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LEXIKÁLNE INTERFERENČNÉ PRVKY VO VOJVODINSKEJ SLOVENČINE

Author(s): Ana Makišova / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2016

The object of our research are both written and spoken statements of Slovaks in Vojvodina. The Slovak language in Vojvodina is in constant contact with the Serbian language which has a significant influence on the style of expression of participants in communication. The influence of the Serbian language is particularly evident with the younger population when it comes to using new titles and expressions, which they take from the Serbian language. The contact of Slovak and Serbian is natural and inevitable. Slovaks from Vojvodina have good command of both languages (Slovak and Serbian) in everyday communication. We live in a bilingual environment, therefore, besides Slovak, we also use the Serbian language which greatly influences our expression. Professor Marija Mijavec is the one who has researched this area the most. She has published several monographs regarding this particular area. One group of Slovak words which have been taken from Serbian has been put into group of loan translation words (pridať – odovzdať; Slováčka – Slovenka; prepustiť – zabudnúť; tlačiarnička vo farbe – farebná tlačiarnička). Other group of words are interlinguistic homonyms. These are the words that have the same form in both languages but their meaning, semantics, is not equivalent in the languages in question (vychovávateľka, predškolská uztanovizeň, osobný preukaz).

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Homonimia fleksyjna w deklinacji rzeczowników we współczesnym języku polskim

Author(s): Jadwiga Szweryn-Sedig / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/1981

One of the two types of morphological homonymy is the inflexional homonymy i.e. the surface convergence of syntactically different forms of the same lexeme. The article analyses the occurrence of homonymie flexional forms of nouns in contemporary Polish. The author discusses here the following points: 1) homonymy in particular declensions (masc., fem., neuter); 2) interdeclension homonymy; 3) homonymy of word-forms of different noun lexemes. Particular declensions have catégoriel and non-câtegorial homonymie types. The conclusion is that “the most categorial" homonymy can be found in masculine and neuter declensions. Word-forms of different lexemes which are formally convergent produce homonymie clusters.

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MEANING AS CONVENTION: A PUZZLING EFFECT OF ARISTOTELIAN THEORY OF NAMES

Author(s): Alexey CHERNYAK / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

According to Aristotle spoken words are signs of impressions, and those words which are used as names have conventional meanings. This theory of meaning poses a problem because it is unclear how exactly impressions which are essentially subjective may be assigned to names conventionally, i.e. due to certain interactions between different persons. In the following article the nature of the problem as well as the most prominent notions of conventions are analyzed: it is shown that considering the ways by which conventions about meanings should be established according to them the problem cannot be eliminated. It is also claimed that this is the problem not only for the particular Aristotle's theory of names, but also a problem for a much wider set of theories of meaning and interpretation.

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Semantic categorization in aphasic patients with impaired language comprehension: An event–related potentials study

Author(s): Karolina Lice,Marijan Palmović / Language(s): English Issue: 84/2017

Many studies have tackled the question of the organization of our conceptual knowledge in the brain, mainly conducting behaviour studies in healthy and impaired individuals. Animacy and inanimacy are among the most frequently studied categories and there are three main theories or models that explain semantic processing of animate and inanimate objects: the sensory/functional theory, the domain–specific semantic knowledge representation model and the connectionist model of the conceptual structure. Although the event– related potentials (ERP) technique has been used in aphasia research and many studies have used some variation of the semantic categorization task in healthy individuals, to our knowledge there are no studies that were intended to answer the question about semantic categorization in the aphasic population using the ERP technique. The aim of this study is to determine the differences in processing animate and inanimate objects between patients with aphasia with language comprehension difficulties and age, gender and education matched controls using the ERP technique. Results in this study show that the group of aphasic patients with impaired language comprehension have a lower amplitude and a longer latency of the N400 and the LPC amplitude, fewer correct behavioural responses and a slower reaction time on the behavioural categorization task than their controls. It can be concluded that aphasic patients have difficulties in both phases of lexico–semantic processing, the lexical retrieval or recognition phase and the categorization phase. The absence of differences in the processing of animate and inanimate objects in the N400 window and similar topographic distribution for animate and inanimate objects in both groups are consistent with the connectionist model of a single semantic system which claims that the same semantic system is active no matter which category is being processed. However, the observed differences between animate and inanimate objects in the LPC time window in the control group lead to the conclusion that inanimate objects are harder to categorize due to a smaller number of common features needed for the categorization processes.

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The acquisition of asserted, presupposed, and pragmatically implied exhaustivity in Hungarian

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The acquisition of asserted, presupposed, and pragmatically implied exhaustivity in Hungarian

Author(s): Lilla Pintér / Language(s): English Issue: 2-3/2018

The paper reports on three experiments in which the exhaustive interpretation of sentences containing the focus particle csak ‘only’, structural focus constructions, and sentences with neutral intonation and word order were investigated. The results obtained not only reveal the developmental trajectory of the adult-like comprehension of each sentence type, but also contribute to the discussion concerning the semantic or pragmatic nature of their exhaustive meaning component. As the three construction types were judged in different ways on a three-point scale, the findings appear to support the hypothesis according to which exhaustivity is part of the asserted content of sentences with csak ‘only’, it is context-independently presupposed in the case of structural focus, and in certain contexts it can arise as an implicature in the case of neutral utterances, as well.

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Глаголы перемещения в современном турецком языке (способ перемещения)

Author(s): Elena Markovna Napolnova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 04 (27)/2017

One of the Turkish language qualities is to have different expressions of method and of the direction of traditional means of movement. The article investigates real and metaphorical meanings of verbs of movement on the ground, in water and in air — yürü-, koş-, sürüklen-, emekle-, uç-, yüz-. The goal of the study is to understand which information, exactly, is contained in the verb stems, and what could influence the development of their meanings and of their compatibility with various types of objects.

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МЫСЛЬ И ЧУВСТВО КАК СЕМАНТИЧЕСКАЯ ОППОЗИЦИЯ В РУССКОМ ГУМАНИТАРНОМ ДИСКУРСЕ

Author(s): Lilija Renadovna Akhmerova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2017

The paper deals with the specifics of interpretation of the semantic opposition thought – feeling in the Russian humanities discourse. The research aims to show the complexity and ambiguity of personal conceptualization of the relationship between the components of the opposition under study on the basis of various humanities disciplines, as well as the naive world view. The author assumes that going beyond the dualistic concept should give the researcher an opportunity to see a broader and more multicolored image of the phenomena being studied. It has been found that the philosophical opposition thought – feeling was a catalyst for scientific philosophical research, while various aspects of these polar categories (sense and reason, subjective and objective, body and spirit, etc.) were important in different periods of the development of philosophy. In psychology, the sphere of reason and feelings are also clearly differentiated. The problem of distinguishing between thought and feeling arises in the naive psychological world view. It has been emphasized that the interpretation of the opposition thought – feeling can be a marker of cultural identity. The specificity of Russian culture occurs in its dialectical unity-contradiction of the mental and sensual principles. The paper describes the features of linguistic interpretation of the opposition thought – feeling, which is one of the key ones in the structure of the naive linguistic model of the world. It has been revealed that the polarity of thought – feeling is not obvious from the linguistic point of view. In general, it can be concluded that the study of the relations between the poles of the semantic opposition under study favors a more complete and “multicolored” idea of the intellectual-mental world of persons. The semantic opposition thought – feeling in the humanities discourse can expand to a multipolar model and include other conjugate categories.

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Глаголы перемещения в современном турецком языке (вертикальное направление)

Author(s): Elena Markovna Napolnova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 01 (24)/2017

The advancement of technology and scientific knowledge has generated the need to describe the new types of movement in above ground space by linguistic means. In contrast to the horizontal direction, movement in the vertical direction is not differentiated by the manner of the movement. The direct and secondary meanings of the verbs çık-, in-, kalk-, çök-, düş-, havalan-, yüksel-, alçal- are reviewed in the article. This group of verbs is characterized by active development of semantics and subjective compatibility, as well as by the absence of strict semantic boundaries between verbs and by a complex system of synonyms and antonyms.

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Провідні поняття постмодернізму у світлі інтенціоналізму

Author(s): Oleksandr P. Opanasyuk / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 28/2012

The article analyzes the leading concepts of postmodernism in the context of semantic principles of intentionalism. An idea of the necessity to convert the «postmodernism» concept is conducted as this concept no longer meets the needs of present and is unable to express the features of being expected and predicted new era of world culture.

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„ХЕЈ, СТАРОСТИ, ПРТЕНО ОРУЖЈЕУ!" (ТИПСКЕ ОДЛИКЕ СТАРАЦА У ЖАНРОВИМА УСМЕНЕ ПРОЗЕ)

Author(s): Snežana Samardzija / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2011

A high degree of character typicality in oral prose rests on the collection of mental and physical characteristics, fused with nomenclature. However, typical characteristics are often contradictory so an ambivalent semantic field is formed around symbolic characters, the layers of tradition are intertwined and different functions are realized. The equality of seemingly contradictory processes surfaces through the flexibility of the hero. Although the quality is suggested in its name, the characterization happens in the joint action of the double narrative context. The character gains a reliable outline only when motives and fabular material (summary) are processed individually and are coordinated with other factors of the poetic system (genre). Although the character of an old man is monolithic at a first glance and consistently includes just a few characteristics, we find obvious very dynamic relationships between the hero and motive, narrative type, genre and tradition. Old men have otherworldly abilities, divine/demon- ic powers, extreme wisdom, but also lose their strength, sight and, sometimes, mind.

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Meaning-Constitutive Inferences

Author(s): Matej Drobňák / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

A traditional objection to inferentialism states that not all inferences can be meaning-constitutive and therefore inferentialism has to comprise an analytic-synthetic distinction. As a response, Peregrin argues that meaning is a matter of inferential rules and only the subset of all the valid inferences for which there is a widely shared corrective behaviour corresponds to rules and so determines meaning. Unfortunately, Peregrin does not discuss what counts as “widely shared”. In the paper, I argue for an empirical plausibility of Peregrin’s proposal. The aim of the paper is to show that we can find examples of meaning-constitutive linguistic action, which sustain Peregrin’s response. The idea is supported by examples of meaning modulation. If Peregrin is right, then we should be able to find specific meaning modulations in which a new meaning is publicly available and modulated in such a way that it has a potential to be widely shared. I believe that binding modulations – a specific type of meaning modulations – satisfy this condition.

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Základy explikace sémantických pojmů

Author(s): Jiří Raclavský / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4/2012

It is a truism that semantic concepts (concepts of meaning, denotation, reference and even truth, etc.) are relative to language. I distinguish two kinds of them in accordance to their relativity to language L; the relativity is either explicit (“true in L”), or implicit (“trueL”). If language is explicated, the concepts of the former kind can be easily explicated in a plausible way and we resist semantic paradoxes. In the case of the latter concepts, the explication is also accessible and paradoxfree. One can find then new interesting facts concerning famous Tarski’s theorem.

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Len

Author(s): František Gahér / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2012

The paper deals with the semantics of the word only. Though inspired by Lepore’s analysis, it offers a different explication of the existential import of concatenations only + singular expression. It is assumed that the meaning of only in the kinds of collocations under scrutiny (i.e., when preceding a singular expression, a general name, a verb or the connective …if…) is context independent in that it can be explicated by a single scheme No other than ξs are ψs. The scheme varies with the variable type to which only is applied purely as a certain kind of operator. The explication of the role of only, when prefixing …if…, offers a new modality based explanation without invoking the notions of sufficient and necessary condition. The concatenations only + expression are, typically, equivalent to more prolix only-free collocations; thus, only is a suitable device for text compression.

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How to Assess Theories of Meaning? Some Notes on the Methodology of Semantics

Author(s): Lukáš Bielik / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2012

The paper presents a two-level approach to an assessment of meaning theories. To begin with, language is distinguished from language- model and, analogously, meaning is discerned from a model of meaning. The first level of a theory assessment is presented as dealing with the relation of a model of meaning to intra-theoretical aims and assumptions of a theory with specific language-model. The second level of assessment concerns ontological, epistemological, logical and other assumptions underlying the respective language-model. Finally, several questions are set forth as methodological directives for elucidating hidden assumptions behind the theories of meaning.

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Teória kvantifikácie a binárne predikáty

Author(s): Miloš Kosterec / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2012

The paper deals with a problem in formal theory of quantification. Firstly, by way of examples, I introduce important parts of the theory. Using type analysis, I present a problem which stems from inadequacy of a rule concerning semantic interpretation of sentences involving n-ary predicates and quantifiers. I propose four distinct principles for specific types of sentences. They are generalized into a general semantic rule, which is, finally, applied to particular examples.

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Misrepresentation and Robustness of Meaning

Author(s): Tevfik Aytekin,Erdinç Sayan / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2010

According to Fodor, robustness of meaning is an essential aspect of intentionality, and his causal theory of content can account for it. Robustness of meaning refers to the fact that tokenings of a symbol are occasionally caused by instantiations of properties which are not expressed by the symbol. This, according to Fodor, is the source of the phenomenon of misrepresentation. We claim that Fodor’s treatment of content and misrepresentation is infected with a couple of flaws. After criticizing Fodor’s theory of content, we propose a new theory of content which explains how misrepresentation is possible as a result of meaning-forming causation, and extend it to account for the property of robustness of meaning.

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Miller’s and Taliga’s Fallacies about Verisimilitude Counting

Author(s): Jiří Raclavský / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2008

The present paper is a reply to Miller – Taliga (2008); reference to their points is made by §n), which is a criticism of Raclavský (2008).1 1. Although the problem of verisimilitude is a problem about scientific theories, Miller’s argument utilizes semantic notions such as language and inter-language translation, thus it is in fact about semantic problems (pace §8); when solving a semantic problem, the use of clear semantic notions is not, pace §8, an ‘obfuscating rhetoric’.

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Vlastné mená, ich sémantika a filozofické problémy (VI)

Author(s): Pavel Cmorej,Marián Zouhar / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2006

Conversation between Pavel Cmorej and Marián Zouhar

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Vlastné mená, ich sémantika a filozofické problémy (III)

Author(s): Pavel Cmorej,Dezider Kamhal,Marián Zouhar / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2005

Conversation between Pavel Cmorej, Dezider Kamhal, and Marián Zouhar

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Anafora z pohľadu TIL-ky

Author(s): František Gahér / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2005

Keď som svojho času napísal článok o anafore a pojmových postojoch, uviedol som v ňom a j motiváciu a ciele. Motiváciou bol fakt. že hoci j a v anafory (odkazovania v texte) sa na jednej strane z hľadiska porozumenia textu bežným užívateľom považuje za niečo triválne, predsa päť známych druhov vysvetlenia j a v u anafory, ktoré pojem významu na rozdiel od pojmu vyplývania považovali za základný sémantický pojem, zlyhávalo v prípade propozičných (vo všeobecnosti pojmových) postojov.

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