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The article follows up the earlier one in no. 8, 1974, of this journal. It demonstrates the low degree of vertical integration in the East European countries and the Soviet Union, as it has existed up to the present, and also the efforts recently made to change this situation. After pointing out various side aspects of such integration in those countries - necessity to overcome seasonal and regional underemployment in agriculture, improvement of rural infrastructure and resettlement, etc. - it reviews the ways and progress of vertical integration in the individual countries. Bulgaria is shown to be the leader in this policy but also is presumed to run into difficulties in the future because of high cost and an inadequate industrial and infrastructural basis. Bulgaria may even have served as an example for Moldavia, the Soviet republic which at present is most advanced in setting up agro-industrial complexes and in connection with this is the only one with a Kolkhoz Soviet which has become part of the administrative structure. Moldavia and Bulgaria have comparable agricultural output with heavy emphasis on fruit, grapes and vegetables, which are specially suited for integration of agriculture with the processing industry. The most elaborate system of vertical integration in the GDR is dealt with only briefly.
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(Petr Soukup: Jakými smery zdokonalovat ceny? [In welcher Richtung sollen die Preise vervollkommnet werden?], in: Hospodárské noviny, Nr. 46/1975, S. 3)
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Nicht nur Politik und Wirtschaft der Sowjetunion haben sich in dem halben Jahrhundert seit der Oktoberrevolution gründlich gewandelt, - bald in der einen, bald in der anderen Richtung. Dasselbe gilt mindestens in gleich hohem Grade auch von der Reaktion der Umwelt auf die Gründung und Entwicklung des ersten Staatswesens unter kommunistischer Flagge. Das Auf und Ab der politischen Haltung der westlichen Welt gegenüber der Sowjetunion in diesen fünf Jahrzehnten ist in vielen Einzeldarstellungen beschrieben worden. Es last sich nicht auf einen Nenner bringen.
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In recent years, trade between the USSR and the Federal Republic of Germany has noticeably increased. The influence of politics has been less than is usually presumed. The main limiting factor is the difference between a centrally planned and a free market economy, and the respective goals and instruments of economic policy. At present, a great deal of Soviet imports is being effected on a credit basis, and it remains to be seen whether Moscow will put the balance of trade straight towards the end of the Five Year Plan period, as usually it aims to do. Soviet imports are depen¬dent on the overall economic plan and mainly consist of finished producer goods. Of Soviet exports to Germany, ninety per cent are raw materials and semi-finished goods. A greater share of finished goods would be desirable. On the German side, liberalisation of imports is extensive and by 1975 will be complete, for all practical purposes, except for a very minor hard core of restrictions. Cooperation of firms is a promising form of Soviet-German trade, in which Moscow has begun to show interest since the mid-sixties. But joint production within the USSR, although most interesting economically, still is in its incipient stage and meets with various difficulties. The concluding paragraphs report on the activities of the Soviet-German Government Commission on Trade, which includes business representatives (of whom the author himself has been one) as well. The commission started work in April, 1972, and examines proposals, renders advice to firms, but does not engage in business as such.
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