Specy czne warianty j zyków narodowych: polski pó nocnokresowy i niemiecki nadwo a ski.

Author(s): Jolanta Mędelska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 39/2015

The author addresses particular language codes: Polish Northern Kresy dialect and Volga German. ese varieties of their respective national languages evolved in unusual circumstances. Both were located outside of their home ethnic territory and occurred mainly in the form of extensive linguistic islands. Two varieties of Polish Northern Kresy dialect took shape in the lands of present day Lithuania, Belarus, and Latvia. Voluntarily moving to the cities and smaller towns of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Poles carried with them the Polish language, which eventually was assumed by the local upper echelons, who by Polonizing pro-duced a particular local cultural dialect. In the second half of the nineteenth century, Lithuanian and Belarusian peasants began to take up this dialect. In this manner, compact Polish language areas developed beyond the northeastern ethnic border, in other words, the areas of Northern Kresy dialect. Both varieties of the Polish lan-guage developed in the Russian Empire, where they were subjected to Russification. Once again they were drawn into the orbit of a strong Russian influence after World War II. On this basis, a new Northern Kresy cultural dialect took shape in the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic. Volga German dialects, which can be categorized as transferred dialects, arrived in the Volga region in the eight-eenth century with settlers from different parts of Germany, and underwent modifications in the new locale, consisting mainly of the mixing of different dialects. ese evolved for a long time in isolation, from the Russian environment, from other varieties of the German language used in many places in Russia, as well as from literary German. At the end of the nineteenth century, they were officially subjected to Russification. They were again Russified (Sovietized) in the 1920s and 30s. In the Soviet period, a peculiar cultural dialect developed, based on the dialects of Volga German. The author discusses the points of contact and divergence in the history of Volga German and Polish Northern Kresy dialect, indicating possible directions for comparative research.

Недостатки и достоинства разных систем транскрипции при записи говора старообрядцев в Польше

Author(s): Michał Jaskólski / Language(s): Russian Issue: 39/2015

The author presents the problems associated with the phonetic representation of the dialect of the Old Believers in Poland under the conditions of bilingualism. The Old Believers’ Russian dialect has been under influence of the Polish language for over a century. On the phonetic level the main expressions of interference are: pronunciation of palatal consonants instead of Russian soft coronal consonants [s’], [z’], [t’], [d’], [n’] as well as pronunciation of the labial glide [w] instead of Russian velarized lateral consonant [ł]. In the conditions of bilingualism using only a Russian phonetic transcription seems to be insufficient, since it does not include signs for notation sounds which turned up in the Russian dialect under the influence of Polish phonetics. With reference to the mentioned above one should use a more universal transcription system. Since in the studied dialect numerous elements of two languages are coexisting and both of them are Slavonic languages, the author proposes the use of Slavonic transcription system for notation of Polish Old Believers’ speech.

A Lexical Trip with English – From Celtic Languages to Old English

Author(s): Iulia Cristina Frînculescu,Oana Badea / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2015

A contemporary lingua franca, English is a language that in the past fought valiantly for survival on several occasions. This study traces the beginnings of English, highlighting some of the major threats it faced in its early history, as well as the turning points in the adventure towards its establishment as a language. This is mainly a lexical trip, though some reference is made to other language levels as well.

Los refranes de “Los trabajos de Persiles y Sigismunda” y su traducción al rumano

Author(s): Lavinia Similaru / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 1-2/2015

The study of proverbs is a relatively new science, according to which the difficulty of translating proverbs is due to their permanent nature and the cultural elements inevitably involved. In his work, Miguel de Cervantes used an endless number of proverbs and popular sayings, which sometimes make translation difficult to any other language. The translator has always found creative solutions to translate the proverbs of Cervantes's novel by means of Romanian proverbs, or by means of cultural creations, when a corresponding proverb did not exist in Romanian.

The Latvian Language in the linguistic Landscape of Daugavpils (the middle of the 19th century - today)

Author(s): Solvita Pošeiko / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

This paper will focus on the LL of Daugavpils from a diachronic point of view in order to describe the usage of the Latvian language in the public space since the middle of the 19th century until today, as well as the so-cio-economic and political factors which influence the language situation. Research sources are old photos which depict legible signboards, and photos obtained during LL research 2013. The role of the Latvian lan-guage in public information increased during the first period of inde-pendence, when ideas of nationalism become widespread and the first normative documents about language usage were approved. However, the stability of Latvian as the main language of the public was only estab-lished during the first Latvian Republican period at the end of the 20th century, when the State Language Law was passed and implemented in linguistic practice. Currently, the linguistic landscape reflects the political, socio-pragmatic, and social identity motivations of the owners of public texts, but within the confines of the restrictions imposed by language laws.

Konsekwencje zaniku liczby podwójnej w języku łacińskim. Głos w sprawie dualnej genezy piątej deklinacji łacińskiej

Author(s): Krzysztof Tomasz Witczak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 06/2015

The loss of the dual number in the early pre-literary phase of the development of Latin caused massive changes in the Latin declension. The dual forms of consonant stems, which in animate nouns (later masculine and feminine nouns) were probably characterised by the ending *-ē, gen. du. *-ēs (< PIE nom. du. *-eh1, gen. du. *-eh1s), were generally reinterpreted as plurals (hence the secondary plural ending -ēs < nom. du. *-ē in Latin) and sometimes as collectives or singulars (nom. sg. -ēs < nom. du. *-ē). The latter process led to the formation of the fifth Latin declension with the characteristic -ē-. This category includes very numerous nouns that have no plural forms (singularia tantum). Also the Old Latin dual forms ending in *-ī (< PIE *-ih1) like viginti ‘twenty’ were transformed by regular morphological processes into singulative forms with -iēs, -iēi, which are also in the fifth declension. On the basis of these observations, the author advances the research hypothesis that the fifth Latin declension appeared already in the pre-literary period as a result of the loss of the earlier dual inflection.

Nieliterackie źródła do dziejów słownictwa polskiego (do XVIII w.). Cz. I

Author(s): Aleksander Zajda / Language(s): Polish Issue: 21/2016

The author discusses non-literary sources for the history of Polish vocabulary from the period from the 16th to the 18th century. They are not always taken into account by the editors of the newest historical dictionaries, despite the fact that they contain a wealth of interesting vocabulary from various areas of everyday life of peasants and townsmen, from the history of law and judicature, trade, craft, military, etc. Many of those words have survived till our times, constituting a lasting legacy of Polish vocabulary and a testimony of the history of culture.

Преславизмы в апокрифических Вопросах апостола Варфоломея

Author(s): Martina Chromá / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2014

Paper deals with the lexical analysis of the Old Church Slavonic version of the Apocryphal Questions of Bartholomew, a literary monument written most likely in Greek in the 3rd century. The analysis shows that the Slavonic version contains not only lexical elements typical for the Preslav redaction, but also some archaic figures. This leads to the conclusion, that the primal Old Church Slavonic translation may be made in Bulgaria in the 10th century. There are two possibilities of a more exact dating. The text may have been translated in the early 10th century when the lexical elements of the Preslav redaction weren’t strictly used yet and still there occurred many archaic figures. The second possibility is that the translation was made later in the 10th century in one of the distant centers of the Preslav literary school, in which a specific tradition in using Preslav and archaic lexical elements was held. However, a further lexical and language analysis is needed for the confirmation of the stated dating.

ЗА ПЛОВДИВСКИТЕ ХОДОНИМИ, МОТИВИРАНИ ОТ ОЙКОНИМИ (ЛИНГВОКУЛТУРОЛОГИЧНИ НАБЛЮДЕНИЯ)

Author(s): Krasimir Georgiev Koilov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 49/1/2012

Изследването на ходонимията на град Пловдив дава възможност да се проучат широк кръг от проблеми. Интересът към този въпрос предстои да се засилва. Ойконимите, които мотивират ходоними в пловдивската улична мрежа, позволяват да се проследи развитието на българската държава през различните периоди на историята и нейните връзки с другите страни.

Односна реченица у роману о Троји

Author(s): Aleksandra L. Colić Jovanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 47/2016

This paper deals with the analysis of syntactic-semantic characteristics of relative clauses in Old Serbian Novel About Troy (15th century). Excerpted examples are divided into three groups: 1) Free relative clauses, 2) Relative clauses with formal antecedent, 3) Relative clauses with nominal antecedent. Statistical analysis of the results was performed with reference to the situation in Old Serbian, Serbian Church Slavonic, standard Sebian and dialect (Banat vernaculars of the Šumadija-Vojvodina dialect). The analysis has shown, among other things, that relative clauses in the Novel About Troy have more characteristics of spoken language than Old Serbian legal documents (e.g. high percentage of free relative clauses with the relative pronoun koji). We found that the syntactic level of this text is a unique combination of written and spoken language features, worth further examinations.

Fațetele diacroniei

Author(s): Ioan Milică / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 5/2017

The facets of diachrony

Author(s): Ioan Milică / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2017

Originea formelor verbale „nonfinite” cu flexiune: infinitiv vs supin

Author(s): Adina Dragomirescu,Alexandru Nicolae / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 4/2016

În acest articol ne ocupăm de două forme verbale care, deși considerate tradițional ca fiind „nonfinite”, prezintă flexiune/acord. Vom avea în vedere comportamentul și originea infinitivului cu flexiune din limbile romanice și din alte familii de limbi, pe care îl comparăm cu noul supin cu flexiune din limba română vorbită în nord-estul teritoriului românesc (Republica Moldova, Ucraina și nord-estul Moldovei). Scopul acestei cercetări este acela de a identifica traseele comune de evoluție a acestor forme verbale și de a propune o analiză formală pentru această transformare diacronică. Din perspectivă diacronică, analiza noastră arată că structura formelor nonfinite se poate extinde, o concluzie diferită de abordările tradiționale, care susțin în general că structura funcțională se simplifică diacronic. Traseul pe care îl propunem oferă sugestii și pentru analiza modificării statutului sintactic al mărcii de supin de în diacronie.

On the origin of inflected “non-finite” forms: the infinitive vs the supine

Author(s): Adina Dragomirescu,Alexandru Nicolae / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2016

This paper deals with two verbal forms which, despite being traditionally labelled as “non-finite”, display inflection/agreement. We will focus on the behaviour and origin of the inflected infinitive attested in Romance and in languages from other families, against which we analyse the novel inflected supine found in the north-eastern area where Romanian is spoken (comprising the Republic of Moldova, Ukraine and the north-eastern part of the Romanian province of Moldova). The goal of the paper is to identify the common paths of diachronic change of these verbal forms and to put forward a formal account of the observed diachronic changes. From a diachronic perspective, our analysis shows that the functional structure of non-finite forms may become more enriched, a conclusion that is at odds with traditional findings, which generally argue for simplification, not enrichment of functional structure. At the same time, the proposed analysis also offers some insights into the diachrony of the supine marker de.

Pentru o istorie a punctuației românești

Author(s): Adina Chirilă / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3/2016

În practica realizării edițiilor academice pentru textele românești din epoca veche și premodernă, chiar atunci cînd se înregistrează cu scrupulozitate, în aparatul critic, și sînt comentate în ample studii lingvistice și filologice variantele fonetice, morfologice, sintactice și lexicale pe care le cunoaște un text, erorile grafice, omisiunile și interpolările ș.a., problema punctuației este rezolvată în mod tacit, prin adăugarea unei punctuații sintactice raționale, după norma modernă. Procedeul are unele avantaje pentru cititorul de azi, însă, în fapt, falsifică textul, întrucît pune pe seama autorului originar, fie și neintenționat, faptele unui agent secundar: editorul. În plus, inexistența la noi a releveelor arheologice perfecte ale acestor texte—care să pună în evidență și habitudinile mai mult sau mai puțin conștientizate și constante ale scribilor din vechime—face imposibilă, deocamdată, alcătuirea unei istorii a punctuației românești. Rămîne aceasta un deziderat însă, a cărui realizare depinde de reevaluarea obiectivă a practicii editoriale contemporane.

Towards a history of the Romanian punctuation

Author(s): Adina Chirilă / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2016

In the process of constructing an academic edition for old and pre-modern texts, although they thoroughly record and comment the phonetic, morphological, syntactic, and lexical variants of a text, its omissions and interpolations, etc., the Romanian philologists tend to deal tacitly with the problem of punctuation, by adding rational, syntactic punctuation, according to the contemporary norm. This method has certain advantages for the general public, but, in fact, falsifies the text, because it puts the actions of a secondary agent—the editor—on the author. Moreover, the lack of perfect archæological relevations of the Romanian old and pre-modern texts—which would show, in this respect, the more or less consequent working habits of our early writers—leads, at least for the moment, to the impossibility of presenting the scientific community with a history of the Romanian punctuation. This is, nevertheless, an idea whose achievement depends on an objective re-evaluation of our contemporary editorial practice.

Romanian letter-writing: a cultural-rhetorical perspective (I)

Author(s): Ioan Milică,Gabriela-Iuliana Morcov / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2016

The paper aims at revealing the cultural and rhetorical features of the Romanian letter-writing by outlining the key stages in the evolution of the letter in Europe and in the Romanian cultural space. In the subsequent ages, the profile of the rhetorical frame that enabled the development of letter-writing was governed by distinct guidelines, from the discursive canons of the Antiquity and the attempts to set out an epistolary theory in the postclassical age or the emergence of the medieval epistolary manuals and of the works of epistolary rhetoric from the Renaissance to the flourishing of private correspondence in the Baroque and the Enlightenment. The natural tendency to adapt the epistolary rhetoric to the idiomatic resources of the vernacular languages spoken in Europe favoured the outset and the advancement of a Romanian epistolary style whose cultural and rhetorical coordinates are sketched in the present article.

O ediție modernă de predici latino-române din 1725 ale unui misionar italian

Author(s): Galaction Verebceanu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1 (322)/2024

Экспрессивно-риторический потенциал атрибутивных словосочетаний в похвальных словах XVIII века

Author(s): Olga S. Kazakovtseva,Nataliya Victorovna Patroeva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1-2/2022

In the word order in the Russian literary language of the 18th century, according to many researchers, there was not yet a strictly fixed norm, however, the grammarians in the 18th and 19th centuries made attempts in their teachings to explain the order of certain parts of speech. M. Lomonosov’s teachings set forth in his rhetorical treatises played a special role in the consolidation of the norms in the word order. This paper describes the functioning of attributive word combinations in the panegyrics written by F. Prokopovich, M. Lomonosov, and A. Sumarokov in the middle of the 18th century. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the word order in attributive collocations in 18th-century panegyrics and to describe the stylistic means that are used in the word arrangement of these attributive constructions.

American linguistics in transition: From post-Bloomfieldian structuralism to generative grammar

Author(s): András Kertész / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

Frederick J. Newmeyer. (2022). American linguistics in transition: From post-Bloomfieldian structuralism to generative grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press. xvii + 412 pp.