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Referencia vlastných mien (I): Kritika historickej teórie

Author(s): Marián Zouhar / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2002

The historical theory is one of the most successful and elaborated theories dealing with the referential behaviour of proper names. The aim of the article is mainly a negative one. The introduction presents a general point of view concerning proper names and their place within a language. The second and the third parts are devoted to an outline of a version of the historical theory; the main stress is placed on the well-known devices of the theory, i.e. the naming-relation and the communication chain of name uses. The fourth part contains several critical remarks concerning both of the devices: it is pointed out that the naming-relation is unable to explain the reference of proper names and that the idea of communication chain is vague and cannot serve to its proper aims.

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Indexické výrazy (II)

Author(s): Rostislav Niederle / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2002

The goal of this article is a general inspection of indexicals as a specific phenomenon of natural language on the one side, and a consideration of "semantization" of indexicals on the other side. The term "semantization" represents a criterion on the basis of which various approaches to relevant solutions are valuated: if, according to Frege´s view, all language expressions should express their senses, what kind of senses could be expressed in the case of indexicals? First, indexicals are explicated as a specific sort of language expressions. Second, how some contemporary philosophers deal with indexical puzzles is briefly propounded. It takes for granted that a comparison of various philosophers´ approaches makes their pro et contra clear. By that way the article can acquire a parameter of basic synopsis. In certain passages of the text, summaries of the issues dealt with are included. The article is divided into three parts, dividing idexicals into temporal, individual and spatial, and demonstratives. The second part of this article deals with individual and spatial indexicals. An additional problem is introduced in this way: do proper names refer through some fregean sense or do they not? The approaches of Russell, Kripke, Searle, Kaplan, Tichý, Materna and Quine are evaluated with reference to "semantization". In general the problem is again presented in a way that proper names can refer either directly or through some fregean sense. A problem arises as to the sort of that sense - if it is a bunch of descriptions or something else displayable.

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Znovu o homonymii, de re / de dicto a významu

Author(s): Marie Duží / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4/2001

V článku „Homonymie, cle dicto / de re a význam " (Organon F 8 (2001), N o . 3 ) jsem analyzovala tzv. de dicto / de re propoziční postoje.

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The Prototypicality of Semantic Opposition in the Light of Linguistic Studies and Psycholinguistic Experiments

Author(s): Nawoja Mikołajczak-Matyja / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

This paper aims to use the results of linguistic analyses, including corpus studies, and psycholinguistic experiments to present the relation of semantic opposition in terms of the prototype theory of concepts. A synthesis of linguists’ views on the factors defining the prototype of the category of semantic opposition is presented, and an attempt is made to determine the relationship between these factors. The need to distinguish prototypical and canonical examples of the relationship is also indicated. The results of the most important corpus studies concerning the relation of opposition are analysed in order to find ways of delineating the peripheral zones and the boundaries of the relation based on real contexts of use. The particular role of opposition pairs extracted from cohyponymic multi-element sets in forming the boundary areas of the category of opposition is highlighted. It is determined, on the basis of selected studies, which psycholinguistic techniques can provide evidence of the psychological reality of the prototypical nature of the category of semantic opposition, and which may serve as a basis for distinguishing the prototype of the category from the canon. In conclusion, some semantic, corporal, and psycholinguistic criteria are proposed for locating particular examples of the relation within the structure of the category of semantic opposition – that is, conditions for classifying examples as, accordingly: a) belonging to the strict centre of the category, b) lying near the centre, c) located in the peripheral part, or d) forming the fuzzy boundary of the category.

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Weak Communication, Joke Targets and the Punch-Line Effect: A Relevance-Theoretic Account

Author(s): Agnieszka Piskorska,Maria Jodłowiec / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

The paper offers an analysis of the cognitive mechanisms underlying the production and comprehension of verbal jokes in terms of what relevance theorists refer to as weakly communicated import. While pragmatic analyses of humour emphasize the role of the inferential stages that the audience is intended (or even manipulated, Yus 2016) to go through in processing a joke, the weak communication model presented here focuses on the punchline effect, exploring the nature of the “cognitive climax” that is created. On this account, a vast array of weakly communicated assumptions, resulting in a cognitive overload effect, rather than incongruity resolution on its own, is identified as the laughter-inducing mechanism underlying verbal humour. The central idea is that universal and culture-specific humour-generating elements in jokes have one quality in common, viz. their potential to cause a cognitive overload effect, which may, and often does, result in amusement. On this approach, what is typically recognized as national or ethnic humour is posited to recruit the same humour-invoking pragmatic mechanisms as in other kinds of jokes, the principal difference lying in the choice of the target being mocked, which must be well-known to the audience for the cognitive overload effect to be brought forth.

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Упоредна анализа сативних глагола у српском и руском језику (на корпусу савремених књижевних дела)

Author(s): Tijana Balek / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 48/2017

У раду су представљени првенствено глаголи са сативном компонентом која је изражена граматички, одређеним префиксима, и то упоредо у два сродна словенска језика – српском и руском. Сагледана је и могућност реализације ове факултативне глаголске категорије у датом контексту. Сативност се посматра пре свега са функ ционално-семантичког аспекта, тако да су најпре утврђени типични и мање типич ни начини творбе и реализације дате значењске компоненте код глагола. На основу тога су одређени центар и периферија проучаване категорије у поређеним језици ма, те утврђене разлике у погледу њене реализације на творбеном и лексичком пла ну у српском и руском језику.

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Колокације са лексемама основа и темељ у електронском корпусу савременог српског језика

Author(s): Jelena Perišić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 48/2017

This paper deals with collocations with lexemes base and foundation, which were excerpted from the electronic corpus of contemporary Serbian language. The aim is to check whether these lexemes are synonyms, based on their association with other lex emes. Accordingly, we will emphasize the importance of electronic corpus in research of collocation. Also, the aim is to check to what extent the meanings of the lexemes based on our research coincide with the meanings indicated in one of the dictionaries of Serbi an language. Based on the previous considerations and the nature of the observed nouns, it is expected that the results will coincide to a large extent. Then, analysis will show a wider semantic field and collocation potential of a noun basis, given the fact that it is se mantically underspecificied lexeme and a foundation is only one of its secondary mean ings. Also, when we compare the analyzed material with holdings in dictionaries, it is as sumed that an electronic corpus provides the meanings of lexemes that are not registered in the dictionaries.

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ЧАСТКА ЯК ЕЛЕМЕНТ ФОРМУВАННЯ ПРЕСУПОЗИЦІЇ В ТЕКСТІ

Author(s): Maria Slobodian / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 6/2018

In the article the notion of presupposition has been considered: the options of presupposition typing and the selection criteria of presupposition as a single type implicit meanings have been described. The characteristics of particles and their role in the formation of different types of presuppositions have been presented based on modern Ukrainian discource.

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The Lexical Field of Verbs of Eating in English and Serbian: A Contrastive Analysis

Author(s): Jelena Lj. Biljetina / Language(s): English Issue: 7/2017

The aim of the paper is to compare and contrast the lexical field of verbs of eating in English and Serbian. The contrastive analysis will analyze the meaning of the verbs in order to determine the differences and similarities among them. The main method employed is the method of componential analysis. The meaning of the verbs is decomposed into diagnostic components which would further be used to compare and contrast the verbs within one lexical field. The verbs are then be classified into groups and contrasted with the verbs in Serbian. In case diagnostic components of the verbs in English and Serbian match, there is formal correspondence. Cases of translation equivalence occur when components of the English verbs do not fully match those of Serbian verbs. The results obtained are expected to contribute to the more precise translation of verbs of eating from English into Serbian and vice versa. Contrasting the verbs within the lexical fields they belong to and contrasting them between the two languages reveals the relationship(s) among the verbs and provides an insight into the organization of the lexicon of both English and Serbian.

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Dynamická sémantika a dynamická logika

Author(s): Jaroslav Peregrin / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4/1996

The “dynamic turn” in semantic theory of natural language, which has been taking place roughly during the last decade, has resulted into seeing the meaning of a sentence as a “context-change-potential”, as a function which maps the set of possible contexts (information states) on itself. The development of theories of this kind has been stimulated especially by the effort to semantically cope with the anaphoric items of natural language (such as pronouns). The most significant species of dynamic semantic theories are represented by Kamp´s “discourse representations theory” and Groenendijk and Stokhof´s “dynamic logic”. The former sees sentences as means of building and rebuilding “discourse representations structures”; the latter, which tries to be an expressly logical objects to “discourse markers” into the same set. The paper presents basic principles of theories of both of these kinds and indicates how they can help us analyse natural language locutions involving anaphora.

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Conceptual Motivation of English and Romanian Finger Idioms. A Contrastive Approach

Author(s): Ana-Maria Trantescu / Language(s): English Issue: XVII/2016

Idiomaticity is considered to be one of the most controversial domains of semantics. The paper analyses from a cognitive perspective a series of English and Romanian finger idioms. While traditional linguists study mainly the formal and functional aspects concerning idioms, cognitive linguists have a completely different view. Without totally denying the traditional perspective according to which the meaning of an idiom cannot be completely inferred from the meaning of its components, these linguists consider that there is a systematic conceptual motivation for a large number of idioms. Most idioms are products of our conceptual system and not simply a matter of language. The cognitive frame attempts to provide an adequate motivation for most of these expressions. Our work is based on the cognitive hypothesis according to which idioms are motivated by conceptual structures: conventional knowledge, conceptual metonymies and metaphors. Idioms which make use of parts of the human body are more predictable than others, simply because as human beings we are more familiar with our perception of the shape, size and functions of individual parts of our own bodies, since we experience them every day. In these cases the notion of embodiment can be easily applied.

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Note sur le semantisme du verbe LET

Author(s): Sami Chatti / Language(s): French Issue: 06/2013

This paper aims to offer a fine analysis of the semantics ofthe periphrastic causative verb LET, through an integration of the animacy and desirability parameters in the linguistic analysis of causative constructions. Building on the findings of the Force-dynamics model and based on a corpus study, the paper offers a twofold interpretation of causative LET, portraying either a permissive or a cooperative meaning.

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Analizë e roleve semantike dhe strukturat themelore të fjalive në gjuhën e viber-it

Author(s): Linditë Rugova,Giuseppina Turano / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 35/2017

The present study investigates the semantic and syntactic roles of verb arguments in the clauses being used in Viber communication in Albanian. It also gives a classification of Albanian clauses based on the type of semantic arguments of the verbs extracted from the Viber communication. Semantic roles are essential elements in analitical deconstruction of clauses into their arguments. However, the number of arguments does not necessarily correspond to the number of semantic roles used in the clauses. The present study shows that the number of semantic roles, besides being mainly dependent on the verb that governs the clause, could rely on the speaker’s point of view, too. Therefore, the analysis of the clauses used in Viber communication in Albanian are grounded on the voice as a grammatical factor, situationality as an expression of speaker’s perspective and on the structural types of the clauses, typical for Viber messages. The corpus analysed is being extracted from the daily conversations of different social groups (different strata of participants’ age and social status) and, as a result, different outcomes have been hinged.

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Semantička integracija anglicizama u njemačkom jeziku

Author(s): Alisa Trbonja-Kahriman / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 13/2018

Dieser Beitrag ist nur ein Teil des längeren Befassens mit exzerpierten Anglizismen der österreichischen Jugendzeitschrift „Xpress“ aus dem Jahr 2011. Hier werden englische Wörter aufgelistet, die bei der Übernahme ins Deutsche eine Bedeutungsveränderung erfahren haben.

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Fikcije grafičke književnosti

Author(s): Nihad Agić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 3-4/2016

Semantički potencijal slikovnog jezika grafičke književnosti bitno je obilježen njenim literarnim kontekstima. O principu povezivanja pisanog jezika i slikovnog materijala u stripu (engl. comics] u teoretskim debatama egzistiraju protivrječna stajališta. Neki od teoretičara argumentiraju na taj način, da integracija tekstualnih jedinica u slikovnu strukturu uzrokuje ograničenje vizualne polisemije, dok postavke orijentirane na tekst potcrtavaju značenje jezičnih jedinica kao primarnog principa organizacije grafičkog literarnog pisma.

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„Wooden language”, persuasive definitions, and inferentialist semantics

Author(s): Cătălin Stănciulescu / Language(s): English Issue: 33+34/2012

The aim of this paper is to reformulate in pragmatist and inferentialist terms some of the critical arguments stated by Françoise Thom (1993/1987) and Roger Scruton (2006) against what the former calls „wooden language”, and the latter calls „Eurospeak”. It will be argued that such a reformulation is more helpful in analyzing political discourse, if the use of value judgments – according to the two authors, a distinctive feature of wooden language – is seen as a rhetorical tactic called „persuasive redefinition” in informal logic and argumentation theory.

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The Terminological Metaphor in the Field of Cardiology

Author(s): Diana Dănişor,Octavian Istrătoaie / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2016

The metaphorical dimension can be explored by a multiplicity of disciplines, yet it is hard to envision how medicine could embrace such a complex concept which is mainly ascribed to the field of literature, placed on the border between terminology and stylistics. In order to successfully integrate and harness this procedure in the field of medicine, these metaphors would have to serve intricate prerequisites of precision, non-ambiguity, conciseness and semantical correctness. They possess a unique pattern of functionality, that not simply defines a manner of speaking but more than that a manner of thinking. Within the field of cardiology, the terminological metaphor becomes structural, in the sense that it organises representations and experiences via simple or complex outlines of naming that have transcended time and space: it is actually the transparent metaphor of the family which can be understood in the absence of a significant intellectual effort as opposed to its corresponding medical term.

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Linguistic exhaustivity inference is context dependent

Author(s): Tamás Káldi,Anna Babarczy / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2018

The study investigates contextual effects on the processing of pre-verbal (preVf) and postverbal (postVf) focus sentences in an eye-tracking experiment. For comparison, lexically marked focus (only-f) sentences were also included. The test sentences were presented following two types of linguistic context: restrictive or non-restrictive. It was hypothesized that if preVf exhaustivity is purely structurally encoded, gaze will converge on the exhaustive target image at a similar rate in the two contexts, just as it does in the case of only-f. However, if context also has an effect on the emergence of exhaustivity in preVf, gaze should converge more slowly on the exhaustive target in the non-restrictive context than in the restrictive context as predicted in postVf. The results support the latter prediction: fixation patterns diverge in the case of both preVf and postVf sentences, while they do not in the case of the baseline only-f.

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THE CHARACTERIZATION OF EXCLAMATIVE CLAUSES: PRESUPPOSITION, NEGATION, AND QUESTION-ANSWER PAIR

Author(s): Zoe Larisa Bădoiu / Language(s): English Issue: 11/2017

This paper aims at presenting three of the characteristics identified in the case of exclamatives, namely presupposition, negation and the incapacity to function as answers in the question-answer minimal pair. Due to the fact that this type of clause was often disregarded in the Romanian grammars, the purpose of the article is to prove that there are some features which contribute to the establishment of an autonomous status of the exclamatives. The quoted studies illustrate that there are many divergent opinions concerning the status of this type of clause but also numerous similarities which are yet to be exploited.

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Skatologismen in aggressiven Sprechakten

Author(s): Oksana Havryliv / Language(s): German Issue: 27/2018

This article portrays specific structural-semantic and pragmatic properties of scatologisms in German, their use in aggressive speech acts as well as the wide scope of their functions. The empirical basis of this research are written and oral surveys conducted within the framework of two FWF research projects (2006–2008 and 2012–2017) on 538 and 72 people respectively (a total of 610 Viennese between ages of 14 and 90 and from different social groups), as well as literary texts and newspaper articles.

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