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The paper presents some problems related to the interpretation of the linguistic facts characteristic of the Polish language of the 17th and 18th century Southern Borderland (illustrated by the example of phonetic features). Due to the complicated genesis of this language variety, it is sometimes difficult or even impossible to determine the nature and origin of some phenomena. Interpretative dilemmas arise in the case of such questions as: 1) does a phenomena in question have a merely graphic or also phonetic nature (e.g. forms such as Błogosławięstwy), 2) should a phenomena in question be considered a peripheral archaism or a result of Ukrainian interference (e.g. forms such as alie, pisarsz, oczekuiąć), 3) should a phenomena in question be considered one of Polish dialect features or Ukrainian borrowings (e.g. forms such as Łaskie, sztachietow, chiba) etc.
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The article summarises the author’s work on the excerpt of Letter N from the Glossary of Patriarch Euthymius. It presents a preliminary observation of part of the vocabulary in the writings of this 14th-century Bulgarian man of letters. The statistical structure of the Glossary is presented in summary – the letter N and the dissemination of the words beginning with N on the micro- and macro-level both in the works by this author and in the Medieval literature with a view to following the continuity of the language and influence of the Cyrillo-Methodian tradition on the writers associated with the Literary School of Tarnovo. A general characteristic of the Glossary is made in relation to the grammatical and semantic category of the constituent lexemes in comparison with the word-forming tendencies in the Old Bulgarian as well as with regard to the origin and functional delimitation of words. Special attention is paid to the vocabulary which has not been lexicographically described so far, as well as to the lexis which is considered diagnostic when ascribing this precise author to a particular literary tradition.
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The study is an essay to draw a classification of the lexemes with foreign origin, mostly Greek and Latin, according to the 13th original works of Patriarch Eythymius. Those lexical strata englobe multifunctional and nonhomogeneous unities, dispersed in different textual contexts. They are just a nuance, not the base of the vocabulary, but perform important historical, cognitive, and stylistic functions, rising the prestige of the lexical richness, and crediting it with international dimensions in basic conceptual spheres of Christianity.
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The survey hereby focuses on the peculiarities of the participles in a hitherto linguistically unexplored text, namely the Middle Bulgarian translation of Contra Anomoeos („On the Incomprehensible Nature of God“) by John Chrysostom. It consists of six sermons, comprising the first part of the book Margarit (Pearl), a crucial component of the Slavic handwritten tradition. The study of the Slavonic translation of Margarit is very important for outlining the translation practice of the scholars of the literary circle around Theodosius of Tarnovo. The survey is based on the earliest Bulgarian transcript – manuscript F.I.197, kept in The National Library of Russia, Saint Petersburg – written in the middle of the fourteenth century. The manuscript is considered to have been composed during the lifetime of his translator – the scholar Dionisiy Divniy. The article highlights a high degree of similarity between the linguistic devices used by Dionisiy Divniy and by the other representatives of the Turnovo Literary School from the fourteenth century.
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The article treats the means of expression of hesychastic apophaticism, used by Old Bulgarian writers of the 14th – 15th centuries, and the author tries to show that these means are very old, and were characteristic even for the mind of primitive people. He pays attention to the synonymy of ‘aphophatic’ negative pronouns and ‘cataphatic’ summative pronouns; to the pleonastic use of the negative particle не; to the syntactic but- constructions; and to necessative constructions.
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The article is dedicated to the practically unknown copy of the so-called Pseudo-Zonaras Nomocanon kept in the Library of the Saint Synod of the Romanian Orthodox Church in Bucharest under signature BSS Ms.sl.II 267. The historical context of its emergence and the metadata of the manuscript are studied in comparison with the traditions of this nomocanon in Wallachia and Moldavia after the 14th century, when the Bulgarian translation appeared. Separate Greek words and lexical variations are commented on, such as факеол-венец-савон; посадница, палакида, кавка, накато, some of them with a status of occasional readings for this special Moldavian copy. The author highlights the role of the 16th century Moldavian literature for the preservation of the Middle Bulgarian written heritage.
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The object of study in this article are the morphological peculiarities of the nominal system in the hitherto unattributed liturgical commentary of MSS RGADA 88 and Bogishich 52. On the basis of a thorough linguistic analysis linguistic data are gathered about the age in which the work appeared and the literary school to which its author belonged. This investigation shows that as regards its morphological characteristics, the commentary has the characteristic features of Southern Slavonic literature, which conform to the linguistic norms probably already established on Mt. Athos in the first decades of the 14th century and adopted by the Tarnovo men of letters as well, norms underlying the Resava orthography in Serbia later. Judging by the linguistic data examined, the commentary could have been written in the Western Bulgarian or the Eastern Serbian lands by an author who had a command of Old Bulgarian and observed its morphological and syntactic norms by using synthetic nominal forms at the time when the new analytical system had already established itself in the vernacular.
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This study presents the semantics and linguistic realizations of the concepts righteous people and sinners in different types of works from the 9th – 10th, 14th and 17th centuries. Repentance is analyzed as the basis of the Christian anthropological view in medieval Bulgarian literature. The modern processes of transformation of Christian values in the conditions of the pan-European cultural paradigm are studied by applying the survey research method. The most important conclusion from the three polls conducted with Bulgarians of different ages in 2022 is: sinners today are defined as people who commit crimes, they are most often called criminals and bad people, and they cannot atone for their guilt by repentance alone.
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The object of study are specific realizations of otherness: heathens, heretics, people with disabilities, borderline women. Their exclusion and inclusion to their own is carried out primarily through verbal practices in medieval writings and through rituals in traditional culture. The surveys conducted among present-day Bulgarians enrich our understanding of the concept of others.
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The paper focuses on Krastyo Peykich’s book “A Mirror of Truth” published in 1716 in Venice, and on one of its Croatian copies kept in the National Library in Zagreb, namely R 4359 from 1724, the work of the Croatian writer Pavel Stoshich. On the first page, the Croatian writer notes that he is “flipping” Peykich’s book from Cyrillic to “our Croatian language”. Apparently, the Cyrillic script was taken as a sign of another language, and this is not accidental, since Cyrillic is the traditional script of Christian Orthodoxy. The purpose of the paper is to present a comparison between the two works in view of the concept of the so-called Illyrian language in the context of the South Slavic linguistic environment.
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Our paper aims to emphasise the dialectal similarities of North- and South-Danubian Romanian dialects (Daco-Romanian, Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian, Istro-Romanian) spoken in Romania, the Republic of Moldova, Ukraine, Serbia, Hungary, Albania, Bulgaria, the Republic of North Macedonia, Greece, Croatia. Our research is based on the questionnaire of Atlas Linguarum Europae (ALE), the ALE dialectal archive of the Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti Institute of Linguistics at the Romanian Academy, in order to have a comparison with European dialects. In this way, the concordances with the Romance languages related to the languages of the Balkan Sprachbund and with other European languages are highlighted. The aim is to emphasise the Romance nature and the unity of the Romanian language in the European context.
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The article is the result of the study on the upcoming linguo-geographic description of the names for the domestic cat, Felis domestica, in the European Linguistic Atlas, which was assigned to the Bulgarian Linguistic Commission. The aim of this scientific work is to present the variety of compound words and word combinations with the semantics of ʻcatʼ characteristic of the European languages and their dialects, in order to highlight some interesting trends shared not only by closely related but also by unrelated languages. I present a classification of the analyzed type of names, which is the result of tracing the semantic basis of their origin, as well as the etymology of the words and an analysis of their formal paradigms. In addition, parallels are drawn between the names for a cat and other objects from reality
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The study is dedicated to the Hungarian loanwords in the Slavic kinship terminology. The linguistic material is collected from Volume XI Degrees of Kinship prepared by the Bulgarian National Commission as part of the Slavic Linguistic Atlas. The object of analysis are the loanwords of Hungarian origin in the Slavic dialect kinship terminology. The aim of the research is to show the source of the borrowings, the particularities of their adaptation, dialects where they are found. Special attention is also paid to Slavic loanwords adopted in Hungarian that have later been reborrowed into various Slavic dialects.
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Prof. Lyubomir Miletich is the founder of the academic discipline of Bulgarian dialectology. His fundamental work on the Eastern Bulgarian dialects is the basis for all subsequent researchers of this language area, an important part of which is the Shumen dialect considered by Мiletich to be archaic and important for the classification of Bulgarian dialects. Here I make an overview of the works dedicated to the Shumen dialect, which are necessarily based on “Das Ostbulgarische”.
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The paper applies a systematic approach to the etymologization of Bulgarian dialect words of Turkish origin. The object of analysis are Turkish loanwords with initial a- from the Dictionary of an archaic Rhodope dialect – the dialect of Ropkata, published in 2022. Specific phonetic changes are described, whose regularity in the dialect helps to find other dialectal variants of the words under consideration and to identify the Turkish primary source. The analyzed words are not included in Volume I of the Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary, and the majority of them are not reflected in the corresponding entries of the Dictionary of Turkisms in Bulgarian, so they are related to the respective etymological word families for the first time. Clarifications, additions and corrections are made to some of the existing etymologies or a new etymological interpretation is proposed. Emphasis is placed on the variation of the borrowed dialect lexis, which is of great importance for discovering the foreign language etymon.
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In this publication, I revisit the origin of the Slavic ethnonym Croat, which does not have a generally accepted etymology, and the attempts at explaining it are numerous – from ancient times to the present day. I summarize the main hypotheses and present the most plausible one, which is accepted by most specialists today.
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The article is devoted to the problem of semantic derivation in the field of euphemistic vocabulary. Euphemization is a dynamic phenomenon caused by linguistic and extra-linguistic factors. The replacement of linguistic taboos with euphemisms is based on the processes of secondary nomination, which involves the use of existing nominative means as new names of entities, processes, phenomena, actions. The creation of euphemistic vocabulary in Ukrainian and Polish is carried out through metonymic, metaphorical and functional transfers and generalization. Universal euphemisms in both languages arise due to the fact that most semantic models are formed by the same type of cultural codes, ones that are reflected in the language. Distinctive euphemistic nominations in Ukrainian and Polish define a specific view of the world, resulting from national and cultural factors and the historical development of the languages.
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Die deutschen Entlehnungen in der albanischen Sprache sind einer der wichtigsten Belege deutsch-albanischer Kulturbeziehungen von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart. Hier werden nur die wichtigsten historischen Berührungspunkte seit dem Mittelalter kurz erwähnt.
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