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Pravi i pseudokinegrami u njemačkom jeziku i njihovi ekvivalenti u bosanskom jeziku

Author(s): Belma Šator,Alma Mehić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 10/2015

In diesem Artikel werden besondere Strukturtypen der Phraseologismen bearbeitet, die Kinegramme genannt werden. Kinegramme bezeichnen die Verbalisierungen von nonverbalem Verhalten. Sie weisen eine spezifische doppelte Bedeutungsebene auf. Einerseits beschreiben sie auf der kinetischen Ebene den physischen oder außersprachlichen Vorgang und andererseits kodieren sie auf der symbolischen Ebene die Bedeutung des nonverbalen Verhaltens, die nicht aus den Einzelbedeutungen der lexikalischen Einheiten erschlossen werden kann. Es wird zwischen echten und Pseudo-Kinegrammen unterschieden. Pseudo-Kinegramme, im Gegensatz zu den echten Kinegrammen, beziehen sich auf eine nonverbale Handlung, die nicht mehr ausgeübt wird oder nicht ausgeübt werden kann (z.B. ein Auge auf jmdn./etw. werfen – baciti oko na nekoga). Aufgrund des Vergleichs der Kinegramme und der Pseudo-Kinegramme der deutschen und der bosnischen Sprache wurde die Typologie der phraseologischen Äquivalente dieser beiden Sprachen erstellt, wodurch ihre Entsprechungen in der jeweils anderen Sprache gefunden wurden und auf die zwischensprachliche phraseologische Äquivalenz aufmerksam gemacht wurde.

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Euhpemisms Through Time: the Rhetorical Power of Palliation

Author(s): Milica Radulović / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

The paper is an overview of the ideas and theoretical frameworks relevant to studying euphemisms, words/expressions used for the purpose of avoiding the negative effect associated with non-euphemistic more negatively connoted alternatives. Euphemisms are discussed in relation to rhetoric, stylistics, pragmatics and discourse analysis, which all provide insight into the motives for the use of these palliative expressions. The overview of the ideas shows that different theoretical frameworks, though they belong to different periods of time, recognize euphemisms as a convenient tool for communicating meaning in a way that can support only the speakerʼs interests. This means that euphemisms can be discussed as a type of language use by means of which the speaker can impose a preferred interpretation of meaning, and, as far as the motives for euphemization are concerned, they should be examined more closely in accordance with the specificities of context and discourse in which euphemisms are used.

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Deixis and Personhood: A New Philosophical Account

Author(s): Đorđe Vidanović / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

This paper claims that deixis is over and above a semantico-pragmatic phenomenon, and that it should be analyzed primarily epistemologically and ontologically. Most mainstream accounts of deixis in language simply overlook this point and emphasize the fact that although deixis is more attentional and intentional, it still remains elusive for any semantic and pragmatic framework. Our paper attempts to pave the way for a treatment of deictic phenomena that is based on the notion of ‘personhood’, i.e. on the pre-reflective perception of space-time, which is, furthermore, one of the basic tenets of intersubjectivity in human cognition. This is evident as lived space is deeply intertwined with deixis, or, if one wishes so, the other way round. It seems obvious that constant shifts of personal subjectivity (dependent on contingent intersubjectivity) undermine the rationalist and empiricist standpoints about there being one monolithic percept called 'reality'.

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Une approche pragmatique de l’analyse du discours et son application à la didactique du français sur objectif specifique

Author(s): Danijel Živković / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2017

Aujourd’hui, la communication est devenue une composante essentielle du travail et les compétences communicatives sont recherchées pour la majorité des postes de travail. La qualité des interactions est d’une grande importance pour améliorer la performance des entreprises. Étant donné que les compétences pragmatiques représentent l’un des éléments indispensables des compétences communicatives générales, notre intérêt est de révéler la manifestation de certaines caractéristiques pragmatiques du discours. Comment une approche pragmatique de l’analyse du discours peut contribuer à la didactique du français sur objectif spécifique (FOS)? La pragmatique vise à comprendre dans quelle mesure les échanges verbaux dépassent un simple échange d’information et influencent l’interlocuteur vers une action ou vers un changement de comportement, d’attitude, de la croyance, de la valeur, etc. Alors, une approche pragmatique de l’analyse du discours devrait décrire les éléments discursifs dans le discours, tels que l’organisation et la structuration des phrases, l’articulation des propositions dans le texte, l’organisation thématique et logique, la cohérence et la cohésion, la construction de l’argumentation etc. À cet effet, nous analyserons un corpus constitué des phrases issues du discours économique et commercial.

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Pragmalingvistička i stilistička analiza pozdrava prilikom susreta u ruskom jeziku

Author(s): Linda Prugo- Babić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2014

This paper provides an overview of formal and informal greetings. The research was done on the basis of corpus in the Russian Language. Greetings arc speech acts which serve to preserve the positive face of the interlocutor. Highly conventionalized, with a marked phatic function, they serve as a signal to open the conversation and as an invitation to dialogue.

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Dialoogsüsteem ja läbirääkimiste struktuur

Author(s): Mare Koit / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 13/2017

We are studying the negotiations in the Estonian dialogue corpus, with the aim of identifying the typical dialogue acts and communicative strategies used in the dialogues. Three sub-corpora have been analysed: 1) conversations between a travel agent and a customer who is planning a trip; 2) telemarketing calls where a sales clerk for an educational company argues that a customer should take a training course, and 3) everyday conversations where the initiator attempts to persuade the communication partner to perform an action. The structure of the different types of dialogues is represented as a sequence of dialogue acts and communicative strategies. The general structure of human-human negotiation is identified and described. This structure is compared with the structure of the negotiations carried out by an experimental dialogue system. The results can help to develop the dialogue system in order to make conversations with the system more human-like.

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PRAGMATIKA VEZNIH SREDSTAVA

Author(s): Lada Badurina,Nikolina Palašić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2012

The paper focuses on conjuncts on the level of sentence and text (conjunctions and connectors). We primarily focus on the criteria on the basis of which linguistic units are categorised into the aforementioned group or groups and classified (formal grammatical and semantic/logic criteria) in grammar books. This is followed by an enquiry into the issue of whether conjuncts are adequately represented in traditional grammatical descriptions. Thus, taking into account concrete communicational situations, that is, pragmatics – functional criterion is added to the above mentioned criteria. This significantly increases the list of conjuncts: it no longer only includes those units that in the formal grammatical sense do not belong to the category of conjunctions, but also larger(complex) linguistic units – sintagms, clauses, sentences, and even parts of text.

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Lietuvių rašytojų naujadarų darybos ir semantikos ypatumai

Author(s): Jolanta Vaskelienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 90/2017

For a variety of reasons, neologisms are constantly appearing in the Lithuanian language. The article deals with the derivation and semantics of the neologisms found in Lithuanian writers“works. The analysis of 397 neologisms (199 nouns, 126 adjectives, 36 verbs, and 36 adverbs) found in 20 books of Lithuanian writers allowed to draw the following conclusions: 1.The majority (82 per cent) of neologisms are nouns and adjectives. Most of them are potential derivatives and belong to the established derivational types, although occasional structures were also found.2.The largest groups of noun neologisms consist of suffix derivatives and compounds. Abstract lexical units are abundant (48 per cent of nouns are considered to be verb and nominal abstracts). The second component of the absolute majority of compounds is based on the noun. 3.The major part of adjective neologisms (82per cent of suffixational adjectives) consists of the suffix -iškas derivatives; almost half of them are based on personal names, while others are derived from nouns of various semantic and morphemic structure.4.The absolute majority of adjective compounds have the nominal component; the first component of these compounds most often is the adjective.5.The majority of all neologisms (88per cent) are based on cognate base words, 22 per cent of neologisms are derived from potential base words –derivatives. The greater part of adverbs is based on neologisms; their potential base words tend to be adjectives with the suffix -iškas, -a. The neologisms with the established derivational system were also found.6.The meaning of neologisms is clear when their lexical meaning essentially coincides with the derivational meaning and when they are created by analogy with the cognate derivatives.7.The meaning of all neologisms (used in the figurative meaning, those whose lexical meaning is more specific than the derivational meaning, and those based on potential base words) becomes clear in the context of a sentence or (rarely) in the context of all book.8.The neologisms derived with the suffix -iškas almost always function as epithets that give new meanings to the words they modify or are equivalent to the comparative expressions. The adjectives with the suffix –Iškas derived from personal names are not only informative, but also allow to express the idea in a shorter way. Many adverb neologisms function as metaphorical epithets.

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NEW DIRECTIONS FOR RESEARCH IN PRAGMATICS AND MODULARITY

Author(s): Deirdre Wilson / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2016

This paper considers the relation between the pragmatic abilities used to interpret communicative behaviour and more general mind-reading abilities used to interpret ordinary actions. According to the classical Fodorian view (Fodor 1983), pragmatics and mindreading are central cognitive systems which are used to attribute mental states to others on the basis of general-purpose reasoning abilities. I will outline an alternative, relevance theoretic account on which mind-reading is a dedicated inferential module, and pragmatics is a sub-module of the mind-reading module, with its own special-purpose principles and mechanisms.

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The Hungarian imperative particle hadd. A contrastive look at the development of analogous markers of sentence mood in some European languages

Author(s): Attila Péteri / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2012

This study is devoted to the Hungarian sentence mood particle hadd, which developed into a particle from the imperatival form of the verb hagy ‘let’. It primarily functions in non-addressee-oriented directives, i.e., it marks speech acts meant by the speaker to instigate actions of the speaker him- or herself or of third parties rather than actions of the interlocutor. The interlocutor is meant to play a—mediating, supporting, or tolerating—“secondary” role in this. Based on corpus research, the syntax and pragmatics of the particle hadd will be illustrated. The syntactic position of hadd differs from that of modal particles in being considerably more fixed. Concerning its pragmatic function, uses leading away from the function of a particle indicating sentence mood can be discerned. Similar developments can be illustrated for other European languages. In some languages (e.g., the Slavic languages), the word meaning ‘let’ develops into a particle, in other languages it turns into an auxiliary verb.

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On the status of discourse markers

Author(s): Csilla Ilona Dér / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2010

Research on discourse markers has run into fundamental difficulties recently. First, that group of linguistic items appears to withstand approaches trying to account for them in terms of formal properties, even though the set of discourse markers includes a subset, that of discourse particles, that is somewhat easier to characterise in formal terms. Secondly, a function-based description of discourse markers has its own problems, too: it is not easy to find the common denominator of all the diverse roles that the relevant literature attributes to them. A substantial part of the latter difficulty has its roots in the fact that, to date, no adequate and full-fledged classification has been proposed with respect to linguistic units having a pragmatic role, including discourse markers.No increase in the amount of empirical research does, in itself, present a way out of that situation: successful continuation of such research and general theoretical advancement both require that certain fundamental issues be clarified first. The purpose of this paper, accordingly, is to reveal certain difficulties in referring to and characterizing discourse markers (via a review of the relevant literature), claiming that some of their allegedly canonical properties are oversimplified or downright wrong. Also, an effort is made to highlight crucial functional aspects of the delimitation of the group of discourse markers and to discuss the status of multi-word discourse markers, too.

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Modal adverbs in Hungarian (The case of talán ‘perhaps’)

Author(s): Nóra Kugler / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2010

This paper discusses epistemic modal adverbs in Hungarian from a functional perspective. It argues that epistemic modal adverbs indicate several operations that are closely interconnected: on the one hand, they indicate the fact that the speaker presents the event represented in the sentence as a possibility rather than as a fact (thereby opening the dimension of epistemic modality for its interpretation); on the other hand, they signal that the evaluation of likelihood comes from the speaker, that the specification of the degree of probability of the given event is based on the speaker’s inference (setting the domain of evidentiality into motion). Both of these functions can be interpreted as part of the operation of subjectification, identifying the speaker as the subject of consciousness. The author assumes that Hungarian exhibits a modalized system of representing evidence; she takes epistemic modality and evidentiality to be partially overlapping domains.The paper gives an overview of inferential-epistemic modal adverbs in Hungarian. In a corpus-based analysis of the lexeme talán ‘perhaps’, it discusses its inferential-epistemic functions, as well as the paths of leaving the modal domain.

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Demonstrative pronouns in spatial deixis, discourse deixis, and anaphora

Author(s): Krisztina Laczkó / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2010

This paper explores the relationship between the use of demonstrative pronouns in deixis and anaphora in the framework of the functional-cognitive theory of language. Part of the international literature suggests that deixis and anaphora cannot be separated from one another (see, in a formal pragmatic framework, Lyons 1977/1989; Levinson 1994), whereas other authors think that those two pragmatic/text linguistic processes are not connected in this manner (see, e.g., the cognitive-functional approach of Marmaridou 2000). The way Hungarian demonstratives work does not support the latter claim. Along with universal characteristics, it can be observed in Hungarian that, in the non-attributive (independent) use of these pronouns, event deixis (a subtype of spatial deixis) exhibits properties that it shares with discourse deixis, whereas discourse deixis leads on to the anaphoric use of demonstratives. In Hungarian, the switchover between the two types of use is clearly associated with perspective; in particular, with the shift from the referential centre to a neutral vantage point.

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The structure of self-repairs in the speech of Hungarian learners of English

Author(s): Judit Kormos / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2006

The study reported in the paper investigates the structure of L2 self-corrections in the speech of 30 Hungarian learners of English and 10 Hungarian native speakers. The aim of the research is to examine what the well-formedness of the corrections, the use of editing terms, the placement of cut-off points and the effect of the participants' level of proficiency on the structure of self-repairs reveal about the psycholinguistic processes of speech production. The results of the study lend additional support for modular models of speech production (e.g., Levelt 1983, 1989; Levelt et al. 1999) and reveal an important role of pragmatic constraints in psycholinguistic processing.

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Speech report constructions in Russian

Author(s): Jonathan E. M. Clarke / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2005

This study is concerned with the strategies for reporting speech in contemporary Russian. It analyses the salient features of direct and indirect speech report constructions and examines the shifts that accompany the transformation of a direct speech report construction into its corresponding indirect construction. It demonstrates that while most speech report constructions in Russian are multiclausal, monoclausal constructions using evidentials are also possible and that a speech report continuum exists where some constructions display features of both direct and indirect speech reports.

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The concept of preference and its manifestation in Hungarian verbal conflict sequences

Author(s): Ágnes Lerch / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2005

Preference is an operative notion of sequential organization and interpersonal understanding in conversation analysis. The complexity of the phenomenon that we are attempting to grasp through this notion has manifested itself in the seemingly controversial widening of the interpretation of the notion. In this paper I argue that preference can be interpreted through an inference rule as a consequence of the simultaneous but not equal manifestation of pragmatic principles; a deeper and uncontroversial interpretation of the notion is possible if, in addition to a structural inference rule and interpersonality principles, we take into consideration the role of rationality principles as well. In every communicative situation an interpersonal concern and a topical concern is operative; in consensus-oriented contexts preference structure is regulated by interpersonality principles that govern interpersonal relations and self-projection, while in conflict-oriented discourse the most important role is played by rationality principles. Approaching preference from the perspective of pragmatic principles may prove instrumental in integrating conversion analysis more closely with new directions and results of pragmatic research.

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Apology routine formulae in Hungarian

Author(s): Małgorzata Suszczyńska / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2005

This paper describes the forms and functions of Hungarian apology routine formulae (RF) used by Hungarian adults in a written Discourse Completion Test. Five apology RF types are identified, their choices being influenced by such factors as the offence type and its severity, the social role of the interlocutor and the offender's gender. Two main apology RF types, Ne haragudj `Don't be angry' and Elnézést `Excuse me' are shown to perform complementary communicative functions of restoring harmony in familiar vs. unfamiliar settings. Gender differences in the use of RF types present on various levels of analysis demonstrate that males and females choose different ways to restore social harmony and may attach importance to different aspects of the context.

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The principles of communicative language use

Author(s): Enikő Németh T. / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2004

The paper aims to overview some typical principles of communicative language use in a cognitive pragmatic approach applying a reductionist method in order to demonstrate that the well-known principles can be reduced to a very general rationality (economy) principle. After briefly reviewing the principles the paper re-evaluates them and provides a new classification of them relying on the definition of ostensive-inferential communication. The principles which can be divided into rationality and interpersonality principles are really principles of effective information transmission on objects and selves. They refer to two kinds of language use: informative and communicative ones. The only principles valid for only communicative language use are the communicative principle of relevance and the principle of communicative intention suggested in the present article. Finally, the paper reduces all rationality and interpersonality principles to a very general rationality principle, i.e., the cognitive principle of relevance.

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SPOSOJANJE ANGLEŠKIH OSEBNIH IMEN NA SLOVENSKEM: SOCIO-PRAGMATIČNI VIDIK

Author(s): Eva Sicherl / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2/2017

The article aims to address the issue of a growing tendency of Slovene native speakers towards borrowing English personal names when naming their new-borns. Data supplied by the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia (SURS) confirm that foreign (and, with that, English) names have increased in the past decades. Statistical lists compiled for the 1961-1970 decade and the 2001-2015 period illustrate how in the case of personal names, ‘exoticisms’ (e.g. Alex, Liam, Nick, Ruby, and Zoe, listed among the most popular 200 first names in the 2001-2015 period) compete with name forms that have been adapted and nativised long ago (e.g. Robert), or are currently being introduced for the first time into Slovene. The influx of name borrowings is discussed from the point of view of pragmatic borrowing as advocated by G. Andersen (2014). A historical overview of the borrowing of English personal names into Slovene is given, and the role of English as the model discussed. Such pragmatically borrowed items carry significant sociolinguistic signals about the borrowers’ attitudes, and these are analysed, based on questionnaires completed by parents of children aged 2-6. The cultural significance of English influence is thus sought to be evaluated.

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Skuteczność formalna i materialna performatywu

Author(s): Łukasz Łukowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 75/2015

Effectiveness of the performative is usually understood as fulfillment of all the conditions ensuring its proper presentation. This approach is justified on the logical and philosophical basis. On the basis of jurisprudence it seems to be equally important to consider another kind of performative effectiveness which is granted irrespectively of the fact that the performative actually leads to predicate its reality changes. The first type of the effectiveness distinguished by Searle is called in this work formal effectiveness while the second type – material. Combinatorial connection of achieving or not these two kinds of effectiveness gives four cases. In a democratic state there are cases that meet the desired material performatives, which are also met formally, and non-compliance of the material performatives, which are also not formally met. Other configurations to meet performatives are undesirable. As the analysis of specific cases of performatives in the matter of law (legal norms) shows, this regularity does not occur when the functioning of democracy suffers. This fact implies a possibility of „performative” definition of a democratic system, understood as the rule of law.

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