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Véleményes igekötők

Author(s): Anikó Kázmér / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2017

In my paper I study attitudes towards language correctness. Based on prescriptivist writings and laymen's comments, I present opinions connected to Hungarian verbs felolt and odaad. Using collected texts I examine how people argue for or against the correctness of the chosen verbs. Despite of being characterized as illogical, the verb felolt is the product of an existing word formation process in Hungarian. By analysing the prescriptivist comments on felolt and other similar verbs, we can see that their rejection originates in different language ideologies. Laymen deny felolt mainly because they are not aware of the fact that Hungarian verbal prefixes can change the verbs' meanings to their opposite. The use of odaad, referring to the first person, is highly criticized by both prescriptivist linguists and ordinary speakers. However, literature and empirical data prove that the arguments against its correctness are scientifically groundless and this use of prefix oda appears not only in combination with the verb ad but also with ítél and ajándékoz.

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Разграничаване на омонимни предлози и постфикси в английския език

Author(s): Svetlana Nedelcheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 12/2012

The paper aims at analyzing the differences between prepositions and particles (P- forms). Several diagnostic tests are applied to achieve this goal on all linguistic levels. The categorial function of prepositions and particles is difficult to distinguish not only syntacti-cally, but also semantically, since not all meanings of prepositions are spatial. The focus of particles is on states while prepositions introduce focal contexts that define those states. Prepositions construct with the noun phrases (NPs) following them and particles co-predicate states with verbs. The syntax of P-forms is very variable; it is easily seen that particle movement is commonplace, and so is prepositional phrase fronting, especially for clause-external phrases. Thus, the most meaningful way to distinguish prepositions and particles from each other (and from other overlapping categories) is in terms of their linking and situating dis-course functions. The present approach to P-forms has practical implications for those who teach English to native and nonnative speakers. Drawing on its insights, grammar textbooks could explain P-constructions in a way that helps learners understand their pragmatic purposes and see how syntax and semantics are manipulated for these purposes.

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Representations Of Reality In The Demarcation Zone Between Reason And Sensation In English And Bulgarian Language Advertising Discourse

Author(s): Rumyana Todorova / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

The paper deals with different representations of reality in the demarcation zone between reason and sensation in English and Bulgarian language advertising discourse. On the one hand, there exists an explicit requirement for advertising agents to describe the object of attention in a way which is nearest to the truth and the real world. On the other hand, text producers have to use enticing and sensational verbal and nonverbal means of expressing information so that they can sell not only the product but the life styles they are trying to impose on their target audiences. So, the strategies and techniques vary with various advertisements promoting goods and services even by the same company. The intermingling of knowledge and distortion of reality or irreality with the hope that ignorance or lack of knowledge on part of text receivers would help ‘trick’ them one way or another is shown in examples of English and Bulgarian language ads. The texts are structured in such a way that they can provoke consumers’ dreams, illusions, fantasies and imagination for better feelings and emotions as well as pleasure and satisfaction bordering with perfect bliss.

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Should a Causal Theory of Reference Borrowing be a Descriptive-Causal Theory?

Author(s): Luis Fernández Moreno / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2018

In a reference theory a distinction can be made between a theory of reference fixing and a theory of reference borrowing. M. Devitt and K. Sterelny, and especially the former, have been relevant figures in the present debate on reference theories. They have supported a descriptive-causal theory of reference fixing for proper names and natural kind terms, but they have held a purely causal theory of their reference borrowing. Once I have put forward the main elements of Devitt’s and Sterelny’s theory of reference fixing I will focus on their reference borrowing theory. In this regard I will examine some of the differences between Devitt’s and Sterelny’s causal theory of reference borrowing and Putnam’s thesis of the division of linguistic labor concerning natural kind terms. After taking into consideration the views of some causal theorists who have not rejected or have even explicitly admitted that there are descriptive requirements in a reference borrowing theory for proper names and natural kind terms, I will allege that a causal theory of reference borrowing for competent speakers should not be a purely causal theory, but a descriptive-causal theory, where the minimum descriptive component is some general categorial term that is true or approximately true of the referent of the term.

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Worldview within the Terms of Concepts, Sphere of Concepts and Conceptualization

Author(s): Sabira Isakova,Zhainagul Kusaiynova,Salima Kenzhimuratova,Aizhanna Zhuminova,Aigul Mukhtarullina / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2018

This article considers a problem of concept and world image in the light of the general theory of language and thought relation. The concept receives definition in comparison with both ordinary meaning of a generally used word and with the exact meaning of the scientific term. The problem of language units interpretation as structures of knowledge representation is permanently relevant, as the mental model of reality reflected in the language as a whole, and in minds of certain carriers in particular, can be judged by the set of concepts. The goal of this study is to identify, how the discovery of concepts in literary texts sheds new light on the understanding of literary creation. To sum it up, the penetration into the conceptual sphere allows better understanding of world view and behavior of people, reveals universal traits of all peoples’ concept sphere and nationally specific features.

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Hijerarhija logički definisanih tipova afektivnih konteksta

Author(s): Melisa Bureković,Edina Rizvić-Eminović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: XVI/2018

This paper addresses contexts in which Negative Polarity Items occur in the English language. It points to the fact that certain NPIs are not equally acceptable in all downward entailing contexts, and it examines the solution provided by the members of the Groningen school of negative polarity (Hoeksema 1986, Kas 1993, Zwarts 1996, 1998, van der Wouden 1997).

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It’s Better To Do It Over Than Overdo It: Polysemous Prefixes And Particles

Author(s): Svetlana Nedelcheva / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2012

The purpose of this paper is to analyze particles in phrasal verbs, namely over, and to show that these particles are cognate both to prepositions and prefixes used for word formation. We provide evidence from polysemy – the case where a lexical item has a number of related senses. We also use cognate words9, such as the spatial particle over and the prefix over-, to flow over and to overflow, to turn over and to overturn, etc. We aim to reveal that there are principles relating the different senses of one lexical item. What is more, the same principles apply to relating the senses of cognate lexical items. Finding such general principles helps turning theoretical linguistics in scientific enterprise.

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Opis semantičkog modela toponima

Author(s): Jasna Hadžimejlić / Language(s): Croatian,Serbian Issue: 3-4/1987

In the field of proprietary semantics two levels are singled out. They are constituted after separate principles. Presenting of these principles and characteristic moments in the semantic modeling is the subject to analysis in this experimental paper. The analysis of two dimensions at the level of toponym’s contents has been carried out — one has been general and abstract, and the other concrete in its formal somatic realization. An optional sameness of two dimensions under scrutiny has been shown in the paper, and, in relation to it, a possibility of generating of three different variants from the single initial model.

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“We are Proud to be a Leading Company with Global Reach and Worldwide Impact”: Positively Evaluative Lexis in the Language of Recruitment Advertising

Author(s): Pavel Reich / Language(s): English Issue: 33/2018

Companies’ positive self-presentation has become an essential part of job advertising and helps employers attract potential applicants for the vacancies they are offering. This paper focuses on the various forms of positively evaluative lexis that appear in the company profiles cited on the employment website Monster.com. Evaluative or loaded words can be defined as words that evaluate reality either in a positive or a negative way, thus evoking in people a positive or a negative attitude towards a particular subject, in this case, the potential employer. The analysis is both qualitative and quantitative and is based on the three-pronged approach, i.e., the combination of manual analysis of individual texts, small-scale corpus analysis and large-scale corpus analysis. It is based primarily on appraisal theory, focusing predominantly on the category of attitude expressed in the vocabulary used. However, the analysis showed that the persuasive techniques of employers trying to attract applicants are rather complex and it has proved necessary to take into account notions from other theories, namely orientational metaphor and the concept of the so-called purr words, i.e., words the conceptual meaning of which is backgrounded by its positive connotations. This concept has recently been developed mostly under the name of Schlagwort within the field of Politolinguistik in Germany, but, as the analysis shows, can usefully be transferred from political dis¬course to corporate discourse, including the discourse of recruitment.

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Interpreting Issues of Metaphors in Official Speech

Author(s): Inga Stadalninkaitė / Language(s): English Issue: 32/2018

The article focuses on issues which occur when interpreting metaphors in official speech. Metaphor as a figure of speech and a tool that helps to understand a way of thinking is inevitable in official speeches to make them more vivid. However, using metaphors in a native language and interpreting them are two different instances. Therefore, interpreters, presented with metaphors in relatively short official speeches, face a great number of difficulties. Even though official speeches have a special subject, intentional topic, and consistency, they can be filled by various tropes as well. Thus, the interpreter should be prepared that the speaker might be influenced by his/ her personal ideas about various figurative speech expressions. This raises the following questions: Do interpreters manage to construe all metaphorical expressions during simultaneous interpreting session of official speech? What specific professional knowledge is required for interpreters who mainly work with official register? The analysis of simultaneous interpreting session of one-minute Lithuanian and English official speeches provided by the European Parliament members has made it possible to conclude that interpreters manage to convey most of the metaphors from original language to target language even though they face quite a lot of difficulties.

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METAFORIČKE JEZIČNE KONSTRUKCIJE HORORA U ROMANU DRACULA

Author(s): Milea Ajduk-Kurtović / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 20/2018

This paper is based on earlier studies in the area of conceptual metaphor analysis and cognitive linguistics, pointing out the metaphor as one of the most important rhetorical figures in the literary work. The paper will analyze the conceptual metaphor of horror in the novel Dracula by Bram Stoker, published in 1897.The metaphors were analyzed on the semantic-cognitive level, according to George Lakoff and Mark Johnson's theory. The paper uses methodological procedures that include corpus analysis and metaphors identification based on the conceptualization of the horror entity in the original text. The importance of the conceptual metaphor is pointed out, as well as the concept and the meaning of the horror entity in the conceptual area.The aim of this research is to point to the importance of metaphoricity and its cultural-specific connotations, as well as universality of language describing horror.

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"Tibetas dzīvo un mirušo grāmatas" Geb "Bardo thodzol") nosaukuma semantiskie un vēsturiskie aspekti

Author(s): Agita Baltgalve / Language(s): Latvian Issue: 1/2017

This article deals with the classical text cycle ofTibetan religious practice "The Profaund Dharma of the Natural Liberation through Contemplating the Peaceful and Wrathful Deities"that was written down in the 14th centuary, explaining phenomena of the death moment, as well as the period of existence after the death. The title of the text is a topical problem, because in Western society, already starting with the first translations, this book is known with a completely different name ( "Tibetan Book of Living and Dyingj, thus creating quite another perception and approach than in Tibetan culture. Alongside with the analyses of the title of the text,the article also traces back to the historical emergence of dying rituals and afterlife theory in ancient India and Tibet.

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Semantic preference and semantic prosody - a theoretical overview

Author(s): Mirna Begagić / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

Semantic preference and semantic prosody are two notions that were carefully analysed in post-Firthian corpus linguistics and in the past few years there has been a growing interest in them. As corpora have become larger in size, and tools for extracting different lexical items for different purposes have been developed, the two terms have been addressed more frequently by linguists1. Throughout history, semantic preference and semantic prosody have sometimes been used for the same phenomenon but at other times the two were considered different but closely related. Previous corpus-based studies on the two terms have shown that they can be attached to many investigated lexical items. Therefore, this paper aims to present a detailed theoretical overview of the two terms in order to emphasise their immense importance for identifying the meaning of all the lexical items.

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Contradiction of Modal Modification

Author(s): Miloš Kosterec / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

The theory of property modification studies the logic and semantics of such terms as fake banknote, former president, and skilled surgeon. Terms like fake, former, and skilled (among many others) are called property modifiers. In general, a property modifier combines with a property to make a new property.

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(Im)politeness and alignment

Author(s): Zoltán Dániel Kádár,Sen Zhang / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

This paper aims to examine the role of (im)politeness and alignment in public monologues. Linguistic politeness theory has predominantly focused on the interpersonal aspect of (im)politeness, and we know relatively little about forms of (im)politeness that do not serve a direct interpersonal function but rather aim to form a sense of alignment with an indefinite group of recipients. We define such form of pragmatic behaviour as ‘alignment’, to distinguish it from politeness as an interpersonal form of interaction. Forms of alignment may operate in a duality with interpersonal (im)politeness, and they represent the default mode of relational involvement in public discourses – in particular, in public monologues. We argue that forms of alignment cannot be ignored in politeness research due to their prevalence in certain genres/modes of communication, and also because their operation can be intriguingly complex from a politeness theoretical point of view, considering their dual relationship with (im)politeness. We use data drawn from Chinese political discourse as a case study to illustrate this dual relationship.

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‘Family-culture’ and Chinese politeness

Author(s): Xinren Chen / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

While researchers have questioned the suitability of classic Western models for accommodating Chinese linguistic politeness phenomena, inadequate attention has been devoted to the role of ideologies in understanding Chinese language use. This study examines the key ideological notion of jia wenhua 家文化 ‘family culture’, and uses it to model some typical discursive practices of (im)politeness in contemporary China. As an ideology, ‘family culture’ has its roots in ancient Chinese philosophy, and it continues to prevail to the present day. Adopting this ideological notion as an analytic construct, this study seeks to formulate a set of new maxims to account for some discursive practices of Chinese politeness, which neither previous Western nor Chinese models have captured. In so doing, it contributes to emancipatory pragmatics by demonstrating the necessity of deploying culturally-grounded ideologies as analytic constructs, such as ‘family culture’ in this study, to rationalize some types of Chinese sociopragmatic behaviour.

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Aspects de la reconfiguration sémantique des gallicismes du roumain: le cas des meubles [pour dormir]

Author(s): Cecilia-Mihaela Popescu,Daniela Dincă / Language(s): French Issue: 1 (29)/2019

The French influence was the undisputed major method of enriching and modernizing Romanian language, of redefining its Neo-Latin physiognomy in the territory of South-East European Romanity.This paper aims at briefly presenting the results of the project Reconfigurarea semantică a galicismelor în spaţiul socio-cultural românesc (The Semantic Reconfiguration of Gallicisms in the Romanian Socio-Cultural Area – FROMISEM-II), whose objectives were as follows: (1) a deeper semantic analysis of Gallicisms based on the grid drawn up in the FROMISEM project; (2) pursuing the analysis on the accuracy of the concept of multiple etymology in Romanian lexicology for loans from several sources, French included, or for learned words (from scholarly Latin) having entered the language via French; (3) a correlation between linguistic analysis and the extra-linguistic level, to emphasize the loanword's role as (i) a socio-cultural marker reflecting social, political and cultural mutations in the life of a community at a given moment; (ii) the indicator of a mentality universe; (iii) an axiologically distinctive element between languages. This latter approach of Gallicisms from a semantic-pragmatic perspective has not been very frequent in Romanian linguistics, which supports the pursuit of this research direction, thus ensuring the originality, significance and relevance of the proposed perspective.The semantic-pragmatic study of Gallicisms will be supported by lexemes making up the conceptual field of furniture in Romanian language, based on the semic features classified as prototypical in configuring the semanteme of each analysed word, i.e. by making a parallel between the semantic evolution of the concerned lexical units and the social and cultural evolution of Romanian society, seen in synchrony or diachrony.

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A cross-language perspective on the MAIDAN-concept

Author(s): Olesia YEHOROVA,Antonia Prokopenko / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

As the constituents of thoughts, concepts play a key role in human’s categorisation and interpretation of the surrounding world, in fixing our cognitive experience and forming individual judgements. The paper considers the representation of the nationally biased (ethno-specific) concept MAIDAN as one of those functioning not only in Ukrainian but also in pan-European and global socio-political discourses of the recent years. Specifically, leaning on lexicographic data the study focuses on reconstructing the notional layer (informative core) of the concept and on identifying the differences of its content as featured in kin Slavic (Ukrainian and Russian) and distant Germanic (English and German) languages and linguocultures.The paper suggests a consecutive methodology based on lexicographic methods of analysis. Such methodology helps to define the sets of notional conceptual features subjected to further comparative interpretation. The procedures described in this paper give way to subsequent stages of conceptual analysis and discourse representations. The paper also provides preliminaries to the state of inconsistency between the systemic and utterance meanings of the language expressions of MAIDAN-concept that pose a limitation for comprehending the concept when transmitted to a different linguoculture.

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Sözvarlığı Öğretiminde Bilişsel Yaklaşımlar

Author(s): Elif Arıca Akkök / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 3/2015

This study discusses how principles and theories of cognitive linguistics can contribute to the foreign language teaching process. The topic of the study is to present sample activities to improve vocabulary learning based on the conceptual metaphor theory. The aim of the study is to present a sample teaching process by sample activities which is formed by making use of data from cognitive linguistics and by bringing forward the conceptual metaphor theory to improve the vocabulary skills of C1 level students learning Turkish as a foreign language. In the preparation of the activities presented in the study, basic mappings of the conceptual metaphor TIME IS MOVEMENT and the cognitive models that form this metaphor are taken into account and how to reflect these conceptual properties into the domain of language teaching is discussed.

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Old Icelandic gná

Author(s): Václav Blažek / Language(s): English Issue: 80/2019

In the article the Old Icelandic theonym Gná is analyzed from the point of view of semantics, word formation, etymology, and semantic typology. Taking in account the partial results, the following hypothesis was formulated: the theonym Gná may reflect proto-Germanic *gnō or *gnaihō, which seems to be a lost Germanic continuation of the Indo-European appellative *dh ĝh meH2- “earthˮ or its derivative *dh ĝh meH2ikeH2- “belonging to the earthˮ. The theonyms designating the earth deities formed from the stem *dh ĝh em- appear in nine Indo-European traditions. The analyzed Germanic theonym can represent the tenth tradition.

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