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Слово як семантична одиниця політичного дискурсу

Author(s): Solomaiia Kryvenko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2014

In this article we analyze the word as a semantic element of political discourse. The authors examined the reasons for classification of words in political discourse. Basic features of words-symbols, key words, words-slogans and words, which are used for discrediting the opponent in a public speech, are exposed. The paper suggests other classifications i.e. into forbidden, neutral and allowed words in political discourse. Prohibited words are divided into two groups: forbidden because of formal and informal reasons. The authors determine the mechanisms of control over them.

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Genesis of Experiential Meaning

Author(s): Dalibor M. Kesić / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2011

In the absence of exact criteria to ascertain qualitative matching of the same experiences in different individuals, one can only concede the fact that experience, as a generator and solidifier of meaning, is far from being an ultimate authority to arbitrate its exactness. Reality presented to one individual is never the same as that presented to another. Hence, different individuals do not experience identical but similar elements, and generate not identical but similar meanings thereupon. Every person has their own world, impervious to the worlds of others. And yet, there are invariable and objective elements of meaning streamlined across the whole community, which leads to the conclusion that their origins existed already in the most rudimentary stages of the formulation of meaning. It transpires then, that there is a certain discrepancy between those two notions of objectivity of meaning. In order to avoid the confusion which can ensue from that kind of dualism, it is only logical to operate with two, rather than one, terms.

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Journey through the writing process: Metaphors of thesis writing experience

Author(s): Jasmina Hanić,Tanja Pavlović,Alma JAHIĆ JAŠIĆ / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

This paper aimed to investigate metaphorical images used by master’s students in order to gain an insight into their schemata for thinking about the process of master’s thesis writing. Semistructured interviews on the topic of master’s thesis writing with three students coming from humanities, social sciences and natural sciences served as a corpus from which the data were extracted. The paper analysed participants’ unconscious use of metaphorical language in their narratives, mirroring their perception of the thesis writing process. The results revealed that the participants’ personal experience revolves around the concept of journey as the central image they share and the journey metaphor, along with a group of related specific metaphors, serves to illustrate the complexity of the writing process itself.

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Vrijednosti ličnih zamjenica me, te, toi, se, nous i vous uz pronominalne glagole u francuskom jeziku

Author(s): Lejla Tekešinović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2020

This paper discusses the features of the elements me, te, toi, se, nous, vous in combination with pronominal verbs, which are further subcategorized based on their correlation. The first part of the paper examines pronominal verbs with which these forms have the role of the pronouns with precisely determined syntactic and semantic values. The second part delineates pronominal verbs with which these forms bear neither function nor meaning. Consequently, the analysis aims at determining their role more precisely.

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„Man muss nicht immer gleich losprusten“ – Die Abwesenheit von Emotion als Kommunikationsstrategie der Marke Merkel

Author(s): Lisa Glaremin / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2020

Emotions are a central means of generating attention and thus help to generate and extend power of political actors. The example of Angela Merkel shows that the reversal, i.e. the renunciation of emotions, can also be a successful communication strategy. In contrast to the ideal type of the charismatic politician, the core of the ‘brand Merkel’ is the staging of non-staging. With an evaluation of two corpora, journalistic portraits on the one hand and her own statements made in interviews on the other, the ‘brand Merkel’ is illuminated from two perspectives. In particular, her handling of emotions illustrates the interlocking of self-image and external image, which is made possible by taking up and reinterpreting criticism.

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Bouchèvre

Author(s): Şerban Foarţă / Language(s): French Issue: 25/2020

« Bouchèvre » est un groupage d’éc(h)o-poèmes qui montre la capacité hors du commun de l’écrivain de faire bouger, par les astuces d’un style qui n’ignore pas les détails étymologiques, tout un système linguistique. « Bouchèvre » dévoile l’appétit de créer des mots nouveaux, de mélanger et chromatiser les structures morphiques dans un langage sophistiqué, précieux, destiné seulement aux connaisseurs ou à ceux qui désirent détruire le monde infini des lieux communs. These are a sort of echo-poems which prove the author’s ability to set up a sui generis linguistic system by means of an astute style which employs etymological details. These poems prove a marked appetite for new words wrought in order to mix and add colour the morphological structures in a sophisticated language which appeals to connoisseurs or to those who want to destroy the infinite world of clichés.

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Variations in Eight Manuscript Versions of al-Kisâ'ï's Depiction of Seven Heavens

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Variations in Eight Manuscript Versions of al-Kisâ'ï's Depiction of Seven Heavens

Author(s): Mária Lacináková / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

This contribution presents the concept of 'seven heavens' as preserved by eight manuscripts of Muhammad ibn 'Abdallah al-Kisâ'ï's collections of Islamic religious tales Kitab A’ğāi’b al-MalakUt and Qisas al-Anbiyā It focuses on and compares the contents and composition of the chapter devoted to the topic and analyses the variations in the mss., which shed light on the way the tales are transmitted. Some of them represent variability in the original information, whereas others (including significant semantic shifts) may easily have emerged as a result of even minor scribal lapses.

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En busca del origen de dos valores de <querer + infinitivo>

Author(s): Andrzej Zieliński / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 3/2019

The objective of the paper is to analyse the origin of the two meanings of the periphrastic construction <querer ‘will’ + infinitive>, founded in Spanish texts of the Middle Ages: the change of the discursive topic and the explanatory one of the ‘meaning’.

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Can we profit from a loss and still expect substantial gains? Grammatical metaphors as discourse builders and translational choices in English and Croatian discourse of economics

Author(s): Goran Milić,Dubravka Vidaković Erdeljić / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

The present paper starts from proposed points of synergy between Halliday’s (1998) grammatical metaphors and conceptual metaphors as proposed in Conceptual Metaphor Theory (Ritchie & Zhu, 2015) and concentrates on the nature and function of lexical choices in expert texts on economics in English and their translations in Croatian. The paper identifies and inspects the proposed instantiation types of grammatical metaphor (e.g. nominalizations and transformations to a verb or adjective as instances of transcategorization, taking place not only between lexical items, but also between syntactic categories and through series of transformations. Translational choices and strategies employed in their Croatian translations are then examined to determine the degree of overlap in the adoption and use of grammatical metaphor as both a language possibility and a translation strategy. The choice of translations of economics discourse from English into Croatian aims to test the hypothesis that translations, especially literal ones and those of novel metaphors may introduce new linguistic metaphors in the target language (Samaniego Fernández et al., 2005).

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The IMMIGRANTS ARE ANIMALS metaphor as a deliberate metaphor in British and Bosnian-Herzegovinian media

Author(s): Mersina Mujagić,Sanja Berberović / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

Applying MIPVU (Steen et al., 2010) to the corpus of media articles about the European migrant crisis in the period from August 2015 until March 2016 in English and Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian, this paper analyzes the IMMIGRANTS ARE ANIMALS metaphor within the framework of the deliberate metaphor theory by considering the three dimensions of this metaphor, namely, the linguistic dimension of (in)directness, the conceptual parameter of conventionality, and the communicative dimension of (non)deliberateness. Specifically, the paper examines the use of the ANIMALS metaphor as a deliberate metaphor in the immigration discourse in English and Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian. The paper aims to determine to what extent and in which situations the authors of the texts tend to divert the addressee’s attention to viewing immigrants in terms of animals. Using the IDeM protocol for the identification of deliberate metaphor (Krennmayr, 2011), the paper also focuses on the rhetorical potential and the effects of the use of deliberate metaphors in the media discourse. Such metaphors are often used in the media discourse to dehumanize immigrants and consequently reduce the addressee’s empathy for them.

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The Historical Change in the Role of the Two Hungarian Words for Red (Piros and Vörös) and Their Visual Semantics

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The Historical Change in the Role of the Two Hungarian Words for Red (Piros and Vörös) and Their Visual Semantics

Author(s): Beáta Bálizs / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

The present study summarizes the key findings of a multi-year interdisciplinary investigation, performed using specific (ethnographic, anthropological, and linguistic) research methods, into the two color terms mentioned in the title. Originally intended as empirical research involving all Hungarian color terms and individual community-dependent relationships with colors, it was eventually supplemented by a text-based examination of the history of the color terms piros and veres/vörös. A further objective was to answer questions raised in the course of international research concerning the reason for the existence of two color terms with similar meanings in the Hungarian language to denote the red color range. Earlier studies had already suggested that the modern use of vörös, which has more ancient roots in the Hungarian language, may be related to the fact that this color term was previously used more extensively. However, the present research is unique in demonstrating the substantial changes that have taken place in the Hungarian language in relation to the role and meaning of these color terms. It has already been established that the two color terms switched places historically, and that piros today fulfills precisely the same function that for centuries belonged to veres/vörös, until the color term piros began to gain ground in the 19th century.

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Деминутивите в съпоставителен аспект – върху материал от български, руски и румънски

Author(s): Nikolai Paskalev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2019

The purpose of this article is to analyze some of the pragmatic meanings of diminutives in the Bulgarian, Russian and Romanian languages. It starts with a presentation of the semantic structure of diminutives, which distinguishes between the proper diminutive (diminishing) and the valuational (pragmatic) meaning. The article then explores the dependence of the appraisements expressed through diminutives from the context and function of the so-called peripheral linguistic elements displaying diminutiveness. Although the positive pragmatic meanings of diminutives in Bulgarian, Russian and Romanian are the most prominent ones, their negative (pejorative) meanings are in the main focus of the offered comparative analysis. The similarities found across the three languages in the pragmatics of the s.c. depreciatives are not coincidental and call for a detailed analysis. To that end, the cognitive approach has been used to establish that the persistent negative connotations of different nouns denoting various social roles (such as писателче, адвокатче in Bulgarian, писателишко, адвокатишка in Russian, scriitoraş, avocățel in Romanian) are rooted in the cognitive association with attributes like ‘petty’, ‘inferior’, i.е. lacking (in sufficient degree) the necessary qualities to perform the respective social role.

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Analiza semantyczna nazw białostockich lokali gastronomicznych

Author(s): Małgorzata Paszko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 20/2020

The subject of this article is a semantic analysis of the names of food establishments in Białystok. What was found was that discussed urbo-chrematonims oscillate between an informative function and the need to express originality, uniqueness. They constitute important places on the onymic map of the city. As any advertisement, they rely on the persuasiveness expressed by positive connotations and semantic justification. Numerous names of food establishments appear and disappear on the urban landscape of proper names, thus it seems necessary to record the abundance of their meanings on an ongoing basis.

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Figuration, constructions and English phrasal verbs: The instances of come up

Author(s): Efthymia Tsaroucha / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

The paper investigates the evocation of the figurative meanings of English phrasal verbs of the form: component verb come + component particle up when they are employed in resultative constructions. Four instances of come up are discussed. It is suggested that the figurative meanings of come up are rooted to conceptual metaphors.

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КАТЕГОРИЯ РОДА В НЕОФИЦИАЛЬНОЙ АНТРОПОНИМИИ

Author(s): Lyudmila Alekseevna Klimkova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2021

The author refers to the classical works of Russian linguists stating that noun gender is a non-variable lexico-grammatical category, and then focuses on its realization in individual personal nicknames (primarily with the final -a/-ya) as part of microanthroponymic sphere, specifically through the correlation of such lexico-grammatical classes as appellativity–propriality and animacy–inanimacy. The nicknames used in the Oka-Volga-Sura interfl uve area of the Nizhny Novgorod region are studied using the descriptive, structural and semantic, componential, comparative and other interpretational methods to demonstrate the fact that this category has different semantics compared to the sphere of common nouns. Here, due to actualized identification, the discrepancy in the grammatical markers of noun gender and natural gender is a means of characterization, creation and expression of increased connotation. The author proposes a detailed classification of nicknames according to their gender and draws conclusions about the lexico-semantic character and manifestation of gender in nicknames, about the productivity of lexico-semantic derivation among them (anthroponymization and transonymization) accompanied by associativity and transformation (alongside with morphological derivation), as well as about the applicability of the observations and generalizations contained in classical linguistic works to the material under analysis. The proposed classification of nicknames according to their gender qualification could be taken into account in the lexicographic description of unofficial anthroponyms.

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Музика як метафора і метафоричне мовлення про музику в художній літературі та науковому музико-літературному дискурсі

Author(s): Svitlana Macenka / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 101/2020

In view of the importance of music as metaphor in the famous works of German literature (Thomas Mann's Doctor Faustus, Hermann Hesse's The Bead Game) and with reference to numerous statements made by the authors about music as an important element of their creativity, the article offers insight into the advantages of metaphorical approach to the analysis of music in literature as one that is productive and compatible with intermediality. As some Germanic literary studies papers attest, the proponents of metaphorical understanding of the interaction between literature and music (e.g. English modernist literature researcher Sarah Fekadu, Hermann Hesse's scholar Julia Moritz, theoretician of literature and jazz relations Erik Redling) rely on leading concepts about metaphor (those by Wilhelm Köller, Hans Blumenberg, George Lakoff and Mark Johnson) to substantiate the specific idea of musicality behind literary text. In particular, J. Moritz suggests that the musicality of a literary text should be perceived as metaphor which enables different ideas, depending on context or literary phenomena. Music and literature in this case form a completely different link, in which not the forms of art themselves but the perceptions of them are transformed in such a way as to create a new image which reveals a specific quality of literary text. It is emphasized that the metaphorical model helps solve the dilemma of whether “real” music can be found in literature as we no longer speak of such medium as “music” but of musicality as a specific quality of literature. That is why, literature which possesses musicality does not need to give up its essence to imitate music. The interdisciplinary character of the metaphorical understanding of music is also discussed and exemplified by current music studies papers which study literature. Music studies scholars do not deny the interaction between the two sign systems – music and literature. Thus, Christian Thorau claims that metaphorical calling is the calling of “contrastive exemplification”, figurative and sensual calling of common and different qualities. Semiotic prospect maintains sensibility where heterogeneous sign constellations (for instance, painting and music but also music and verbalized text) produce the moment of conflict through different sign forms regardless of the strength of semantic compatibility or difference. Within the semiotic mode this conflict may be studied as cross-modal metaphorism.

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Gjymtyrët e veçuara, fjalitë e ndërmjetme dhe fjalitë e ndërkallura të shqipes – tri kategori, një funksion

Author(s): Zana Prekazi / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 38.1/2019

This theoretical paper discusses supplements in Albanian on the basis of structural linguistic views. Structural features of supplements, in particular their syntactic non-integration from the main clause and the syntactic differences with dependent clauses are described syntactically. In order to draw scientific evidence and arguments in favor of the approach of structural linguistics, examples extracted from Academic Grammar (2002), as a representative of the prescriptive traditional grammars, have been analyzed. Then, on the basis of the qualitative analysis done to these examples, the paper raises the need to re-categorize supplements taking into account first their structure and function and not what they express. Such a re-categorization would approximate the grammatical analysis of Albanian with that of European languages.

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Patru cuvinte româneşti din fondul străvechi

Author(s): Ion Nania / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3/2010

In the present article, the regretted author analyses, from an etymological point of view, the Romanian words: dolofan, hilac, muzan and țăruș, words that the dictionaries often present either with an incomplete etymology or erroneously considered as derived from Bulgarian or other Slavic languages.

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MOTION VERBS IN PERSIAN AND ENGLISH: A FRAMENET-BASED CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS

Author(s): Zolfa Imani,Rezvan Motavallian / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

The current research aims at exploring and comparing the semantic frames of motion verbs in English and Persian. In pursuit of this goal, the novel Animal farm by G. Orwell (1945) was selected and compared with its Persian translation, Qale heyvanat (Atefi, 2010). The sentences including motion verbs were primarily extracted from the novel and then a comparison was made between each English sentence and its Persian counterpart. Afterwards, the semantic frames of the English and Persian motion verbs were obtained from the FrameNet database. It should be noted that when the motion verbs in English had an equivalent which could be interpreted in a different way in Persian, the Persian verb was searched for in one of the most reliable Persian to English dictionaries—Persian to English Dictionary (Aryanpur and Aryanpur, 2007). We searched for its English equivalent and then the newly obtained English verb was searched in FrameNet for the semantic frame. When comparing the semantic frames of the motion verbs in the two languages examined, we concluded that motion events in English and Persian were expressed through miscellaneous motion verbs each of which involves a semantic frame peculiar to it. Likewise, the frames may be similar or different cross-linguistically in case of semantic differences, or they might be pragmatically similar.

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EINE SEMANTISCHE KLASSIFIZIERUNG VON WEIL-SÄTZEN

Author(s): Sibilla Cantarini,Chiara De Bastiani / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2021

A Semantic Classification of Weil-clauses. In the present study, we will elaborate a classification of clauses introduced by weil ‘because’; this classification combines different views on the concepts of cause and motive and their respective linguistic realization. In this paper, the three-dimensional model proposed by Sweetser (1990) will be combined with the distinction between cause and motive made in Prandi/De Santis (2011) and Prandi (2013), with the purpose of formulating a taxonomy of linguistic causality. Corpus research aimed at testing the afore-mentioned classification shows that the subordinating conjunction weil, which is usually defined as the prototypical causal subordinator in traditional grammars, introduces different conceptual relations, which would be difficult to identify without a comprehensive classification of the semantic relations introduced by this subordinator. Finally, further applications of the proposed classification involving the opposition between clauses headed by weil with verb-end and verb-second syntax will be proposed. It will be argued that the verb-second syntax serves a particular function in the encoding of semantic relations.

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