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Lithuanian Christian terminology is one of the oldest fields of terminology – the old borrowings (for instance, bažnyčia (church), gavėnia (Lent), krikštas (baptism), kūčios (Christmas Eve), Kalėdos (Christmas), Velykos (Easter)) came into Lithuanian before the official conversion of Lithuania to Christianity – in 10th-12th centuries. The beginnings of Lithuanian terminology are found in extant manuscripts of prayers (Viešpaties malda (The Lord’s prayer), Angelo pasveikinimas (Hail Mary), Tikėjimo išpažinimas (The Nicean Creed) written down in Vilnius diocese in the 16th century, which are the oldest of all presently known texts and the first printed Lithuanian book – an evangelical Lutheran catechism Catechismvsa prasty Szadei written by Martynas Mažvydas in 1547. This article analyses one-word non-Lithuanian origin terms of religion used in Catholic catechisms from the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries. This period is not a random choice, because the literature of the Church and its language at that time were corrupt with barbarisms.From four Catholic catechisms published at that period – Mokslas Rimo Kataliku (Teaching of Roman Catholics) (1879), Trumpasis Кип. Filochowskio katekizmas. Vaiszganto verstas (Short Catechism by Priest Filochowski. Translated by Vaiszgantas) (1901), Katakizmai katalikiszki (Catholic Catechisms) (1903) and Tikybos mokslas (Šv. Istorijos ir Katekizmo) (Teaching of Religion (Holy History and Catechism)) (1916) by the priest Kazimieras Paltarokas – 1158 one-word terms of religion and their variants, were picked up. Some terms were the same, so it made 613 different terms and 125 their variants. The majority of one-word terms – 439 terms – were of the native origin. This article investigates 141 different terms of non-Lithuanian origin and 33 hybrid terms of foreign origin.Non-Lithuanian, i.e. terms of religion of the foreign origin are so called international words (34 terms), barbarisms (71 term) and old borrowings (36 terms). The absolute majority of international terms (33 terms) are derived from classical languages – Latin (aktas (act, note) TFK 43, ostija (host) KK 30, MRK 322, TM 123, sakramentas (sacrament) MRK 16, 79, 138, TFK 9, KK 22, TM 72, 85) and Greek (antifona (versicle) TM 11, balzamas (balsam) MRK 315). Some international terms came through Slavonic (Belorussian, Polish) languages, for instance, altorius (altar) MRK 176, TM 110, adventas (advent) MRK 79, 333, TM 109, angelas (angel) TM 12, 76 and other.The origin of old borrowings varies. These catechisms have majorily old borrowings from Slavonic languages, for example, bažnyčia (church) MRK 25, TFK 20, 25, KK 19, TM 7, 88, grabas (coffin) MRK 75, KK 15 and other. This is the oldest layer of Lithuanian terms of religion.There are many barbarisms in earlier mentioned catechisms (71 term): Polonisms (abrozas (picture) MRK 79, dūšia (spirit) MRK 29, TFK 8, KK 11, tajemnyčia (mystery of rosary) MRK 50), Slavonicisms (apieka (care) KK 10), Belorussianisms (тūkа (suffering) MRK 57, TFK 11, 25, KK 46) and germanisms (podžiai (godparents) TM 120).The end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries is the period of the fast creation of common language. At that time terms of religion were already established, but the language was corrupted with barbarisms and was not pure. In the beginning of the 20th century there were attempts to normalize terms of religion – barbarisms were changed, international terms and old borrowings were left. In the work of the priest K. Paltarokas Tikybos mokslas (The Teaching of Religion) even 82% of terms are purely Lithuanian. In this catechism there is only one barbarism from German language – podžiai (godparents) TM 120. Furthermore, barbarisms, used in catechisms published in 1879-1903, were changed, for instance, dirmavonė MRK 108, TFK 9, KK 27 – sutvirtinimo sakramentas TM 120 (confirmation), čysčius MRK 63, TFK 17, KK 16, 37 – skaistykla TM 89 (purgatory) and others. After the bishop Paltarokas the terminology of Lithuanian catholic catechisms hardly changed.
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This article analyses the names of treatment means (over 400) collected from sixteen books of popular medicine by doctor Antanas Vileišis (1856–1919) according to their meaning, expression and origin.In respect of meaning these names differ. Six notional groups were identified – names of medications for internal and external use, bandaging means and medical dressings, first aid means, disinfecting or anti-bacterial means, medical implements and manipulation treatment.In respect of expression the majority of names of treatment means are complex terms, mainly two-word terms (200), also there are quite few three-word terms (nearly 80). A variety of means of expression is characteristic to specific elements of those terms.In respect of origin Lithuanian words prevail, though there are quite a lot of words of foreign origin – international words and barbarisms. In some cases barbarisms were substituted with Lithuanian equivalents, though sometimes the author gives a barbarism next to Lithuanian word – presumably trying to adjust his language to the lexicon used by target readers. The abundance of borrowed words possibly has been influenced by the language, style and terminology of foreign authors, because most of doctor Vileišis books were translations of works of Russian, Polish or German authors or were prepared using such works.The names of treatment means have synonyms and variants. Most frequently two Lithuanian words or a Lithuanian word and non-Lithuanian word are used synonymously.Popular medical books by doctor Antanas Vileišis are the important source for the history of Lithuanian medical terminology.
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Sources for the research in this article are unofficial translations of Russian legal codes, which were valid in Lithuania between 1918 and 1940, into Lithuanian. The article analyses terms of law for naming persons. Part of these terms could be attributed to the jurisprudence, other part – to the legal practice. They are names of persons connected by the legal relations and persons performing legal functions. There were about 800 such terms found in the earlier mentioned codes. About half of them are one-word terms, a half of them – complex terms (mainly two-word terms). Terms are discussed according to their origin and word-formation.A characteristic feature of law terms of that period naming persons is their Lithuanian origin. Names of persons, which are separable in respect of word-formation, are rare in those codes, most of them are derivatives. Some of them are coined specially for the needs of law terminology, most of them are terminologized. It is quite difficult to mark strictly terminologized formations from new formations. If a derivative, which is systematically possible, did not get into the earlier lexicography, it is not possible to conclude that such word did not exist. Most of law terms naming persons are derivatives with suffixes -to-jas, -a and -ėjas, -a, which on the whole are very common and productive. It is possible that exactly because of the commonness some terms made with the suffix -tojas, -a were replaced with derivatives with the suffix -ovas, -ė. More clearly new words were made with the suffix -ininkas, -ė.The article singles out a distinctive type of law terms naming persons – substantivized participles, mostly of the passive voice of the present tense. This is quite convenient way of a short expression. Some of the terms of this type are usual until nowadays.Borrowings make quite a small part of law terms naming persons in these codes. Almost all borrowings are international words. An absolute majority of them are of the Latin origin. The Lithuanization of a very few international words differs from the present one, variations are rare. Hybrid terms are close to borrowings, though such way of naming persons in these code was not popular at all.
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The short story “Carambuka”, written by Radichkov, exemplifies the notion of text as a complex construction, in which are included paratext, intertext, author and reader. Postmodern effort to estimate critically the relationship between language and reality, this literary work appraises prescribed models of reading and writing. In a deconstructivist manner it outlines and dismantles a series of oppositions, restores forgotten ways of sensemaking. As an example of the open work conception Radichkov’s “Carambuka” makes a reader as an open structure that brings text to life.
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The article presents the specific phonetic and morphological features of the dialect of the village of Hebilevo, Komotini district. They are compared to the peculiarities of the dialect of Gorni Yurutsi village, Krumovgrad region, which is part of the dialect of village Hebilevo. It shows the general peculiarities and differences between the two Bulgarian dialects.
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The paper clarifies sociolinguistic factors in a particular case of grammatical interference between Bulgarian and Romanian in the dialect of the village of Novo Selo, Vidin district, concerning the biaspectual functioning of the Romanian verb borrowings adapted with formants -ùшъ(м), -łшъ(м) and -àшъ(м) in the Bulgarian dialect. The so-called Blueprint principle in the contact etymology is applied, which aims at identifying the type of contact situation and reconstructing it according to modern language contact studies.
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In this paper the authors discuss some interesting facts about the language of the historical documents of Turopolje in Croatia from 17th century. The language analysis is taken on twenty eight texts. A special attention has been given to the question of the language differences between 16th century texts and 17th century as well on its phonological and morphological elements. The linguistic description of these documents contains a break-down of the texts into its phonological and morphological elements which show the belonging to the Hybrid (more) and the Kajkavian Croatian literary language (less).
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“Prosta mova” – colloquial language of population of the eastern lands of the former Republic of Poland only occasionally appears in the printed texts in the eighteenth century. It is especially rare in texts of religious nature. In this regard, Basilian typography is an exception. “Prosta mova”as the language of printing, can be seen in texts and fragments of prints published by definition in other languages. This type of text is the subject of the analysis set out in this article. Numerous features of a living language that are visible at the level of phonetics and vocabulary are reflected in the analyzed Чинъ Іерейскаго наставленїя. Analysis of these features brings to the conclusion that the dominant element in the text, is the Ukrainian dialect. Of course, due to the different articulation of selected graphemes on the Belarusian and Ukrainian-speaking territories(eg. grapheme ѣ) editors left the pronunciation to the decision of their readers in accordance with the local tradition.
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The interwar period was crucial for the development of Polish–Ukrainian relations in the following decades. Political commentaries, studies in linguistics, social sciences, and legislative acts from this period reflect the changes of Polish attitudes towards the Ukrainian minority. In the late 1920s and 1930s, the traditional and exonymic terminology Rusin and ruski was gradually replaced by the new forms Ukrainiec and ukraiński.
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The present paper offers a complete inventory of authoritative passages in Sanskrit and Prakrit texts on gemmology and Sanskrit lexicons where emerald is dealt with. Fresh light is thrown on the hotly debated issue whether the description of beryl in the Arthaśāstra II, 11, 30 contains an indirect reference to emerald. The Sanskrit names of emerald are analysed and commented on. Texts revealing the history of emerald and its origin are put to the test, and the evident mistakes prevalent in the special literature are corrected. Finally, a peculiar belief on the magic power of emerald is analysed within a wider context.
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The present article musters the fifteen demons causing child-disease as they appear in written sources since the 14th up to the 21st century. Terminology of their names shows the development of language fashion in using Buddhist terminology: corrupted Sanskrit words taken from the Uighur were used in the 14th century, while Mongolian terms literally translated from Tibetan were applied in the 16th century and corrupted Tibetan names are fashionable in our days.
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Review of: 1. GLENN PATTEN: PINDAR’S METAPHORS. A STUDY IN RHETORIC AND MEANING. (Bibliothek der klassischen Altertumswissenschaften. Hrsg. von Jürgen Paul Schwindt 2, 124) Universitätsverlag Winter, Heidelberg 2009. X + 275 o. by: Adorjáni Zsolt 2. J. ASSAËL: POUR UNE POÉTIQUE DE L’INSPIRATION, D’HOMÈRE À EURIPIDE . Éditions Peeters, Leuven 2006. (Collection d’Études Classiques vol. 21.), 307 o. by: Pataki Elvira 3. STOICI ROMANI MINORI (TESTI GRECI E LATINI A FRONTE). A cura di Ilaria Ramelli, Introduzione di Roberto Radice. Edizione Bompiani, Milano 2008. L + 2632 o. by: Takács László 4. MICHAEL C. J. PUTNAM: POETIC INTERPLAY: CATULLUS & HORACE. Princeton University Press, Princeton and Oxford 2006. X + 172 o. by: Takács László 5. GERHARD H. WALDHERR: NERO. ÉLETRAJZ. Fordította Kajtár Mária és Farkas Tünde. („Királyi házak”) Gabo kiadó, Budapest 2008. 334 o. by: Takács László 6. GESZTELYI TAMÁS – VARGA TERÉZ (szerk.): RÓMAI POLGÁROK ÉS URALKODÓK KÉPI ÜZENETEI. (Agatha XXII.) Debrecen 2007. 245 oldal, benne 61 színes és f.-f. tábla. by: Berczelly László 7. WALTER BAUER: ORTHODOXIE ET HÉRÉSIE AUX DÉBUTS DU CHRISTIANISME. Seconde édition revue et complétée par un Supplément de Georg Strecker . Traduction par Philippe Vuagnat, révisée et complétée par Christina et Simon C. Mimouni . Préface d’Alain Le Boulluec. (Patrimoines. Christianisme) Les Éditions du Cerf, Paris 2009. 348 o. by: Jakab Attila 8. ENRICO NORELLI: MARIE DES APOCRYPHES. ENQUÊTE SUR LA MÈRE DE JÉSUS DANS LE CHRISTIANISME ANTIQUE. (Christianismes antiques) Labor et Fides, Genève 2009. 178 o. by: Jakab Attila 9. F. GRAF: APOLLON. GODS AND HEROES OF THE ANCIENT WORLD. Routledge , London/New York 2009. XVIII + 190 oldal mutatókkal. by: Pataki Elvira 10. BANGHA, I. – MÉSZÁROS, T. (edd.): A DANUBIO AD USQUE GANGEN. KLASSZIKA-FILOLÓGIAI, INDOLÓGIAI ÉS MAGYAR KULTÚRTÖRTÉNETI TANULMÁNYOK A 80 ÉVES VEKERDI JÓZSEF KÖSZÖNTÉSÉRE. Typotex, Budapest 2009. 265 o. by: Adorjáni Zsolt
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Review of: 1. DIEUX, HÉROS ET MÉDECINS GRECS. HOMMAGE À F. ROBERT. Ed. M. Woronoff , S. Follet, J. Jouanna. Presses Universitaires Franc-Comtoises 2001. 225 oldal F. Robert műveinek bibliográfiájával. by: Pataki Elvira 2. PHOEBE GIANNISI: RÉCITS DES VOIS. CHANT ET CHEMINEMENT EN GRÈCE ARCHAÏQUE. Coll. Horos, Ed. Jérôme Millon. Grenoble 2006. 190 o. + bibliográfia, 40 fekete-fehér fotóval. by: Pataki Elvira 3. MARCUS FABIUS QUINTILIANUS: Szónoklattan. Fordította és a jegyzeteket összeállította: Adamik Tamás et al. Pozsony 2008. 859 l. by: Könczöl Miklós 4. HISTOIRE DE LA LITTÉRATURE GRECQUE CHRÉTIENNE. Sous la direction de Bernard Pouderon . Vol. I: Introduction. Sous la responsabilité de Enrico Norelli et Bernard Pouderon. (Initiations aux Pères de l’Église) Les Éditions du Cerf, Paris 2008. 333 l. by: Jakab Attila 5. A LEX IRNITANA (EGY FLAVIUS-KORI MUNICIPIUM TÖRVÉNYE). Fordította, a bevezetést és a jegyzeteket írta Illés Imre Áron. Szeged 2007. (Documenta Historica 77.) 75 l. by: Könczöl Miklós 6. SZÉKELY MELINDA: KERESKEDELEM RÓMA ÉS INDIA KÖZÖTT. Szegedi Egyetemi Kiadó, 2008. 179 oldal, f-f illusztrációk. by: Gesztelyi Tamás 7. GUARINO VERONESE LATIN NYELVTANA (REGULAE). Kiadta Vadász Géza. Alba Civitas Történeti Alapítvány, Székesfehérvár 2007. 172 l. by: Ötvös Zsuzsanna
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On the basis of phonological, semantic and lexico-geographical data the author claims that Hungarian dialect words mont ‘grape pressed at harvest’ and konta ‘dock-tailed (mainly hen or pig)’ are loanwords borrowed from Slavic languages before the second part of 10th c. (cf. Proto-Slavic mǫtъ ‘pressed grape’, kǫcъ ‘dock-tailed [mainly hen or pig]’). The people who transferred these words into Hungarian must have belonged to a White Croatian tribe living at that time on the slopes of the North-East Carpathians closer to Hungary.
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The Middle Ruthenian (Middle Belarusian and Middle Ukrainian) period is an important stage in the development of the Ukrainian and Belarusian languages. It is characterized by several significant innovations on all linguistic levels. Of utmost significance is the broad functionality of Middle Ruthenian as a literary language, particularly beginning from the second half of the 16th up to the middle of the 17th century.
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The paper claims that Turkish idioms attested in the Slavonic Linguistic Atlas (SLA) occur both in East Slavic and South Slavic dialects, however, with significant differences in the two groups. In the East Slavic part, they originate from Northern Turkish dialects (Tatarian, Chagatay, Chuvash, Kazakh, and others). Some of them are common throughout the whole territory and have even got incorporated into Standard Russian, while others are restricted mostly to Russian dialects. In South Slavic dialects, they originate from the Turkish Ottoman language and are usually found in Macedonian dialects, particularly in Aegean Macedonia. Historically, Turkish idioms tend to decrease in number but the lack of data from Bulgaria (stopped working on the Atlas) and from Bosnia and Herzegovina (recent war) makes an elaborate analysis of the process impossible
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The article deals with the development of the Polish language and the Polish- Belarusian language relationship in the cities of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the period from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries. The text concentrated on the example of the city of Grodno situated in the western part of the Duchy. According to the sources, specific features of the Polish language were that it adopted interesting Belarusian lexical loans, Belarusian personal names written in Latin alphabet. The materials collected contain a lot of examples of the Belarusian influence on the Polish phonetic system. The results of the research problem are discussed on the wide historical background: ethnic structure of the city and the cultural contacts of its inhabitants. The author’s attempt to describe the problem is based on the numerous valuable sources, preserved and gathered in the Belarusian archives: the council files of old Grodno, the court’s records and the Civilian-Military Commission of Grodno district, the inventories of the nobles’ and the monasteries’ possessions and other kinds of contemporary sources.
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The “próstaja mova” is one of the written languages used by both Ukrainians and Belorussians during the 16th and 17th centuries. In this article it is argued that its name is based on a calque of German Gemeinsprache, die gemeine Sprache, a term from the Reformation age. The „prostaja mova” was based on the Ruthenian (Ukrainian and Belorussian) chancery language and developed into a literary language because of its growing polyfunctionality, its increasingly superregional character, and its stylistic variability. The norms of the “prostaja mova” were based on its common usage, not on codification. We discuss the role of Church Slavonic and Polish elements on the different levels of this language and try to show that a “prototypical” text written in the “prostaja mova” was a translation from a real or only virtual Polish text, consisting in the “Ruthenization” of its phonology and morphology and, if it was a written text, in a change of the alphabets - the lexicon and the syntax, instead, remained mainly on a Polish basis. Until the 18th century the Polish language itself had gained so much importance among the Ruthenian gentry that the “prostaja mova” had lost its main addressee and was restricted only to some homiletic and cathechetic works for the common people of the Greek-Catholic Church.
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