TOPONYMS WITH A GEOMORPHOLOGIC DESIGNATION. JIJIA UPPER VALLEY
Our approach aims the classification of toponyms based on their designation degree within the geomorphology specific for Jijia Upper Valley, Botoșani county.
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Our approach aims the classification of toponyms based on their designation degree within the geomorphology specific for Jijia Upper Valley, Botoșani county.
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Some researchers name Latin a "dead language" which saves the living. However, we consider the phrase a dead language to be untrue, because the perpetuation of the Latin language is demonstrated and ensured, first of all, by Latin aphorisms and phrases, which reflect human existential values and assume the role of Genus Universalis. This article proposes the analysis of Latin aphorisms and phrases from the three-dimensionality perspective: ontology, gnoseology and deontology. At the same time, criteria for classifying Latin aphorisms and phrases are proposed.
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The article is devoted to impersonal sentences with form of the genitive case in the language of Old Russian Northwestern monuments. A total of 204 sentences were analyzed, of which only 5 do not contain negation. As a result, the semantics of predicates in constructions of this type are described, statistics concerning the peculiarities of the use of forms of moods and tenses is presented. The use of the lexeme нѣтъ (acting in the function ‘there is no’ in the present tense) and its variants in impersonal constructions are analyzed. It is revealed that constructions without negation function in two types – dialectal northwestern construction with the verb быти and constructions with full-valued verbs.
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The aim of this paper is to linguistically analyse lexicalized pair formulae in contemporary German. The study brings together distinctive structural, prosodic and semantic features of binomial expressions and emphasizes their formulaic character in several respects. Their specific stylistic and pragmatic functions will also be discussed. As memorable linguistic means, such fixed form idioms may be assigned to the cognitive domain of intensification and attention-getting.
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Bilingualism is still at the heart of the debates; we define several types (early, simultaneous, consecutive, late, compound, additive, neutral, subtractive) and we begin to agree that a perfect mastery of both languages is not possible. The bilingual child or adult benefits from these advantages, but he must also overcome the disadvantages of his status. The family has an important role in the transmission of a language; it is necessary the will of the parents, especially the mothers, and rules inside the house for the use of the codes are needed. The parents use real language strategies. Bilingualism has consequences on the identity and cultural level, because words are linked to our intimate existence and our personal history. At the social level, the principle “one language, one people” has not always imposed itself; today there are still differences between the different linguistic communities that coexist, because language is not only a tool of communication, but also a vision of the world, an image of oneself, an object to be defended. Despite the language policies of the European Commission, national education systems are less prepared for linguistic diversity. In a still standardizing society, bicultural identity seems to have become a reality that should be accepted as enriching, without attaching negative representations to it.
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The journalistic language has caught the attention of many researchers in the linguistics field, being the subject of many specialized studies, scientific papers and analysis that follow the evolution of the media act. Figures of speech are very important in journalistic language. A figure of speech is a creative use of language to generate an effect and is considered the living substance of the artistic language. The language used in the written press has the ability to invent or promote cult expressions or memorable expressions, which belong to some personalities from the past or some well-known contemporary people. In this article we define the figures of speech and we will present examples from the current press, in the period 2018-2023.
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Personal deictics are primarily used in current Romanian advertising discourse to refer to the receiver of the advertising message, with the aim of creating a stronger and more personal connection with the target audience, making them feel directly involved in the advertising message. The direct and individual address induces a sense of closeness and personal engagement by establishing a more intimate and authentic relationship between the brand and the consumer. This can positively influence the audience's perception of the promoted product or service and encourage a favorable response. It's important to note that the use of personal deictics may vary depending on the brand's communication strategy and target audience. Some advertising campaigns may deliberately employ personal deictics to directly and individually address consumers, while others may adopt a more general and impersonal style.
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This paper focuses on current anglicisms in Spanish, but offers also a short theoretical view on the contact between Spanish and English and also between Spanish and German, Arabic, French and Italian, following Dworkin’s perspective (2012), who wrote a complex history of the Spanish vocabulary. The analysis part of the paper represents an etymological analysis on five terms coming from English, which involved searches in different corpuses and dictionaries, like the Historical Dictionary Corpus (HDC) and the Dictionary of the Spanish Language by Real Academia Espanola. The anglicisms are relatively new lexical entries in Spanish, and their use was accentuated at the beginning of the 21st century, for example: bloguero, chat/chatear, e-mail, beisbol, sueter.
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Bulgarian words and their history have been considered from different viewpoints; the Bulgarian language as a Slavic language, that is in interdependence with its south–eastern European neighbors, the Bulgarian language under the influence of the Turkish language and the oriental languages, and even Bulgarian as a European language in typological terms (HSK Haspelmath 2001, Leschber 2005), and against a general background of the European Union (Schaller 2018). However, the fact that Bulgarian is a southern European language in the extended Mediterranean area has seldom been considered. In the following it will be shown that this approach brings advantages for the solution of long–discussed etymological problems. While bg. kukurùz “corn” is solely a regionally used word along with the common Bulgarian word càrevica “corn”, the Bulgarian čùška “bell pepper, pod” is a Bulgarian vegetable that literally creates an identity, and which is seen as belonging to the “essence of Bulgarianness”. Indeed, this is epitomized by a curiosity like the čùškopèk, “a device for baking bell pepper”, which is exclusively in use in Bulgaria. It is often emphasized that only Bulgarians know what a čùškopèk is and what it is used for. The Bulgarian čùška thus ranks as a key cultural term. Here it is shown that Bulgarian cultural key terms, as already indicated in the paper on Bulgarian kùker, a “figure masked with fur in winter customs” (Leschber 2009, Bengtson & Leschber 2019: 17) are related to their environment and are part of a larger cultural network, in this case, of a Mediterranean network. An important fact is that both vegetables are not native to Europe, but were introduced to Europe very late, at the time of Columbus (1492). In Europe, the renaming of these foreign vegetables was done by substituting native designations, whose history stretches far back into the continent's past.
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In accordance with the idea that terminology acts as a bridge between the profession and the practice of languages, this paper gives the outline of a specialized course on naval (maritime) terminology in English. Firstly, it will define the concept of terminology and its importance in language teaching/learning; secondly, several guidelines in devising such a course will be set out. These will cover the most important elements ranging from the course name to budget expenses, referring to the target group, course justification, unit topics, training syllabus, course agenda, objectives, venue, etc. Thirdly, the paper will give a description of the course background, will put forward a model course and will point out its methodological principles. The paper will provide final conclusions related to the course delivery that argue for its importance as one of the tools that ensures understanding and using appropriately the range of naval vocabulary from an early stage.
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The article characterizes a word formation, in particular a verbal one, which in the history of its development appeals to the Proto-Slavic heritage and produces the fundamental features of derivation. Transformations of verb-suffix word formation, which is an indicator of segmental changes in categorical, motivational, and semantic-cognitive aspects, have been clarified. It is noteworthy that the word on the basis of which the derivative is formed, since its connections with several creative ones are equally possible, because the specificity of word formation is in its multifacetedness, in the versatility of its connections, and therefore any one-sided consideration of word formation processes ceases to reflect the actual state of affairs and significantly limits its own problematic of word creation. In order to analyze the actual material, the methodological apparatus of Ukrainian derivation (word formation) was applied, other linguistic methods – descriptive with the methods of classification (systematization of the language material), comparative-historical with the methods of etymology, general scientific (induction, deduction, classification, systematization, modeling), cognitive-onomasiological, which makes it possible to characterize the grammatical system of the Old Ukrainian literary language of the 14th – 17th centuries, in particular its word-forming subsystem at the functional and motivational levels. The purpose of the article is to find out the categorical-motivational and structural-word-forming features of the word-forming processes of the denominative verb derivatives in the Old Ukrainian language of the 14th – 17th centuries. The description of the morphological system and structure of the Ukrainian language, based on the main fundamental principles of motivation and categorization of grammar, will contribute to the creation of a conceptually whole, consistent description of the grammatical systems of the modern Slavic languages, the development of typological studies in the grammatical Slavic studies [Gramatiki, 2013, p. 14]. The motivational processes of the Old Ukrainian denominative verbs of the 15th - 17th centuries can be traced both in propositional-dictum and associative-terminal motivations, where the usual connections of the motivating word and their reproduction in the semantics of the derivative are an important feature of the semantic structure of derivatives. Cognitive and onomasiological analysis of the denominative verbs in the segment of functionality and categorization will serve as a perspective for further scientific studies. The history of the derivational processes of the language of the Ukrainian nation, recorded in the written records of the Old Ukrainian period of the 14th – 18th centuries, presents the stages of formation of the verbal word-formation system and demonstrates the implementation of those changes that format the grammatical structure of the language at a certain historical stage.
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The article discusses seven Scythian glosses preserved in the lexicon of Hesychius of Alexandria (5th–6th AD), which refer to the domesticated animals or the East European wild fauna. Four among the analysed zoonyms have a confirmed Scythian origin (explicitly indicated by the Greek lexicographer), whereas two (ἀρανίς · ἔλαφος “aranis – deer”; γοῖτα· οἶς “goita – sheep”) are attributed to the Scythian vocabulary based on a reasonable conjecture. The seventh gloss concerns a typical Scythian drink obtained from a mare’s milk. A meticulous analysis of lexical data makes it possible to determine clearly the etymology of three Scythian names for domesticated animals, namely sheep, dog and mare, cf. Scyth. γοῖτα ‘sheep’ (< Iran. *gaiθā- ‘flock of sheep’); Scyth. παγαίη ‘dog’ (< *spakai ̯ā- ← Iran. *śaka- m. ‘dog’); Gk. ἱππάκη f. ‘mare’s milk drink’ (← Scyth. *appākā ← Scyth. *appā- f. ‘mare’ < *aspā- < Iran. *aśā- f. ‘id.’). Additionally, Hesychius of Alexandria noted four Scythian terms for wild animals, namely reindeer (or moose), deer, swan and locust, cf. Scyth. τάρανδος ‘reindeer or moose’ (← Finno-Ugric *ćar/ań/ta ‘reindeer / moose’); Scyth. ἀρανίς ‘deer, stag’ (< Iran. *araniš, cf. Lith. elenìs, élnis ‘deer’); Scyth. ἄγλυ ‘swan’ (< Iran. *madgu- ‘a species of water bird’); Scyth. ἀδιγόρ ‘locust’ (< Iran. *atahī-gar/a/-, originally ‘devouring the grass’).
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Review of: Marta Chojnowska, Małgorzata K. Frąckiewicz: Prawosławni łomżyńscy. Opracowanie ze słownikiem nazwisk w cyklu Mniejszości narodowe i etniczne w XIX i początkach wieku XX w Łomżyńskiem. Polskie Towarzystwo Historyczne Oddział w Łomży. Łomża 2020, ss. 182.
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This article is the second part of the historiographical review of publications on the history, language and culture of the Old Believers of North-Western Belarus. It analyses this problematic in the modern period (1990–2022). The review presents characteristics of both Belarusian and foreign (Lithuanian, Polish, Russian) historiography. The modern period is marked by the growing interest to the Old Believers in Belarus. As a result, a considerable volume of historical, ethnographic, linguistic and art history research has been published. A significant part of these studies is devoted to the Old Believer population of North-Western Belarus. The paper defines the main directions of scientific analysis of this problematic, characterizes methods and sources of the conducted research. We conclude that in spite of a rather significant volume of published researches, a number of important questions concerning the history, language and culture of Old Believers of North-Western Belarus have not been elaborated by now.
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The research explores the problems stemming from the mystery of the sacred tetragrammaton, its etymology and some interpretation of its meaning in the Judaism. Its major variants in the transmission of the tetragrammaton in the Old Bulgarian and Old Slavic traditions, as well as in the Church Slavonic and Modern Bulgarian translations of the Old Testament, have been placed under consideration and analyzed. Despite certain grammatical and semantic inconsistencies with the original Hebrew text, the semantics of the tetragrammaton has been largely reflected and preserved in the translations et the essence of God's name encoded originally in the Ancient Hebrew text, and later in the Septuagint. The discrepancies in the translations are due to the specificity in the grammatical (verb) system of Hebrew, which is not found in the ancient Greek and in the Slavic languages, i.e. the reason is the interlinguistic asymmetry.
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The Banat Bulgarians (Palkeni) are part of the Bulgarian Catholic community, and the study of the linguistic and cultural connections between these two groups is necessary to help affirm the identity of the Banat Bulgarians and recognize them as a full-fledged part of Bulgarian society – with its specifics, but also with its common features. Since the literature of the Banat Bulgarians developed in emigration after the Chiprovtsi uprising of 1688, it is necessary to trace to what extent on a linguistic level it approaches the literature created by the rest of the Bulgarian Catholic Bulgarian lands. The report aims to present preliminary observations of lexical continuity between the Banat Bulgarians and the Catholic Bulgarians around Plovdiv according to book monuments from the 19th century.
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The origin of the names of indigenous Albanian grape varieties is the aim of this work. In total, about 40 ampelonyms were collected and studied. Most of them are original – a. clearly motivated: Korrithi (July), Dimerak (winter), Manakuq (red mulberry) and many others; b. based on Albanian toponyms: Durrsaku, Kallmet, Muzhaku, Sinabel and others. About a third of the Albanian ampelonyms are borrowings and are due to the contacts with the neighbouring ethnic groups: Debina (Greek), Mavrud (Greek/Slavic), Dimjat, Mereshnik, Tajka, Vranak (Slavic), Qelibar, Jediveren (Turkish), Serinё (Turkish/Greek), Rozё (Italian). To emphasize the relatively late penetration of the grape variety, xenonomination (Stambolleshë) can be used.
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In addition to a brief overview of the historical development of the Croatian language in the linguistic and sociolinguistic sense (as a literary and standard language), the paper attempts to examine its relationship to the languages of the Balkan linguistic area. Marginal presence of Balkan language features in Croatian is indicated, since Croatian territory is also geographically on the edge of the Balkans. But, since there has not been systematic research on this subject yet, the paper is merely an attempt to draw attention to some phenomena that might be interesting and to encourage further research and discussion.
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Review of: „Bosanski Jezik I Komunikacija u Nastavnoj Praksi“ by Ismail Palić i Mirela Omerović, Sarajevo Publishing, 2023, 382 str.
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