. Nell’esempio A gennaio di quest'anno l'azienda ha chiesto il dissequestro dell'impianto. Che a giugno è stato invece negato dal gip un segno d’interpunzione forte si inserisce all’interno di una struttura sintatticamente legata e la frammenta creandone un costrutto marcato. In questo lavoro è messa a confronto questa struttura frantumata con quella convenzionale con l’obiettivo di individuarne differenze di ordine sintattico, testuale, informativo e comunicativo. Mi sono limitata all’analisi della frase relativa come costituente staccato dal resto del periodo con un punto fermo o, più raramente, con un altro segno forte. Ho cercato di rispondere al quesito se si tratti di un procedimento meramente sintattico e stilistico o se la sua funzione è primariamente quella comunicativa. L’analisi è stata effettuata in base all’esame degli esempi tratti dai quotidiani italiani.

Book review of “Person, Case, and Agreement: The Morphosyntax of Inverse Agreement and Global Case Splits” by András Bárány

Author(s): Dalina Kallulli / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020