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Zkorumpovaná pakáž: eristika vybraných fragmentů současného demagogického diskursu

Author(s): Martin Švantner / Language(s): Czech Issue: 01/2017

Presented theoretical essay draws on perspectives of critical theory of media (J. Habermas, T. W. Adorno) and social philosophy (S. Žižek) with an emphasize on the ethical dimension of communicative action. The aim of the text is to address – through the prism of critical theory of argumentation (D. Walton) – selected rhetorical strategies of the contemporary Czech political discourse, which gains its persuasive power and common figures from the matrices of so called Ur-fascism (U. Eco).

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Identyfikacja aktów mowy przez uczestników interakcji w komunikacji publicznej

Author(s): Beata Grochala / Language(s): Polish Issue: 47/2013

Speech acts identification by the participants of interaction in public communication The purpose of this article is to analyze the public discourse in terms of speech acts identification by the participants of the interaction. The research material comes from two radio programs (“Radio Zet-Guest” and “The 7th Day of the Week”), in which a journalist interviews politicians. Political discourse is not a field of creating sincere speech acts, but rather a playground on which identifying speech acts is strategically important. The preinteraction is very important, which determines both the creation and perception of speech acts. This manifests itself in breaching the preferred communication behaviors, and instead using avoidance strategies. With the development of the discourse in time it becomes more and more authentic and discourse participants “truly” identify speech acts.

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Zastosowanie metody kroków w rozmowie do badania interakcji medialnej na poziomie lokalnym

Author(s): Edyta Pałuszyńska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 47/2013

Application of step-method in conversation for research of media interaction on local level The goal of this article is to adjust research tool, such as step-method in conversation (originally created for colloquial conversation analysis) to explore public discourse. Political debate in the media has been choosen as a research material. Local level of dialog means investigating structure created by consecutive interlocutors. This is an effect of their cooperation, therefore regard and reference to utterance, common topic exploration. Medial interaction analysis showed differences between colloquial conversation and public debate in their organization and goal. Types of journalist’s steps named initial, steering and reacting constitute a structural skeleton for each of the segments. Leader’s organizational activities play an important part. He directs interlocutors’ activity to be in line with species requirements as well as with medial discourse. Controversial, beeing an expression of negative opinions, clear valuate and persuasive function content is picked up and exposed.

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The Allusive Language of Politics: Do Americans Ever Apologize?

Author(s): Ahmad Kareem Salem / Language(s): English Issue: XVII/2016

The present study is a pragmatic approach to apology. According to John E. Joseph, “The study of language and politics aims at understanding the role of linguistic communication in the functioning of social units, and how this role shapes language itself.” Politics is the art, and language is the medium, whereby politicians position themselves to get what they need, and beyond that, what they want. Politics has been defined as the continuous search for ways through which the “conflicting interest” can be resolved. It cannot be carried out without language, and it could be the use of language in the composition of social groups that leads to what is called politics. Political language is a variety of language that allows politicians to use certain effective aspects in their speeches (whether spoken or written), and to bring about the effect they seek on their addressees. The language of politics is the carrier of apology in the sense that apologizing is a speech act in which something is claimed to hold by, for instance, presidents of state, such as the American Presidents George W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and Barak Obama.

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The acquisition of asserted, presupposed, and pragmatically implied exhaustivity in Hungarian

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The acquisition of asserted, presupposed, and pragmatically implied exhaustivity in Hungarian

Author(s): Lilla Pintér / Language(s): English Issue: 2-3/2018

The paper reports on three experiments in which the exhaustive interpretation of sentences containing the focus particle csak ‘only’, structural focus constructions, and sentences with neutral intonation and word order were investigated. The results obtained not only reveal the developmental trajectory of the adult-like comprehension of each sentence type, but also contribute to the discussion concerning the semantic or pragmatic nature of their exhaustive meaning component. As the three construction types were judged in different ways on a three-point scale, the findings appear to support the hypothesis according to which exhaustivity is part of the asserted content of sentences with csak ‘only’, it is context-independently presupposed in the case of structural focus, and in certain contexts it can arise as an implicature in the case of neutral utterances, as well.

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Význam pragmatiky v angličtine ako lingua franca

Author(s): Simona Čalovková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 17-18/2014

This article pays attention to pragmatics in the context of English as a lingua franca. We put emphasis on an importance of pragmatics and its role in an interaction in English as a lingua franca. It provides an overview of recent empirical studies conducted on the process of communication through English. According to the recent discussions on the ELF, we try to investigate and describe some strategies used in ELF interaction which are usually used to make conversation successful despite the occurrence of grammatical infelicities and pronunciation variants.

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Weak Communication, Joke Targets and the Punch-Line Effect: A Relevance-Theoretic Account

Author(s): Agnieszka Piskorska,Maria Jodłowiec / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

The paper offers an analysis of the cognitive mechanisms underlying the production and comprehension of verbal jokes in terms of what relevance theorists refer to as weakly communicated import. While pragmatic analyses of humour emphasize the role of the inferential stages that the audience is intended (or even manipulated, Yus 2016) to go through in processing a joke, the weak communication model presented here focuses on the punchline effect, exploring the nature of the “cognitive climax” that is created. On this account, a vast array of weakly communicated assumptions, resulting in a cognitive overload effect, rather than incongruity resolution on its own, is identified as the laughter-inducing mechanism underlying verbal humour. The central idea is that universal and culture-specific humour-generating elements in jokes have one quality in common, viz. their potential to cause a cognitive overload effect, which may, and often does, result in amusement. On this approach, what is typically recognized as national or ethnic humour is posited to recruit the same humour-invoking pragmatic mechanisms as in other kinds of jokes, the principal difference lying in the choice of the target being mocked, which must be well-known to the audience for the cognitive overload effect to be brought forth.

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On-line sportovní přenosy jako hybridní žánr

Author(s): Jana Hoffmannová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 35/2018

On-line sports reporting (also known as live text commentary or minute-by-minute match report) is a relatively new genre of computer-mediated communication – a hybrid genre which combines a chronologically structured narrative or description (capturing the events of the sporting match minute-by-minute) with the commentator’s evaluative formulations (evaluations which are often expressive, subjective, funny and humorous) as well as his implicit contact with the audience (fictitious dialogue). It thus fulfills both the informative function (providing factual information) and the entertainment one (as typical infotainment). This article focuses on Czech on-line sports reporting, mainly from soccer, hockey and tennis matches.

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Neverbálna komunikácia v trénerskom komunikačnom registri

Author(s): Terézia Kovalik Slančová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 35/2018

The paper deals with the analysis of nonverbal communication in coach´s communication register. The aim was to describe selected nonverbal means of volleyball coach´s communication register with older school age female players competing in U 15 category. The object of our research was coach of team Prešov. Basic method was the observation. One recorded match (27. 2. 2016, Prešov – Svidník) was analyzed for needs of this paper. The match was captured using a static videocamera and dictaphone worn on coach´s neck. Verbal and nonverbal communication of coach and partially players (if in proximity of the recording device) was transcribed using a transcription and coding system CHAT of the CHILDES system. We focused on the gestures occurrence. Gestures were divided into five basic types: illustrators, adaptors, affective displays, emblems and regulators. The occurrences of particular gestures were expressed in percentage terms. We recorded illustrators as the most frequently used gestures followed by adaptors, affective displays, regulators and emblems.

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Akustické vlastnosti oslovenia v trénerskom komunikačnom registri

Author(s): Marianna Kraviarová,Marianna Kraviarová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 35/2018

This paper focuses on the sound level of addressing communication acts in the coach´s communication register, which takes place during communication between the coach and the pubescent players practicing team ball games – football – in training and game dialogues. Speech analysis was focused on prosodic phenomena that arose by tone, power, and time modulation of speech. Sound recordings were analysed in the Praat program and then statistically evaluated by the Statistica program. The aim of the research is to show the differences in the acoustic realization of the addressing communication acts in the coach´s microsocial communication register within training and game dialogues.

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Jazyk mediálneho športu ako bojisko

Author(s): Jozef Mergeš / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 35/2018

The study deals with the character of the language of sport according to its battle character. The sports communication is in this case supplemented by words from military, often in the form of metaphors, metonyms and phrases. The military register in the structure of commentary from football, is primarily used to define the parties involved in the struggle, which are in contrast. The basic words that support the explanation of a sporting event as a fight can be considered those that reflect the goals, layout and player functions. In the case of football commentary seems to appear five basic spheres explained by the military words. These are words expressing dynamics in the space (formation, attack, field, etc.), physical contact between the players (attack, stretch, etc.), movement of the ball (the ball is understood as a projectile), the setting of goals (to the result through the current tactically influenced situation) and words expressing support during the game (to supply, secure, ply, substitute, etc.).

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Nové žánry v komunikaci o sportu?

Author(s): Lucie Saicová Římalová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 35/2018

The author analyses video recordings of the game FIFA shared on YouTube by Czech speaking authors. The recordings exhibit strong tendency to mix different genres. The hybridization is based on three basic levels – a basic frame without connection to sports and games, and two levels connected with them: a level of e-sport and a level of a football game. The basic frame is characterized by strong dialogical and persuasive features. The e-sport level exhibits linguistic (mainly Czech and English) heterogeneity. The level of the football game is structured into several sublevels. The level grounded in on-line commenting of a sports event is the most salient one. The other sublevels concern communication between participants of the game and communication of the author of the recording directed towards the players depicted within the FIFA game or stylized as if from their perspective.

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Skatologismen in aggressiven Sprechakten

Author(s): Oksana Havryliv / Language(s): German Issue: 27/2018

This article portrays specific structural-semantic and pragmatic properties of scatologisms in German, their use in aggressive speech acts as well as the wide scope of their functions. The empirical basis of this research are written and oral surveys conducted within the framework of two FWF research projects (2006–2008 and 2012–2017) on 538 and 72 people respectively (a total of 610 Viennese between ages of 14 and 90 and from different social groups), as well as literary texts and newspaper articles.

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Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of the Apology Speech Act ‘Sorry’

Author(s): Deyana Peneva / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2013

The paper dwells on the quantitative and qualitative analysis of an apology speech act in spoken language discourse. The data in the analysis are taken from British National Corpus of spoken language considering a particular speech act and namely, the speech act of apology and in the present paper – the performative adjective ‘sorry’. The paper focuses on the description of the reference corpus, the purposes of the quantitative analysis, followed by a detailed overview of the basic sorry patterns, the quantitative analysis itself and finally the paper attempts to make assumptions and draw conclusions with respect to the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the data.

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The Dynamic and Static Aspects of Speech Organization in Business Media Texts

Author(s): Liliya Duskaeva / Language(s): English Issue: 32/2018

Praxeological analytical approach that includes dynamic and static aspects is presented in the article aimed at establishing norms and rules of speech behavior in the professional media. The dynamic model involves consideration of compositional-speech forms of construction journalistic texts through a sequence of speech acts. Fs a result the originality of the speech procedures, models of effective professional speech activities are defined and established according to T. Kotarbinsky, the most General norms of maximum feasibility (1975, p.223). For the static analysis of text types identifies the rules for selection and combination of non-linguistic and linguistic means, that is the principles and rules of effective speech activity of the expert. The aim to objectivity of presentation is evident in the accentuated accuracy and detail messages, in an indirect expression of social evaluation and of expression in the predominance of rational evaluation associated with practical human activity, the almost complete absence in publications on economics of more subjective sensory, psychological and sublimated evaluations. Counting for the knowledgeable audience allows making message very laconic, due to the use of terms, abbreviations, special terminology, including Latin, infographics. For the expression of subjectivity, socio-political position can be used specially selected series of events and the techniques of indirect communication. Appeal to the reader is also indirect in nature and stands as the distinctive purpose of information presenting to the reader, with the emphasis on the information, which is the most important for the publication.

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Stratégies pausale et intonative des connecteurs discursifs dans le vœu présidentiel de 2011

Author(s): Perihane Adel Hassan / Language(s): French Issue: 05/2012

This article constitutes an analysis of the discursive connectors exploited by President Nicolas Sarkozy in his greetings for the year 2011. Analyzes based on the study of the relation between the argumentative function of the connectors, the suprasegmental features and the pause. This study required the use of prosody analyis software.

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Traduire les connecteurs causaux

Author(s): Nora-Sabina Mărcean / Language(s): French Issue: 03/2010

The translation of texts that contain causal connectors presents problems related to the pragmatic interpretation of the utterance and of the causal relation. An easy didactic experiment may identify the problematic elements and indicate the way in which the approach to translation can be diversified and improved. Assimilating certain basic concepts from the pragmatic analysis leads to better results in the translation process.

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O niektórych aspektach związanych z etosem w argumentum ad crumenam

Author(s): Ewa Rosiak-Zięba / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2019

In this paper I present the study on ethotic components of ad crumenam argument, considered as a complex rhetorical technique. In terms of this framework two pragmatic approaches are applied: speech act theory and Gricean conversational implicature theory. The study shows the diversified features of agents’ credibility employed in different versions of this argument

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Latviešu un čehu politiskā diskursa pragmatiskais konteksts

Author(s): Nadežda Kopoloveca / Language(s): Latvian Issue: 9/2018

The paper is devoted to the issues related to the analysis of political discourse in terms of identifying the pragmatic context in the texts of the transcripts of the speeches of famous Latvian (Laimdota Straujuma, Ivars Godmanis, Valdis Dombrovskis) and Czech (Miroslava Němcová, Karel Schwarzenberg, Bohuslav Sobotka) politicians. As the most significant factors of the pragmatic context the addressee factor, the place factor, the time factor, the event factor and the factor of the phenomenon are identified. To influence its addressee and achieve the goal of the speech, the politicians use various appeals to names, events, phenomena that are significant for the nationʼs consciousness, and which allow to efficiently influence the audience. Politicianʼs methods include the actualization of information, the selection of advantageous facts (also known as agenda setting/agenda cutting), the nomination of the addressee, orientation in time and space, appeal to precedent names, events, phenomena. In the course of the analysis of the transcripts, the most frequent and characteristic factors of pragmatic context and stylistic devices of each of the selected politicians were revealed.

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Atbildes uz jautājumiem mutvārdu tekstā: pragmatiskais aspekts

Author(s): Linda Lauze / Language(s): Latvian Issue: 9/2018

Nowadays, when the communication process and its effectiveness are influenced by information technologies and social networks, there is an invisible change when the social expectations of the partner are not fulfilled. Thus, it is necessary to pay more attention to the dialogue which is the main form of expression in the spoken text. The present article deals with answers to yes-no questions and wh-questions from the point of view of pragmatics. The research is based on the analysis of spoken dialogue that have been fixed in different speech situations in everyday communication as well as taken from television and radio broadcasts where fairly spontaneous speech has been used. The question and answer are one of the types of adjacency pairs. It should be mentioned that an answer to a yes-no question can be a particle jā ‘yes’ or nē ‘no’ or to a wh-question – one word expressing the information necessary for the conversation partner. However, in many cases in the spoken text answers can be expanded when the conversation partner wants to give some more information in their answer. From the point of view of pragmatics answers to yes-no questions and wh-questions can be direct and indirect. Indirect answers belong to implicatures. The author’s attention has been focused on semantic implication too that is implemented not only in answers to yes-no questions but also in answers to whquestions. However, indirect answers are more characteristic to yes-no questions rather than wh-questions in the spoken text.

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